Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2026.01.003
Haoming Yan , Qiuyang Li , Shunde Li , Hongyu Xu , Beier Hu , Ziming Chen , Hao-Hsin Chen , Zhangyuchang Lu , Zixiang Wang , Peng Chen , Liying Zhu , Rui Zhu , Yuanwei Chen , Lichen Zhao
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) show great promise as next-generation photovoltaics, while their stability still remains challenging towards commercialization, especially in harsh and extreme environments. Efforts to maintain high power conversion efficiency (PCE) under conditions such as damp atmospheres, high temperature and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation have been the focus of recent research. Here, we elaborately select a hindered amine as the modulator to modify the growth of perovskite materials. The incorporation of hindered amine enhances the stability of PSCs under various aging stresses such as UV irradiation, moisture and heat. Our in-depth investigation uncovers the underlying mechanism of such stability enhancement through controlled facet-selective growth, defect passivation, and surface protection. Finally, the hindered amine-modified PSCs achieve a maximum PCE of 26.30%, with the device remaining more than 96% of its initial PCE after 2,173 h of continuous maximum-power-point tracking under 1-sun illumination.
{"title":"Stability enhancement of perovskite solar cells enabled by hindered amine photostabilizers","authors":"Haoming Yan , Qiuyang Li , Shunde Li , Hongyu Xu , Beier Hu , Ziming Chen , Hao-Hsin Chen , Zhangyuchang Lu , Zixiang Wang , Peng Chen , Liying Zhu , Rui Zhu , Yuanwei Chen , Lichen Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2026.01.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2026.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) show great promise as next-generation photovoltaics, while their stability still remains challenging towards commercialization, especially in harsh and extreme environments. Efforts to maintain high power conversion efficiency (PCE) under conditions such as damp atmospheres, high temperature and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation have been the focus of recent research. Here, we elaborately select a hindered amine as the modulator to modify the growth of perovskite materials. The incorporation of hindered amine enhances the stability of PSCs under various aging stresses such as UV irradiation, moisture and heat. Our in-depth investigation uncovers the underlying mechanism of such stability enhancement through controlled facet-selective growth, defect passivation, and surface protection. Finally, the hindered amine-modified PSCs achieve a maximum PCE of 26.30%, with the device remaining more than 96% of its initial PCE after 2,173 h of continuous maximum-power-point tracking under 1-sun illumination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"92 ","pages":"Pages 482-489"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146015621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.035
Li Liu , Peixin Qin , Guojian Zhao , Zhiyuan Duan , Jingyu Li , Sixu Jiang , Xiaoyang Tan , Xiaoning Wang , Ziang Meng , Zhiqi Liu
Freestanding thin films, a class of low-dimensional materials capable of maintaining structural integrity without substrates, have emerged as a forefront research focus. Their unique advantages—circumventing substrate clamping, liberating intrinsic material properties, and enabling cross-platform heterogeneous integration—underpin this prominence. This review systematically summarizes core fabrication techniques, including physical delamination (e.g., laser lift-off, mechanical exfoliation) and chemical etching, alongside associated transfer strategies. It further explores the induced strain modulation mechanisms, extreme mechanical properties and interface decoupling effects enabled by these films. Representative case studies demonstrate breakthrough applications in flexible/ultrathin electronics, ultrahigh-sensitivity sensors and the exploration of novel quantum states. Critical challenges regarding scalable fabrication, precise interface control, and long-term stability are analyzed, concluding with prospects for emerging applications in bio-inspired intelligent devices, quantum precision sensing, and brain-inspired neural networks.
