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Research on Robust Control of Intelligent Vehicle Adaptive Cruise 智能车辆自适应巡航鲁棒控制研究
Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-09-25 DOI: 10.3390/wevj14100268
Zhaoxin Zhu, Shaoyi Bei, Bo Li, Guosi Liu, Haoran Tang, Yunhai Zhu, Chencheng Gao
To improve the anti-interference and robustness of the adaptive cruise control system in car-following mode, this paper designs a robust controller for the automobile adaptive cruise control system which contains two layers, the upper and lower structures, based on the μ control theory. On the one hand, the upper controller calculates the theoretical safety distance between two automobiles based on the current working conditions, and it calculates the expected acceleration of the vehicle through an optimal control method based on the safety distance and two vehicle speeds. On the other hand, this paper constructs the lower μ integrated controller of an automobile longitudinal dynamics system based on the performance requirements of an adaptive cruise control system and solves it in Matlab. Then, through calculation and simulation, it demonstrates that the designed dual-layer LQR-μ controller has good performance robustness and robust stability, which can significantly improve the anti-interference ability and driving safety performance of the vehicle during the following cruise process.
为了提高自适应巡航控制系统在跟车模式下的抗干扰性和鲁棒性,本文基于μ控制理论,设计了一种包含上下两层结构的自适应巡航控制系统鲁棒控制器。上控制器一方面根据当前工况计算两车之间的理论安全距离,并通过基于安全距离和两车速度的最优控制方法计算车辆的期望加速度。另一方面,本文根据自适应巡航控制系统的性能要求,构建了汽车纵向动力学系统的低μ集成控制器,并在Matlab中进行了求解。然后,通过计算和仿真验证了所设计的双层LQR-μ控制器具有良好的鲁棒性和鲁棒稳定性,可以显著提高车辆在后续巡航过程中的抗干扰能力和行驶安全性能。
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引用次数: 0
Optimization of the Electronic Control Unit of Electric-Powered Agricultural Vehicles 电动农用车电控单元的优化设计
Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-09-22 DOI: 10.3390/wevj14100267
Ionuț Vasile, Emil Tudor, Ion-Cătălin Sburlan, Mihai-Gabriel Matache, Mario Cristea
Agricultural vehicles, such as tractors, combines, and harvesters, are following the trend of commercial vehicles with a transition from diesel to electric propulsion. Seen as an integrated system, a full-electric tractor is a complex machine with many systems that have to be interconnected for efficient functionality; thus, the need for a central control unit arises. The purpose of this article is to present an electronic control unit that interconnects the powertrain, the hydraulic systems, and the auxiliary systems of a full-electric tractor, with an emphasis on optimization through software design. The article describes the hardware of the electronic control unit and the software state diagrams necessary to implement the functions required by the electric tractor. The results of this article show how, through software optimization, the performances of the tractor can be improved, with parameters such as the response time of the various equipment being a useful indicator of such an improvement. Furthermore, the implementation of trip memory and an easy-to-use human–machine interface allows for easy diagnostic of the electric tractor.
拖拉机、联合收割机、收割机等农用车辆跟随商用车的趋势,从柴油推进转向电力推进。作为一个综合系统,全电动拖拉机是一个复杂的机器,有许多系统必须相互连接才能有效地发挥作用;因此,需要一个中央控制单元。本文的目的是介绍一种连接全电动拖拉机的动力总成、液压系统和辅助系统的电子控制单元,重点是通过软件设计进行优化。本文介绍了电控单元的硬件构成和实现电动拖拉机所需功能所需的软件状态图。本文的结果表明,如何通过软件优化,拖拉机的性能可以得到改善,各种设备的响应时间等参数是这种改进的有用指标。此外,行程记忆和易于使用的人机界面的实现使电动拖拉机易于诊断。
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引用次数: 0
Short-Term Forecasting of Electric Vehicle Load Using Time Series, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning Techniques 使用时间序列、机器学习和深度学习技术的电动汽车负荷短期预测
Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-09-20 DOI: 10.3390/wevj14090266
Gayathry Vishnu, Deepa Kaliyaperumal, Peeta Basa Pati, Alagar Karthick, Nagesh Subbanna, Aritra Ghosh
Electric vehicles (EVs) are inducing revolutionary developments to the transportation and power sectors. Their innumerable benefits are forcing nations to adopt this sustainable mode of transport. Governments are framing and implementing various green energy policies. Nonetheless, there exist several critical challenges and concerns to be resolved in order to reap the complete benefits of E-mobility. The impacts of unplanned EV charging are a major concern. Accurate EV load forecasting followed by an efficient charge scheduling system could, to a large extent, solve this problem. This work focuses on short-term EV demand forecasting using three learning frameworks, which were applied to real-time adaptive charging network (ACN) data, and performance was analyzed. Auto-regressive (AR) forecasting, support vector regression (SVR), and long short-term memory (LSTM) frameworks demonstrated good performance in EV charging demand forecasting. Among these, LSTM showed the best performance with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 4 kW and a root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of 5.9 kW.
