Pub Date : 2026-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2025.102526
Tayler S. Hebner , Timothy J. White , Michael D. Dickey , Ryan C. Hayward , Taylor H. Ware
Motivated by living systems that employ shape morphing to adapt to changes in environmental conditions, we review approaches to realize shape change in polymeric soft materials. We classify these shape-morphing materials as those that respond extrinsically, release stored energy, or respond intrinsically. Furthermore, many of the biological functions that serve as inspiration for shape morphing are executed via integrated sensing, feedback, and mechanical response mechanisms. We classify these biological systems as having autonomous multifunctionality due to the lack of need for external intervention in implementing their shape-morphing functions in dynamic environments. In that context, we highlight recent reports that introduce varying degrees of autonomy into responsive shape-changing materials. These advances offer a blueprint for materials that sense, decide, and evolve within their environment.
{"title":"Programmable soft matter: Shaping function","authors":"Tayler S. Hebner , Timothy J. White , Michael D. Dickey , Ryan C. Hayward , Taylor H. Ware","doi":"10.1016/j.matt.2025.102526","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matt.2025.102526","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Motivated by living systems that employ shape morphing to adapt to changes in environmental conditions, we review approaches to realize shape change in polymeric soft materials. We classify these shape-morphing materials as those that respond extrinsically, release stored energy, or respond intrinsically. Furthermore, many of the biological functions that serve as inspiration for shape morphing are executed via integrated sensing, feedback, and mechanical response mechanisms. We classify these biological systems as having autonomous multifunctionality due to the lack of need for external intervention in implementing their shape-morphing functions in dynamic environments. In that context, we highlight recent reports that introduce varying degrees of autonomy into responsive shape-changing materials. These advances offer a blueprint for materials that sense, decide, and evolve within their environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":388,"journal":{"name":"Matter","volume":"9 1","pages":"Article 102526"},"PeriodicalIF":17.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145908469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2025.102490
Jiaxin Yang , Jie Jiang , Tong Wu , Ting Liu , Hongwei Ma , Zhiyong Wei , Xuwen Li , Hongyuan Bai , Yue Zhao , Yang Li , Li Han
Actuators with programmable multistep spatiotemporal actuation offer solutions for geometric information encryption. However, conventional methods often depend on macroscopic assembly, neglecting molecular cascade effects in multioriented structures, which limits their applicability. We present a “time-gated” dual-switching soft actuator where the different kinetics of the two phase-transition-induced shape changes enables novel demonstrations. Through temperature and temporal control, a molecular cascade effect where LC alignment-induced stress fields template crystalline orientation is achieved. This design enables versatile transitions between single-phasic and cooperative-biphasic control modes. By synergizing macro- and micro-structural design, the system demonstrates spatiotemporal programmable multistep actuations. Therefore, a 4D thermomechanically modulated geometric information encryption system was constructed based on timing sequence decryption. It decodes different barcode information through two secret keys featuring temperature and time as two channels for high-security upgrades. This “dual-switch” strategy provides scalable, modular solutions for future adaptive systems in dynamic information security technologies.