{"title":"Freestanding thin-film materials","authors":"Li Liu , Peixin Qin , Guojian Zhao , Zhiyuan Duan , Jingyu Li , Sixu Jiang , Xiaoyang Tan , Xiaoning Wang , Ziang Meng , Zhiqi Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.035","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.035","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Freestanding thin films, a class of low-dimensional materials capable of maintaining structural integrity without substrates, have emerged as a forefront research focus. Their unique advantages—circumventing substrate clamping, liberating intrinsic material properties, and enabling cross-platform heterogeneous integration—underpin this prominence. This review systematically summarizes core fabrication techniques, including physical delamination (e.g., laser lift-off, mechanical exfoliation) and chemical etching, alongside associated transfer strategies. It further explores the induced strain modulation mechanisms, extreme mechanical properties and interface decoupling effects enabled by these films. Representative case studies demonstrate breakthrough applications in flexible/ultrathin electronics, ultrahigh-sensitivity sensors and the exploration of novel quantum states. Critical challenges regarding scalable fabrication, precise interface control, and long-term stability are analyzed, concluding with prospects for emerging applications in bio-inspired intelligent devices, quantum precision sensing, and brain-inspired neural networks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"92 ","pages":"Pages 581-605"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146015625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2025.12.026
Ziyuan Han , Chengcong Li , Yuhang Lu , Zhongshao Li , Duo Pan , Xun Cao
In recent decades, the rapid development of human civilization has intensified global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, leading to two major crises: global energy shortages and climate deterioration. As the frequency of extreme weather events increases, reliance on traditional thermal management systems has grown, making these systems highly energy-intensive. Consequently, new thermal management technologies that conserve energy and reduce emissions have become a central focus of energy research. Compared to conventional thermal management methods, radiative thermal management (RTM) technology—which utilizes materials with high radiative optical properties to achieve low- or zero-energy thermal management—has been proposed as a sustainable alternative. Currently, static RTM technology is more mature and widely applied, contributing significantly to energy conservation and emission reduction. However, static RTM cannot provide effective thermal management throughout the entire day or year. Therefore, dynamic RTM technology, which incorporates radiation regulation functions, has emerged as the most promising solution, with substantial research progress achieved. This review first explains the fundamental principles of RTM, then provides a comprehensive overview of switching mechanisms, primary materials, design principles, application areas, and device designs for both static and dynamic RTM. Additionally, by comparing different types of RTM materials, this review summarizes their advantages and disadvantages, offering researchers a clearer understanding of current challenges and future development directions in RTM materials.
{"title":"Radiative thermal management materials and devices: principles, advances and potential applications","authors":"Ziyuan Han , Chengcong Li , Yuhang Lu , Zhongshao Li , Duo Pan , Xun Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.12.026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.12.026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent decades, the rapid development of human civilization has intensified global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, leading to two major crises: global energy shortages and climate deterioration. As the frequency of extreme weather events increases, reliance on traditional thermal management systems has grown, making these systems highly energy-intensive. Consequently, new thermal management technologies that conserve energy and reduce emissions have become a central focus of energy research. Compared to conventional thermal management methods, radiative thermal management (RTM) technology—which utilizes materials with high radiative optical properties to achieve low- or zero-energy thermal management—has been proposed as a sustainable alternative. Currently, static RTM technology is more mature and widely applied, contributing significantly to energy conservation and emission reduction. However, static RTM cannot provide effective thermal management throughout the entire day or year. Therefore, dynamic RTM technology, which incorporates radiation regulation functions, has emerged as the most promising solution, with substantial research progress achieved. This review first explains the fundamental principles of RTM, then provides a comprehensive overview of switching mechanisms, primary materials, design principles, application areas, and device designs for both static and dynamic RTM. Additionally, by comparing different types of RTM materials, this review summarizes their advantages and disadvantages, offering researchers a clearer understanding of current challenges and future development directions in RTM materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"92 ","pages":"Pages 828-856"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146015644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2025.12.004
Junli Wang , Xue Han , Jinmi Cai , Rong-Bin Song , Zhaohui Li , Yuehe Lin
The obtaining of the localized bioinformation of organelles and multi-dimension dynamic fluctuations in the morphology and microenvironment of organelles is beneficial for gaining a deeper understanding of the relevant physiology/pathology at subcellular level. In recent years, fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) have emerged as outstanding targeted probes for the fluorescence imaging of various organelles or organelle microenvironments, due to their excellent optical property, good biocompatibility, suitable size, as well as abundant surface functional groups. Moreover, these organelle-targeting or microenvironment-responsive CDs have also shown promising application in diagnosis and treatment by integrating them with drug delivery systems or developing their additional photodynamic/photothermal properties. In this review, we summarize the development status of CDs with responsiveness to various organelles and their microenvironment parameters, and highlight their anchoring strategies and responsive mechanisms through associating the structural and surface properties of CDs with unique features of organelles. The typical applications of these organelle-specific CDs in bioimaging, cancer diagnosis and tumor treatment are also outlined to help understanding of their biological significance. Finally, the existing opportunities and challenges of these organelle-specific CDs are discussed, in order to offer some valuable development directions. We hope this review will be conductive to grasping the fundamental design principles of organelle-targeting CDs and inspiring more organelle-responsive mechanisms for CDs.