电动汽车(ev)正在给交通和电力领域带来革命性的发展。它们的无数好处正迫使各国采用这种可持续的交通方式。各国政府正在制定和实施各种绿色能源政策。尽管如此,为了获得电动交通的全部好处,仍然存在一些关键的挑战和问题需要解决。电动汽车意外充电的影响是一个主要问题。准确的电动汽车负荷预测和高效的充电调度系统可以在很大程度上解决这一问题。本文采用三种学习框架进行短期电动汽车需求预测,并将其应用于实时自适应充电网络(ACN)数据中,并对其性能进行了分析。自回归预测(AR)、支持向量回归(SVR)和长短期记忆(LSTM)框架在电动汽车充电需求预测中表现良好。其中,LSTM表现最佳,平均绝对误差(MAE)为4 kW,均方根误差(RMSE)为5.9 kW。
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引用次数: 0
Preliminary Design of the Fuel Cells Based Energy Systems for a Cruise Ship 游轮燃料电池能源系统的初步设计
Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-09-18 DOI: 10.3390/wevj14090263
Giuseppe De Lorenzo, Rosario Marzio Ruffo, Petronilla Fragiacomo
Over the years, attention to climate change has meant that international agreements have been drawn up and increasingly stringent regulations aimed at reducing the environmental impact of the marine sector have been issued. A possible alternative technology to the conventional and polluting diesel internal combustion engines is represented by the Fuel Cells. In the present article, the preliminary design of two energy systems based on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) fed by bio-methane was carried out for a particular cruise ship. The SOFC systems were sized to separately supply the electric energies required for the ship propulsion and to power the other ship electrical utilities. The SOFC systems operate in nominal conditions at constant load and other electrical storage systems (batteries) cover the fluctuations in the electrical energy demand. Furthermore, the heat produced by the SOFCs is exploited for co-/tri-generation purposes, to satisfy the ship thermal energy needs. The preliminary design of the new energy systems was made using electronic spreadsheets. The new energy system has obtained the primary energy consumption and CO2 emissions reductions of 12.74% and 40.23% compared to the conventional energy system. Furthermore, if bio-methane is used, a reduction of 95.50% could be obtained in net CO2 emissions.
多年来,对气候变化的关注意味着制定了国际协定,并颁布了旨在减少海洋部门对环境影响的日益严格的条例。燃料电池代表了一种可能替代污染严重的传统柴油内燃机的技术。本文针对某型邮轮进行了以生物甲烷为燃料的固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFCs)两种能源系统的初步设计。SOFC系统的大小可以单独提供船舶推进所需的电能,并为其他船舶电力设施提供动力。SOFC系统在恒定负载的标称条件下运行,其他电力存储系统(电池)覆盖电能需求的波动。此外,sofc产生的热量被用于联合/三联产目的,以满足船舶热能需求。利用电子表格对新能源系统进行了初步设计。与传统能源系统相比,新能源系统一次能耗和二氧化碳排放量分别减少12.74%和40.23%。此外,如果使用生物甲烷,二氧化碳净排放量可减少95.50%。
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引用次数: 0
Research on Electric Vehicle Braking Intention Recognition Based on Sample Entropy and Probabilistic Neural Network 基于样本熵和概率神经网络的电动汽车制动意图识别研究
Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-09-18 DOI: 10.3390/wevj14090264
Jianping Wen, Haodong Zhang, Zhensheng Li, Xiurong Fang
The accurate identification of a driver’s braking intention is crucial to the formulation of regenerative braking control strategies for electric vehicles. In this paper, a braking intention recognition model based on the sample entropy of the braking signal and a probabilistic neural network (PNN) is proposed to achieve the accurate recognition of different braking intentions. Firstly, the brake pedal travel signal is decomposed to extract the effective components via variational modal decomposition (VMD); then, the features of the decomposed signal are extracted using sample entropy to obtain the multidimensional feature vector of the braking signal; finally, the sparrow search algorithm (SSA) and probabilistic neural network are combined to optimize the smoothing factor with the sparrow search algorithm and the cross-entropy loss function as the fitness function to establish a braking intention recognition model. The experimental validation results show that combining the sample entropy features of the braking signal with the probabilistic neural network can effectively identify the braking intention, and the SSA-PNN algorithm has higher recognition accuracy compared with the traditional machine learning algorithm.