{"title":"Dual-switch cascaded soft actuator for multistep actuation and 4D dynamic geometric encryption","authors":"Jiaxin Yang , Jie Jiang , Tong Wu , Ting Liu , Hongwei Ma , Zhiyong Wei , Xuwen Li , Hongyuan Bai , Yue Zhao , Yang Li , Li Han","doi":"10.1016/j.matt.2025.102490","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matt.2025.102490","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Actuators with programmable multistep spatiotemporal actuation offer solutions for geometric information encryption. However, conventional methods often depend on macroscopic assembly, neglecting molecular cascade effects in multioriented structures, which limits their applicability. We present a “time-gated” dual-switching soft actuator where the different kinetics of the two phase-transition-induced shape changes enables novel demonstrations. Through temperature and temporal control, a molecular cascade effect where LC alignment-induced stress fields template crystalline orientation is achieved. This design enables versatile transitions between single-phasic and cooperative-biphasic control modes. By synergizing macro- and micro-structural design, the system demonstrates spatiotemporal programmable multistep actuations. Therefore, a 4D thermomechanically modulated geometric information encryption system was constructed based on timing sequence decryption. It decodes different barcode information through two secret keys featuring temperature and time as two channels for high-security upgrades. This “dual-switch” strategy provides scalable, modular solutions for future adaptive systems in dynamic information security technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":388,"journal":{"name":"Matter","volume":"9 1","pages":"Article 102490"},"PeriodicalIF":17.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145289363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2025.102421
Zhan Si , Dezheng Gao , Zhiyao Zhang , Yuxiang Wei , Jiankun Kang , Yu Tian , Yi Wen , Xiang Gao , Hongyao Xie , Li-Dong Zhao
We challenge the conventional design paradigm by demonstrating that light doping in single crystals can more effectively enhance the average ZT. A large-sized PbSe single crystal lightly doped with Sb was successfully grown via physical vapor deposition. By eliminating grain-boundary and point-defect scattering, the PbSb0.001Se crystal achieves a high electron mobility of 1,050 cm2 V−1 s−1 and a moderate carrier concentration of 1 × 1019 cm−3 at room temperature. This significantly improves thermoelectric performance over a wide temperature range. The optimized sample was fabricated into a 7-pair cooling device, achieving a temperature difference of 49 K at room temperature. Additionally, a single-leg device demonstrated a power generation efficiency of 8%. These results highlight how lightly doped single crystals provide a promising pathway to achieving high average ZT, making PbSe a competitive Te-free candidate for efficient thermoelectric cooling and power generation.
{"title":"High-mobility PbSe crystals with trace Sb doping for wide-temperature thermoelectric applications","authors":"Zhan Si , Dezheng Gao , Zhiyao Zhang , Yuxiang Wei , Jiankun Kang , Yu Tian , Yi Wen , Xiang Gao , Hongyao Xie , Li-Dong Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.matt.2025.102421","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matt.2025.102421","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We challenge the conventional design paradigm by demonstrating that light doping in single crystals can more effectively enhance the average <em>ZT</em>. A large-sized PbSe single crystal lightly doped with Sb was successfully grown via physical vapor deposition. By eliminating grain-boundary and point-defect scattering, the PbSb<sub>0.001</sub>Se crystal achieves a high electron mobility of 1,050 cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>−1</sup> s<sup>−1</sup> and a moderate carrier concentration of 1 × 10<sup>19</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup> at room temperature. This significantly improves thermoelectric performance over a wide temperature range. The optimized sample was fabricated into a 7-pair cooling device, achieving a temperature difference of 49 K at room temperature. Additionally, a single-leg device demonstrated a power generation efficiency of 8%. These results highlight how lightly doped single crystals provide a promising pathway to achieving high average <em>ZT</em>, making PbSe a competitive Te-free candidate for efficient thermoelectric cooling and power generation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":388,"journal":{"name":"Matter","volume":"9 1","pages":"Article 102421"},"PeriodicalIF":17.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145071938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2025.102513
Siamak Mirfendereski , Ankur Gupta
Turing patterns are stationary, wave-like structures that emerge from the nonequilibrium assembly of reactive and diffusive components. While they are foundational in biophysics, their classical formulation relies on a single characteristic length scale that balances reaction and diffusion, making them overly simplistic for describing biological patterns, which often exhibit multi-scale structures, grain-like textures, and inherent imperfections. Here, we integrate diffusiophoretically assisted assembly of finite-sized cells, driven by a background chemical gradient in a Turing pattern, while also incorporating intercellular interactions. This framework introduces key control parameters, such as the Péclet number, cell size distribution, and intercellular interactions, enabling us to reproduce strikingly similar structural features observed in natural patterns. We report imperfections, including spatial variations in pattern thickness, packing limits, and pattern breakups. Our model not only deepens our understanding but also opens a new line of inquiry into imperfect Turing patterns that deviate from the classical formulation in significant ways.