{"title":"Carbon dots toward organelles and their microenvironment: From synthetic design to biomedical applications","authors":"Junli Wang , Xue Han , Jinmi Cai , Rong-Bin Song , Zhaohui Li , Yuehe Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.12.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The obtaining of the localized bioinformation of organelles and multi-dimension dynamic fluctuations in the morphology and microenvironment of organelles is beneficial for gaining a deeper understanding of the relevant physiology/pathology at subcellular level. In recent years, fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) have emerged as outstanding targeted probes for the fluorescence imaging of various organelles or organelle microenvironments, due to their excellent optical property, good biocompatibility, suitable size, as well as abundant surface functional groups. Moreover, these organelle-targeting or microenvironment-responsive CDs have also shown promising application in diagnosis and treatment by integrating them with drug delivery systems or developing their additional photodynamic/photothermal properties. In this review, we summarize the development status of CDs with responsiveness to various organelles and their microenvironment parameters, and highlight their anchoring strategies and responsive mechanisms through associating the structural and surface properties of CDs with unique features of organelles. The typical applications of these organelle-specific CDs in bioimaging, cancer diagnosis and tumor treatment are also outlined to help understanding of their biological significance. Finally, the existing opportunities and challenges of these organelle-specific CDs are discussed, in order to offer some valuable development directions. We hope this review will be conductive to grasping the fundamental design principles of organelle-targeting CDs and inspiring more organelle-responsive mechanisms for CDs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"92 ","pages":"Pages 8-34"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146015747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.015
Yuyang Chen , Yao Liu , Tao Ying , Yao Yang , Jingya Wang , Xinchen Xu , Zhao Shen , Yangxin Li , Dong Qiu , Hong Zhu , Jianbo Wu , Gaoming Zhu , Fuyong Cao , Wenjiang Ding , Xiaoqin Zeng
Ultra-lightweight magnesium alloys characterized by high specific strength are highly sought after for applications in the automotive and aerospace industries. However, conventional magnesium alloys behave poor corrosion resistance when exposed to moisture, which significantly reduces their service life, thus limiting their applications and hindering effective realization of their lightweight advantages. Here, we develop a novel stainless Mg-2Sc-0.5Al alloy, which exhibits the lowest corrosion rate of 0.027 mm/year among all reported magnesium alloys and behaves insensitivity of Fe impurity content. More remarkably, the surface film of this stainless magnesium alloy possesses the ability to fully self-heal within hours of being scratched, which gives superior and long-term protection. The superior corrosion resistance of the stainless Mg-2Sc-0.5Al alloy origins from the rapid formation and stabilization of a compact amorphous surface film facilitated by the addition of Al and Sc. The stable amorphous surface film effectively and rapidly shields the magnesium matrix from the corrosive media, thereby significantly enhancing the corrosion resistance. This work offers an efficient design strategy to form the protective amorphous surface film and further inspires the development of stainless magnesium alloys across various systems.