准确识别驾驶员制动意图对电动汽车再生制动控制策略的制定至关重要。为了实现对不同制动意图的准确识别,提出了一种基于制动信号样本熵和概率神经网络(PNN)的制动意图识别模型。首先,通过变分模态分解(VMD)对制动踏板行程信号进行分解,提取有效分量;然后,利用样本熵提取分解后信号的特征,得到制动信号的多维特征向量;最后,结合麻雀搜索算法(SSA)和概率神经网络,以麻雀搜索算法和交叉熵损失函数作为适应度函数对平滑因子进行优化,建立制动意图识别模型。实验验证结果表明,将制动信号的样本熵特征与概率神经网络相结合可以有效识别制动意图,与传统机器学习算法相比,SSA-PNN算法具有更高的识别精度。
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引用次数: 0
Comparison of Battery Electric Vehicles and Fuel Cell Vehicles 电池电动汽车和燃料电池汽车的比较
Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-09-18 DOI: 10.3390/wevj14090262
Daniel De Wolf, Yves Smeers
In the current context of the ban on fossil fuel vehicles (diesel and petrol) adopted by several European cities, the question arises of the development of the infrastructure for the distribution of alternative energies, namely hydrogen (for fuel cell electric vehicles) and electricity (for battery electric vehicles). First, we compare the main advantages/constraints of the two alternative propulsion modes for the user. The main advantages of hydrogen vehicles are autonomy and fast recharging. The main advantages of battery-powered vehicles are the lower price and the wide availability of the electricity grid. We then review the existing studies on the deployment of new hydrogen distribution networks and compare the deployment costs of hydrogen and electricity distribution networks. Finally, we conclude with some personal conclusions on the benefits of developing both modes and ideas for future studies on the subject.
在目前几个欧洲城市禁止使用化石燃料汽车(柴油和汽油)的背景下,出现了发展替代能源分配基础设施的问题,即氢(用于燃料电池电动汽车)和电力(用于电池电动汽车)。首先,我们比较了两种可供选择的推进模式对用户的主要优点/限制。氢燃料汽车的主要优点是自动驾驶和快速充电。电池驱动汽车的主要优点是价格较低和电网的广泛可用性。然后,我们回顾了现有的关于部署新氢配网的研究,并比较了氢配网和电力配网的部署成本。最后,我们总结了一些关于发展模式和思想对未来研究该主题的好处的个人结论。
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引用次数: 0
Performance Evaluation of You Only Look Once v4 in Road Anomaly Detection and Visual Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping for Autonomous Vehicles You Only Look Once v4在道路异常检测和自动驾驶车辆视觉同步定位与映射中的性能评估
Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-09-18 DOI: 10.3390/wevj14090265
Jibril Abdullahi Bala, Steve Adetunji Adeshina, Abiodun Musa Aibinu
The proliferation of autonomous vehicles (AVs) emphasises the pressing need to navigate challenging road networks riddled with anomalies like unapproved speed bumps, potholes, and other hazardous conditions, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. These anomalies not only contribute to driving stress, vehicle damage, and financial implications for users but also elevate the risk of accidents. A significant hurdle for AV deployment is the vehicle’s environmental awareness and the capacity to localise effectively without excessive dependence on pre-defined maps in dynamically evolving contexts. Addressing this overarching challenge, this paper introduces a specialised deep learning model, leveraging YOLO v4, which profiles road surfaces by pinpointing defects, demonstrating a mean average precision (mAP@0.5) of 95.34%. Concurrently, a comprehensive solution—RA-SLAM, which is an enhanced Visual Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping (V-SLAM) mechanism for road scene modeling, integrated with the YOLO v4 algorithm—was developed. This approach precisely detects road anomalies, further refining V-SLAM through a keypoint aggregation algorithm. Collectively, these advancements underscore the potential for a holistic integration into AV’s intelligent navigation systems, ensuring safer and more efficient traversal across intricate road terrains.