{"title":"Imperfect Turing patterns: Diffusiophoretic assembly of hard spheres via reaction-diffusion instabilities","authors":"Siamak Mirfendereski , Ankur Gupta","doi":"10.1016/j.matt.2025.102513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matt.2025.102513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Turing patterns are stationary, wave-like structures that emerge from the nonequilibrium assembly of reactive and diffusive components. While they are foundational in biophysics, their classical formulation relies on a single characteristic length scale that balances reaction and diffusion, making them overly simplistic for describing biological patterns, which often exhibit multi-scale structures, grain-like textures, and inherent imperfections. Here, we integrate diffusiophoretically assisted assembly of finite-sized cells, driven by a background chemical gradient in a Turing pattern, while also incorporating intercellular interactions. This framework introduces key control parameters, such as the Péclet number, cell size distribution, and intercellular interactions, enabling us to reproduce strikingly similar structural features observed in natural patterns. We report imperfections, including spatial variations in pattern thickness, packing limits, and pattern breakups. Our model not only deepens our understanding but also opens a new line of inquiry into imperfect Turing patterns that deviate from the classical formulation in significant ways.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":388,"journal":{"name":"Matter","volume":"9 1","pages":"Article 102513"},"PeriodicalIF":17.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145384096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2025.102528
Shixu Yu , Ziyang Lu , Lu Chen , Chao Xu , Jie Zhou , Erlantz Lizundia , Chaoji Chen
Natural wood, as a widely available biomass, has garnered significant attention due to its unique hierarchical structure and intrinsic advantages. With the continued growth in energy demand and the emphasis on green development, there is an urgent need for sustainable electrically conductive materials. While natural wood inherently lacks electrical conductivity, recent advances in manufacturing have created opportunities to convert it into electrically conductive wood-based materials. These materials enable a wide range of applications including, but not limited to, electrochemical energy storage, environmental remediation, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, sensing, and thermal management. In this review, we provide comprehensive insights into the modification strategies and principles for fabricating electrically conductive wood-based materials, as well as their derived properties, functions, applications, and environmental impact. To fully leverage the potential of these materials, we also highlight the current existing challenges they face and discuss the opportunities for next-generation electrically conductive wood-based materials. This review aims to serve as a guide to further promote the use of renewable wood-sourced biomass and the development of wood-based materials, supporting global efforts toward a more sustainable future.
{"title":"Electrically conductive wood-based materials beyond biochar: Modifications, functions, and environmental impact","authors":"Shixu Yu , Ziyang Lu , Lu Chen , Chao Xu , Jie Zhou , Erlantz Lizundia , Chaoji Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.matt.2025.102528","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matt.2025.102528","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural wood, as a widely available biomass, has garnered significant attention due to its unique hierarchical structure and intrinsic advantages. With the continued growth in energy demand and the emphasis on green development, there is an urgent need for sustainable electrically conductive materials. While natural wood inherently lacks electrical conductivity, recent advances in manufacturing have created opportunities to convert it into electrically conductive wood-based materials. These materials enable a wide range of applications including, but not limited to, electrochemical energy storage, environmental remediation, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, sensing, and thermal management. In this review, we provide comprehensive insights into the modification strategies and principles for fabricating electrically conductive wood-based materials, as well as their derived properties, functions, applications, and environmental impact. To fully leverage the potential of these materials, we also highlight the current existing challenges they face and discuss the opportunities for next-generation electrically conductive wood-based materials. This review aims to serve as a guide to further promote the use of renewable wood-sourced biomass and the development of wood-based materials, supporting global efforts toward a more sustainable future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":388,"journal":{"name":"Matter","volume":"9 1","pages":"Article 102528"},"PeriodicalIF":17.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145908470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2025.102382
Lu Zhao , Zitao Chen , Song Hu , Aomiao Zhi , Junqiao Wu , Feiyu Kang , Xuezeng Tian , Xiaokun Gu , Bo Sun
Graphite is a cornerstone material in heat dissipation due to its exceptionally high in-plane thermal conductivity (∼2,000 W m−1 K−1). However, its low through-plane thermal conductivity remains a bottleneck for heat dissipation, typically limited to 5–9 W m−1 K−1. Here we reveal that graphite, when the structure is optimized, delivers a record high through-plane thermal conductivity of up to 13.4 W m−1 K−1 at room temperature. This enhancement is achieved by reducing the helical twist within the graphite crystal structure. We demonstrate that while they have a minimal impact on in-plane conductivity, these twists significantly hinder heat-carrying phonons traveling through-plane. This work establishes a new benchmark for graphite’s thermal properties and paves the way for unlocking its full potential in thermal management applications.