{"title":"Stainless magnesium alloy based on self-healing amorphous surface","authors":"Yuyang Chen , Yao Liu , Tao Ying , Yao Yang , Jingya Wang , Xinchen Xu , Zhao Shen , Yangxin Li , Dong Qiu , Hong Zhu , Jianbo Wu , Gaoming Zhu , Fuyong Cao , Wenjiang Ding , Xiaoqin Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultra-lightweight magnesium alloys characterized by high specific strength are highly sought after for applications in the automotive and aerospace industries. However, conventional magnesium alloys behave poor corrosion resistance when exposed to moisture, which significantly reduces their service life, thus limiting their applications and hindering effective realization of their lightweight advantages. Here, we develop a novel stainless Mg-2Sc-0.5Al alloy, which exhibits the lowest corrosion rate of 0.027 mm/year among all reported magnesium alloys and behaves insensitivity of Fe impurity content. More remarkably, the surface film of this stainless magnesium alloy possesses the ability to fully self-heal within hours of being scratched, which gives superior and long-term protection. The superior corrosion resistance of the stainless Mg-2Sc-0.5Al alloy origins from the rapid formation and stabilization of a compact amorphous surface film facilitated by the addition of Al and Sc. The stable amorphous surface film effectively and rapidly shields the magnesium matrix from the corrosive media, thereby significantly enhancing the corrosion resistance. This work offers an efficient design strategy to form the protective amorphous surface film and further inspires the development of stainless magnesium alloys across various systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"92 ","pages":"Pages 35-43"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146015748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.030
Yong Wang , Jingru Xu , Baishan Chen , Nan Lin , Weidong Zhang , Fei Peng , Min Song , Shijun Zhao , Zhenggang Wu
Lattice distortion strengthens metallic alloys by interacting with dislocation stress fields. Consequently, profuse dislocation activity constitutes the central prerequisite for distortion-driven strengthening. Unlike alloys, dislocation activities are severely limited in ceramic materials. This difference raises a fundamental question: What role does lattice distortion play in ceramics? Here, we address this question using high-entropy diborides (HEBs) as a model system. Through first-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT), we examine the bonding nature, electronic structure, deformation behavior of (TiZrNbTa-xCr)B2 (x = 0–20 at. %) with varying degree of lattice distortion, as quantitatively manifested by root mean square atomic displacement (RMSAD). Our results show that lattice distortion can accentuate the chemically induced bonding weakening of HEBs, arising primarily the reduction of bonding electrons between B-B atoms. This weakening promotes dislocation nucleation, facilitates dislocation slip and modulates slip system by activating prismatic and pyramidal slip capable of multiaxial strain accommodation. The enhanced dislocation activity yields a significant increase in fracture toughness with only marginal nanohardness reduction. These findings demonstrate a pathway toward designing intrinsically tough HEBs through regulating lattice distortion.
{"title":"Distinct lattice distortion role in high entropy diboride ceramics","authors":"Yong Wang , Jingru Xu , Baishan Chen , Nan Lin , Weidong Zhang , Fei Peng , Min Song , Shijun Zhao , Zhenggang Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lattice distortion strengthens metallic alloys by interacting with dislocation stress fields. Consequently, profuse dislocation activity constitutes the central prerequisite for distortion-driven strengthening. Unlike alloys, dislocation activities are severely limited in ceramic materials. This difference raises a fundamental question: What role does lattice distortion play in ceramics? Here, we address this question using high-entropy diborides (HEBs) as a model system. Through first-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT), we examine the bonding nature, electronic structure, deformation behavior of (TiZrNbTa-xCr)B<sub>2</sub> (x = 0–20 at. %) with varying degree of lattice distortion, as quantitatively manifested by root mean square atomic displacement (RMSAD). Our results show that lattice distortion can accentuate the chemically induced bonding weakening of HEBs, arising primarily the reduction of bonding electrons between B-B atoms. This weakening promotes dislocation nucleation, facilitates dislocation slip and modulates slip system by activating prismatic and pyramidal slip capable of multiaxial strain accommodation. The enhanced dislocation activity yields a significant increase in fracture toughness with only marginal nanohardness reduction. These findings demonstrate a pathway toward designing intrinsically tough HEBs through regulating lattice distortion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"92 ","pages":"Pages 115-125"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146015881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.031
Xin Zhang , Yingjun Sun , Lingjun Guo , Huimin Liu , Tianyu Liu , Qiangang Fu , Yulei Zhang , Xuemin Yin , Hejun Li
Ceramics modified carbon/carbon (C/C) composites show great promise in thermal protection systems, yet achieving a balance between mechanical and anti-ablation properties in sharp leading-edge (SLE) C/C composites under ultrahigh-temperature conditions remains challenging. Herein, a bioinspired vacuum-driven, bottom-up reactive melt infiltration (RMI) technique was developed to fabricate SLE C/C-ZrC-ZrxCuy-Cu composites, which could not only mitigate tip erosion during fabrication, but also enable microstructure tailoring through localized vacuum control and fiber orientation. The fabricated composites, exhibiting low structural corrosion damage, featured a dense and highly cohesive ZrC-ZrxCuy-Cu matrix and efficient energy dissipation behavior under external loading, resulting in a high flexural strength (205.68 ± 25.98 MPa) and elastic modulus (14.72 ± 2.02 GPa). Impressively, the SLE C/C-ZrC-ZrxCuy-Cu composites with a gradient Cu/Zr atomic ratio along the infiltration direction demonstrated exceptional long-term thermal protection for 300 s under oxyacetylene flame ablation at ∼2500 °C with good structural integrity, low mass (4.53 ± 0.26 mg/s) and linear (2.89 ± 0.35 μm/s) ablation rates, significantly outperforming most reported SLE composites. The superior performance arose from active-passive thermal protective effects of Cu-induced “sweating-cooling” and “dynamic self-healing” of a Cu-Zr-O scale during ablation, together with defect-mediated dislocation-mediated strain redistribution and oxide-scale toughening during cooling. This study provides a general bioinspired strategy for synergistically enhancing flexural and ablation-resistant properties of thermal protection materials in severe thermal environments.
{"title":"Bioinspired vacuum-driven approach enables mechanically robust, ablation-resistant sharp leading-edge composites","authors":"Xin Zhang , Yingjun Sun , Lingjun Guo , Huimin Liu , Tianyu Liu , Qiangang Fu , Yulei Zhang , Xuemin Yin , Hejun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ceramics modified carbon/carbon (C/C) composites show great promise in thermal protection systems, yet achieving a balance between mechanical and anti-ablation properties in sharp leading-edge (SLE) C/C composites under ultrahigh-temperature conditions remains challenging. Herein, a bioinspired vacuum-driven, bottom-up reactive melt infiltration (RMI) technique was developed to fabricate SLE C/C-ZrC-Zr<sub>x</sub>Cu<sub>y</sub>-Cu composites, which could not only mitigate tip erosion during fabrication, but also enable microstructure tailoring through localized vacuum control and fiber orientation. The fabricated composites, exhibiting low structural corrosion damage, featured a dense and highly cohesive ZrC-Zr<sub>x</sub>Cu<sub>y</sub>-Cu matrix and efficient energy dissipation behavior under external loading, resulting in a high flexural strength (205.68 ± 25.98 MPa) and elastic modulus (14.72 ± 2.02 GPa). Impressively, the SLE C/C-ZrC-Zr<sub>x</sub>Cu<sub>y</sub>-Cu composites with a gradient Cu/Zr atomic ratio along the infiltration direction demonstrated exceptional long-term thermal protection for 300 s under oxyacetylene flame ablation at ∼2500 °C with good structural integrity, low mass (4.53 ± 0.26 mg/s) and linear (2.89 ± 0.35 μm/s) ablation rates, significantly outperforming most reported SLE composites. The superior performance arose from active-passive thermal protective effects of Cu-induced “sweating-cooling” and “dynamic self-healing” of a Cu-Zr-O scale during ablation, together with defect-mediated dislocation-mediated strain redistribution and oxide-scale toughening during cooling. This study provides a general bioinspired strategy for synergistically enhancing flexural and ablation-resistant properties of thermal protection materials in severe thermal environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"92 ","pages":"Pages 126-139"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146015882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) with Na superionic conductor (NASICON) structure has emerged as a promising cathode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, the hindered ion transport efficiency limits its application and service life. To enhance the sustainability of sodium-ion batteries, a heteropolyanion regulation strategy is applied to prepare Na3.1V1.96(BO3)0.1(PO4)2.9 (NVBP) by partial substitution of BO33−, which induces the asymmetry in the crystal structure and lifts the degeneracy of Na2 sites. The competing disordered Na+ transport from Na2 to Na1 is switched to the sequential ordered transport, significantly enhancing the Na+ diffusion coefficient. Furthermore, the sequential Na+ transport prompts the emergence of P21/c intermediate phase, buffering the phase transition. This strategy position NVBP as one of the leading NASICON cathode materials. The cathode exhibits an excellent rate capacity of 60 mAh g−1 at 10,000 mA g−1 and demonstrates minimal cyclic decay of 0.0025 ‰ after 20,000 cycles. This study provides valuable insights into sequential Na+ transport in NASICON cathodes and offers guidelines for the design of high-performance polyanionic electrodes.