石墨由于其极高的面内导热系数（~ 2000 W m−1 K−1）而成为散热的基石材料。然而，其低通平面导热系数仍然是散热的瓶颈，通常限制在5-9 W m−1 K−1。在这里，我们发现，当结构优化时，石墨在室温下提供了创纪录的高通过面导热系数，高达13.4 W m−1 K−1。这种增强是通过减少石墨晶体结构中的螺旋扭曲来实现的。我们证明，虽然它们对平面内电导率的影响很小，但这些扭曲明显阻碍了携带热量的声子穿过平面。这项工作为石墨的热性能建立了新的基准，并为释放其在热管理应用中的全部潜力铺平了道路。
{"title":"Ultrahigh through-plane thermal conductivity of graphite by reducing inter-plane twist","authors":"Lu Zhao , Zitao Chen , Song Hu , Aomiao Zhi , Junqiao Wu , Feiyu Kang , Xuezeng Tian , Xiaokun Gu , Bo Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.matt.2025.102382","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matt.2025.102382","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Graphite is a cornerstone material in heat dissipation due to its exceptionally high in-plane thermal conductivity (∼2,000 W m<sup>−1</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>). However, its low through-plane thermal conductivity remains a bottleneck for heat dissipation, typically limited to 5–9 W m<sup>−1</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>. Here we reveal that graphite, when the structure is optimized, delivers a record high through-plane thermal conductivity of up to 13.4 W m<sup>−1</sup> K<sup>−1</sup> at room temperature. This enhancement is achieved by reducing the helical twist within the graphite crystal structure. We demonstrate that while they have a minimal impact on in-plane conductivity, these twists significantly hinder heat-carrying phonons traveling through-plane. This work establishes a new benchmark for graphite’s thermal properties and paves the way for unlocking its full potential in thermal management applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":388,"journal":{"name":"Matter","volume":"9 1","pages":"Article 102382"},"PeriodicalIF":17.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145908473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-18DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2025.102562
Mingchao Liu, Weining Mao, Yiqiu Zhao, Qin Xu, Yixiang Gan, Yifan Wang, K. Jimmy Hsia
Jammed granular matter exhibits diverse rate-dependent behaviors that govern its mechanical response. We examine jammed assemblies under confining pressure and identify rate-strengthening, rate-independent, and rate-softening behaviors. Remarkably, we discover a pronounced rate-softening effect in rice particles, where increasing loading rate significantly reduces yield stress due to a sharp drop in surface friction, weakening the granular force-chain network. Through systematic experiments and simulations, we reveal that this behavior is tunable by modifying surface friction or confining pressure, unlocking design possibilities. To demonstrate its functional significance, we develop a bi-beam metamaterial that switches buckling direction with loading speed; extending to a dual-unit design yields a programmable response—contact reinforcement at slow rates, separation at fast—amplifying the rate dependence. These findings establish a new paradigm for tunable metamaterials, harnessing rate dependence of granular matter to create adaptive and programmable mechanical systems with potential applications in soft robotics, energy absorption, and wearable protection.
{"title":"Rate dependence in granular matter with application to tunable metamaterials","authors":"Mingchao Liu, Weining Mao, Yiqiu Zhao, Qin Xu, Yixiang Gan, Yifan Wang, K. Jimmy Hsia","doi":"10.1016/j.matt.2025.102562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2025.102562","url":null,"abstract":"Jammed granular matter exhibits diverse rate-dependent behaviors that govern its mechanical response. We examine jammed assemblies under confining pressure and identify rate-strengthening, rate-independent, and rate-softening behaviors. Remarkably, we discover a <em>pronounced rate-softening effect</em> in rice particles, where increasing loading rate significantly reduces yield stress due to a sharp drop in surface friction, weakening the granular force-chain network. Through systematic experiments and simulations, we reveal that this behavior is tunable by modifying surface friction or confining pressure, unlocking design possibilities. To demonstrate its functional significance, we develop a bi-beam metamaterial that switches buckling direction with loading speed; extending to a dual-unit design yields a programmable response—contact reinforcement at slow rates, separation at fast—amplifying the rate dependence. These findings establish a new paradigm for tunable metamaterials, harnessing rate dependence of granular matter to create adaptive and programmable mechanical systems with potential applications in soft robotics, energy absorption, and wearable protection.","PeriodicalId":388,"journal":{"name":"Matter","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":18.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145771206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2025.102568
Heejung W. Chung, Pjotrs Žguns, Ju Li, Bilge Yildiz
Discovery of fast proton conductors is important for advancing clean energy technologies. This requires a better understanding of proton migration mechanisms. While structural and chemical traits of ternary metal oxides have been related to proton migration barriers, lattice dynamical effects have not been resolved quantitatively. In this work, we introduce a phonon-based dynamic descriptor, termed “thermal O…O fluctuation,” quantifying the flexibility of donor-acceptor oxide-ion pairs. This enables direct comparison of O-sublattice flexibility across diverse metal oxides. Using regression models, we ranked physical descriptors as predictors of proton mobility, finding that H-bond length and thermal O…O fluctuation were the strongest descriptors. Further analysis revealed a critical O…O spacing of 2.4 Å at the transition state, which is easier to reach by more flexible donor-acceptor pairs, enabling facile proton transfer. Our results demonstrate oxygen sublattice flexibility as a dynamic descriptor and provide guiding principles for enhancing proton mobility in ternary metal oxides.