具有钠超离子导体（NASICON）结构的Na3V2(PO4)3 （NVP）是一种很有前途的钠离子电池正极材料。然而，离子传输效率的阻碍限制了其应用和使用寿命。为了提高钠离子电池的可持续性，采用异多阴离子调控策略，通过BO33−的部分取代制备了Na3.1V1.96(BO3)0.1(PO4)2.9 (NVBP)，引起了晶体结构的不对称性，提高了Na2位的简并性。从Na2到Na1的无序竞争的Na+输运转变为有序的有序输运，显著提高了Na+的扩散系数。此外，Na+的连续输运促使P21/c中间相的出现，缓冲了相变。这一战略使NVBP成为领先的NASICON阴极材料之一。该阴极在10,000 mA g - 1时表现出60 mAh g - 1的优异倍率容量，并且在20,000次循环后表现出最小的0.0025‰的循环衰减。这项研究为NASICON阴极中Na+的序贯输运提供了有价值的见解，并为高性能聚阴离子电极的设计提供了指导。
{"title":"Heteropolyanion regulation activating decoupled ion transition for Na superionic conductors","authors":"Tian Jiang , Qi Fan , Wenshan Gou , Anyang Yu , Changhao Zhu , Ruirui Zhang , Youwei Dong , Shijun Yuan , Qingyu Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.12.024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.12.024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Na<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> (NVP) with Na superionic conductor (NASICON) structure has emerged as a promising cathode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, the hindered ion transport efficiency limits its application and service life. To enhance the sustainability of sodium-ion batteries, a heteropolyanion regulation strategy is applied to prepare Na<sub>3.1</sub>V<sub>1.96</sub>(BO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>0.1</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2.9</sub> (NVBP) by partial substitution of BO<sub>3</sub><sup>3−</sup>, which induces the asymmetry in the crystal structure and lifts the degeneracy of Na2 sites. The competing disordered Na<sup>+</sup> transport from Na2 to Na1 is switched to the sequential ordered transport, significantly enhancing the Na<sup>+</sup> diffusion coefficient. Furthermore, the sequential Na<sup>+</sup> transport prompts the emergence of <em>P</em>2<sub>1</sub>/c intermediate phase, buffering the phase transition. This strategy position NVBP as one of the leading NASICON cathode materials. The cathode exhibits an excellent rate capacity of 60 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> at 10,000 mA g<sup>−1</sup> and demonstrates minimal cyclic decay of 0.0025 ‰ after 20,000 cycles. This study provides valuable insights into sequential Na<sup>+</sup> transport in NASICON cathodes and offers guidelines for the design of high-performance polyanionic electrodes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"92 ","pages":"Pages 396-405"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146016578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vat photopolymerization (VPP) elastomers often suffer from poor tear resistance due to the limited ability of entangled polymer chain segments formed by free radical curing to guide crack propagation. While elastomers prepared through photo-thermal dual-curing mechanisms with highly entangled polymer chains have improved tensile properties, their permanent radical‑derived crosslinks restrict toughness optimization. Here, ureidopyrimidinone (UPy) moieties were incorporated in dynamic polyurethane acrylate, introducing quadruple hydrogen bonds as sacrificial physical crosslinking points to achieve full molecular chain extension. This strategy avoids permanent radical-derived chemical crosslinks by incorporating UPy-based reversible interactions, leading to dual improvements in crack propagation guidance and tensile performance. Unlike conventional methods relying on monomer to reduce viscosity for vat photopolymerization compatibility, the hydrogen bond-rich high-viscosity oligomer developed in this work supports direct monomer-free printing through linear scan-based vat photopolymerization (LSVP) system. Corresponding results demonstrate that 3D-printed parts achieved a tensile strength of 40.31 MPa, elongation at break of 992 %, and crucially, fracture energy reaching 189.42 kJ m−2, which comparable to thermoplastic polyurethane. Moreover, the synergistic effect of chain entanglement and reversible bonding imparts thermoplastic-like self-healing and recyclability. This work offers a new strategy for developing photopolymerizable elastomers with integrated strength, tear resistance, and reprocessability, advancing their potential in flexible electronics and functional 3D printing.