{"title":"Flexibility of oxygen sublattice and hydrogen bond length predict proton mobility in ternary metal oxides","authors":"Heejung W. Chung, Pjotrs Žguns, Ju Li, Bilge Yildiz","doi":"10.1016/j.matt.2025.102568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2025.102568","url":null,"abstract":"Discovery of fast proton conductors is important for advancing clean energy technologies. This requires a better understanding of proton migration mechanisms. While structural and chemical traits of ternary metal oxides have been related to proton migration barriers, lattice dynamical effects have not been resolved quantitatively. In this work, we introduce a phonon-based dynamic descriptor, termed “thermal O…O fluctuation,” quantifying the flexibility of donor-acceptor oxide-ion pairs. This enables direct comparison of O-sublattice flexibility across diverse metal oxides. Using regression models, we ranked physical descriptors as predictors of proton mobility, finding that H-bond length and thermal O…O fluctuation were the strongest descriptors. Further analysis revealed a critical O…O spacing of 2.4 Å at the transition state, which is easier to reach by more flexible donor-acceptor pairs, enabling facile proton transfer. Our results demonstrate oxygen sublattice flexibility as a dynamic descriptor and provide guiding principles for enhancing proton mobility in ternary metal oxides.","PeriodicalId":388,"journal":{"name":"Matter","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":18.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145760293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2025.102404
Oliver Fischer , Alexander J. Bett , Yan Zhu , Christoph Messmer , Anh Dinh Bui , Patrick Schygulla , Andreas Fell , Oussama Er-Raji , Bhushan P. Kore , Florian Schindler , Daniel Macdonald , Ziv Hameiri , Stefan W. Glunz , Martin C. Schubert
Monolithic perovskite silicon tandem solar cells reach efficiencies beyond the theoretical efficiency limit of silicon single-junction solar cells. However, the metastability of perovskite materials and the increasing number of functional layers with increasing number of junctions undermines their stability. This poses a significant challenge for industrialization. To enable fast progress in performance and stability, advanced characterization methods tailored for metastable perovskite-based tandem solar cells are essential. This work discusses the Suns open-circuit voltage (Suns-VOC) and intensity-dependent photoluminescence (Suns-PL) imaging methods, which are specifically adapted to perovskite silicon tandem solar cells. Spatially resolved implied open-circuit voltage and implied fill factor images facilitate the localization of losses in large-area solar cells, supporting root-cause analysis of electrical limitations. Furthermore, subcell-resolved Suns-VOC measurements of the tandem solar cells allow charge carrier transport losses to be quantified. Combining both methods allows selectivity losses to be identified. Challenges of the methods are thoroughly analyzed, ensuring reliable measurements with the appropriate measurement routine.