{"title":"Entanglement–crosslinking synergy for superior tear resistance in photocurable 3D‑printed elastomers","authors":"Xianmei Huang , Weiqiang Chen , Xuan Zhou , Dhandapani Kuzhandaivel , Shuqiang Peng , Longhui Zheng , Herfried Lammer , Xiaohong Ding , Zixiang Weng , Lixin Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.041","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.041","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vat photopolymerization (VPP) elastomers often suffer from poor tear resistance due to the limited ability of entangled polymer chain segments formed by free radical curing to guide crack propagation. While elastomers prepared through photo-thermal dual-curing mechanisms with highly entangled polymer chains have improved tensile properties, their permanent radical‑derived crosslinks restrict toughness optimization. Here, ureidopyrimidinone (UPy) moieties were incorporated in dynamic polyurethane acrylate, introducing quadruple hydrogen bonds as sacrificial physical crosslinking points to achieve full molecular chain extension. This strategy avoids permanent radical-derived chemical crosslinks by incorporating UPy-based reversible interactions, leading to dual improvements in crack propagation guidance and tensile performance. Unlike conventional methods relying on monomer to reduce viscosity for vat photopolymerization compatibility, the hydrogen bond-rich high-viscosity oligomer developed in this work supports direct monomer-free printing through linear scan-based vat photopolymerization (LSVP) system. Corresponding results demonstrate that 3D-printed parts achieved a tensile strength of 40.31 MPa, elongation at break of 992 %, and crucially, fracture energy reaching 189.42 kJ m<sup>−2</sup>, which comparable to thermoplastic polyurethane. Moreover, the synergistic effect of chain entanglement and reversible bonding imparts thermoplastic-like self-healing and recyclability. This work offers a new strategy for developing photopolymerizable elastomers with integrated strength, tear resistance, and reprocessability, advancing their potential in flexible electronics and functional 3D printing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"92 ","pages":"Pages 191-204"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146016590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.005
Xiangyu Zhang , Dongwei Jiang , Ye Zhang , Yaqi Zhao , Feng Gao , Chen Li , Wen He , Dongbo Wang , Hongyue Hao , Donghai Wu , Guowei Wang , Yingqiang Xu , Xiaoning Guan , Jinzhong Wang , Zhichuan Niu
InAs/GaSb superlattices emerge as a competitive platform for long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) detection, featuring tailorable bandgaps and suppressed Auger recombination. Despite their advantages, InAs/GaSb superlattice-based LWIR detectors suffer from limited absorption coefficients, constraining their photoresponse efficiency. The study demonstrates a guided-mode resonance-engineered metasurface detector that overcomes this limitation through a two-dimensional microhole array architecture. By resonantly coupling incident light with guided modes, our design achieves broadband (8–12 μm) absorption enhancement in the LWIR regime. Under a reverse bias of −20 mV, the resonance-enhanced detector demonstrates 29.4 % quantum efficiency at its spectral response peak of 9.35 μm, representing a 1.32 times improvement over conventional detectors. Importantly, the metasurface integration enhances specific detectivity (3.42 × 1010 Jones) while maintaining baseline noise levels, resolving the traditional responsivity-noise trade-off. This nanophotonic engineering approach establishes a paradigm for developing high-performance superlattice infrared detectors without complex epitaxial redesign.
{"title":"Microhole array metasurface-enhanced InAs/GaSb superlattice LWIR detectors with boosted photoresponse via guided-mode resonance coupling","authors":"Xiangyu Zhang , Dongwei Jiang , Ye Zhang , Yaqi Zhao , Feng Gao , Chen Li , Wen He , Dongbo Wang , Hongyue Hao , Donghai Wu , Guowei Wang , Yingqiang Xu , Xiaoning Guan , Jinzhong Wang , Zhichuan Niu","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>InAs/GaSb superlattices emerge as a competitive platform for long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) detection, featuring tailorable bandgaps and suppressed Auger recombination. Despite their advantages, InAs/GaSb superlattice-based LWIR detectors suffer from limited absorption coefficients, constraining their photoresponse efficiency. The study demonstrates a guided-mode resonance-engineered metasurface detector that overcomes this limitation through a two-dimensional microhole array architecture. By resonantly coupling incident light with guided modes, our design achieves broadband (8–12 μm) absorption enhancement in the LWIR regime. Under a reverse bias of −20 mV, the resonance-enhanced detector demonstrates 29.4 % quantum efficiency at its spectral response peak of 9.35 μm, representing a 1.32 times improvement over conventional detectors. Importantly, the metasurface integration enhances specific detectivity (3.42 × 10<sup>10</sup> Jones) while maintaining baseline noise levels, resolving the traditional responsivity-noise trade-off. This nanophotonic engineering approach establishes a paradigm for developing high-performance superlattice infrared detectors without complex epitaxial redesign.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 298-305"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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