{"title":"Revealing charge carrier transport and selectivity losses in perovskite silicon tandem solar cells","authors":"Oliver Fischer , Alexander J. Bett , Yan Zhu , Christoph Messmer , Anh Dinh Bui , Patrick Schygulla , Andreas Fell , Oussama Er-Raji , Bhushan P. Kore , Florian Schindler , Daniel Macdonald , Ziv Hameiri , Stefan W. Glunz , Martin C. Schubert","doi":"10.1016/j.matt.2025.102404","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matt.2025.102404","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Monolithic perovskite silicon tandem solar cells reach efficiencies beyond the theoretical efficiency limit of silicon single-junction solar cells. However, the metastability of perovskite materials and the increasing number of functional layers with increasing number of junctions undermines their stability. This poses a significant challenge for industrialization. To enable fast progress in performance and stability, advanced characterization methods tailored for metastable perovskite-based tandem solar cells are essential. This work discusses the <em>Suns</em> open-circuit voltage (<em>Suns</em>-<em>V</em><sub>OC</sub>) and intensity-dependent photoluminescence (<em>Suns</em>-PL) imaging methods, which are specifically adapted to perovskite silicon tandem solar cells. Spatially resolved implied open-circuit voltage and implied fill factor images facilitate the localization of losses in large-area solar cells, supporting root-cause analysis of electrical limitations. Furthermore, subcell-resolved <em>Suns</em>-<em>V</em><sub>OC</sub> measurements of the tandem solar cells allow charge carrier transport losses to be quantified. Combining both methods allows selectivity losses to be identified. Challenges of the methods are thoroughly analyzed, ensuring reliable measurements with the appropriate measurement routine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":388,"journal":{"name":"Matter","volume":"8 12","pages":"Article 102404"},"PeriodicalIF":17.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144906468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Given the trade-off between activity and selectivity, typical pure CoSe2 catalyst that excels in the initial proton-coupled electron transfer, however, usually underperforms in the subsequent reaction process, leading to low performance for acidic 2e− oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) to H2O2. Here, we report a class of Zn–Co pair active sites on the defected CoSe2-x. The Zn–Co pair active site can well modulate electronic structure for enhancing the adsorption and activation of ∗O2 to achieve high-selectivity electrosynthesis of H2O2. The surrounding Co site has the optimal Gibbs free energy for ∗OOH because of the d-p orbital hybridization between the near-end O (∗OOH) and Co near the Fermi level. The Zn1-Co/CoSe2-x catalyst achieves high selectivity of 95% under 0 V against a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and the maximum productivity of 2.26 mol gcat.−1 h−1 at 250 mA cm−2, which is among the best non-noble metal-based compound catalysts in an acidic medium.
考虑到活性和选择性之间的权衡，典型的纯CoSe2催化剂在初始质子耦合电子转移中表现优异，但在随后的反应过程中通常表现不佳，导致酸性2e -氧还原反应（ORR）对H2O2的性能较低。在这里，我们报道了一类Zn-Co对活性位点在缺陷CoSe2-x上。Zn-Co对活性位点可以很好地调节电子结构，增强对* O2的吸附和活化，实现高选择性电合成H2O2。由于近端O（∗OOH）和Co在费米能级附近发生了d-p轨道杂化，因此周围的Co位具有最佳的吉布斯自由能。Zn1-Co/CoSe2-x催化剂在0 V条件下对可逆氢电极（RHE）具有95%的选择性，最大产率为2.26 mol gcat。在250 mA cm−2条件下- 1 h−1，是酸性介质中性能最好的非贵金属基化合物催化剂之一。
{"title":"Defect-induced Zn–Co pair active site for high-efficiency electrosynthesis of H2O2","authors":"Yingnan Wang , Jinting Wu , Qian Zhang , Yingjun Tan , Jian Gao , Xiao-Dong Zhu , Yong-Chao Zhang , Shaojun Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.matt.2025.102479","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matt.2025.102479","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Given the trade-off between activity and selectivity, typical pure CoSe<sub>2</sub> catalyst that excels in the initial proton-coupled electron transfer, however, usually underperforms in the subsequent reaction process, leading to low performance for acidic 2e<sup>−</sup> oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Here, we report a class of Zn–Co pair active sites on the defected CoSe<sub>2-<em>x</em></sub>. The Zn–Co pair active site can well modulate electronic structure for enhancing the adsorption and activation of ∗O<sub>2</sub> to achieve high-selectivity electrosynthesis of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. The surrounding Co site has the optimal Gibbs free energy for ∗OOH because of the d-p orbital hybridization between the near-end O (∗OOH) and Co near the Fermi level. The Zn<sub>1</sub>-Co/CoSe<sub>2-<em>x</em></sub> catalyst achieves high selectivity of 95% under 0 V against a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and the maximum productivity of 2.26 mol g<sub>cat.</sub><sup>−1</sup> h<sup>−1</sup> at 250 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>, which is among the best non-noble metal-based compound catalysts in an acidic medium.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":388,"journal":{"name":"Matter","volume":"8 12","pages":"Article 102479"},"PeriodicalIF":17.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145247539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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