随着自动驾驶汽车(av)的普及,人们迫切需要在充满异常情况的道路网络中行驶,比如未经批准的减速带、坑洼和其他危险条件,尤其是在低收入和中等收入国家。这些异常不仅会增加驾驶压力,造成车辆损坏,给用户带来经济损失,还会增加事故的风险。自动驾驶部署的一个重要障碍是车辆的环境意识和有效定位的能力,而不过度依赖动态变化环境中的预定义地图。为了解决这一总体挑战,本文引入了一种专门的深度学习模型,利用YOLO v4,通过精确定位缺陷来描绘路面,平均精度(mAP@0.5)为95.34%。同时,开发了一种综合解决方案ra - slam,它是一种增强的视觉同步定位和映射(V-SLAM)机制,用于道路场景建模,集成了YOLO v4算法。该方法精确检测道路异常,通过关键点聚合算法进一步细化V-SLAM。总的来说,这些进步强调了自动驾驶汽车智能导航系统整体集成的潜力,确保更安全、更高效地穿越复杂的道路地形。
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引用次数: 0
Prototype of a System for Tracking Transit Service Based on IoV, ITS, and Machine Learning 基于车联网、智能交通系统和机器学习的交通服务跟踪系统原型
Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.3390/wevj14090261
Camilo Andrés Sánchez Díaz, Anderson Stive Díaz Lucio, Ricardo Salazar-Cabrera, Álvaro Pachón de la Cruz, Juan Manuel Madrid Molina
The transit service in a city should be the most efficient, least polluting, most accessible, and sustainable means of transportation for its citizens. However, serious shortcomings have been detected, mainly in medium-sized cities in developing countries. These shortcomings are related to a lack of user information, insecurity, low service availability, and repeated stops in inappropriate and/or unauthorized places. Some of these shortcomings contribute to high accident rates and traffic congestion. The development of tools to improve the characteristics and conditions of transit service in cities has become an imperative need to improve the quality of life of citizens and city sustainability. Transit service tracking is relevant in aspects such as online location information to travelers and control by transport companies for compliance with speed limits, schedules, routes, and stops. This research proposes a transit vehicle tracking system based on the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) in Vehicle-to-Roadside (V2R) classification. The proposed system is ideal for the use of electric vehicles due to the low power consumption of the tracking device. This system uses Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) tracking service architecture, Long Range (LoRa) communication technology, and its LoRa Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) protocol. Additionally, the system offers real-time location prediction in the absence of position data. The IoV tracking device integrates a GPS-LoRa module card with an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). A location prediction algorithm was implemented to train and store a prediction model with previously collected data from tracking devices. To evaluate the developed model, a case study in the city of Popayán (Colombia) was implemented, using three routes for testing. The results of the system implementation were satisfactory, obtaining an average coverage of 60.4% of the routes in the final field tests through LoRa communication. For the remaining 39.6% of the routes, location data prediction was used, with an average accuracy of 177 m with respect to the real location. Considering the obtained results, a tracking system such as the one proposed in this article can be used in the transit systems of medium-sized cities in developing countries to improve service quality and fleet control.
城市的公共交通服务应该是市民最高效、污染最少、最便捷和可持续的交通工具。但是,主要在发展中国家的中等城市发现了严重的缺点。这些缺点与缺乏用户信息、不安全、服务可用性低以及在不适当和/或未经授权的地方反复停站有关。其中一些缺点导致了高事故率和交通拥堵。开发工具以改善城市交通服务的特点和条件已成为提高市民生活质量和城市可持续性的迫切需要。交通服务跟踪涉及的方面包括向旅客提供在线位置信息,以及运输公司对速度限制、时间表、路线和站点的控制。本研究提出一种基于车联网(IoV)的车辆到路边(V2R)分类的交通车辆跟踪系统。由于跟踪装置的低功耗,所提出的系统非常适合使用电动汽车。该系统采用智能交通系统(ITS)跟踪服务架构、远程(LoRa)通信技术及其LoRa广域网(LoRaWAN)协议。此外,该系统在没有位置数据的情况下提供实时位置预测。车联网跟踪设备集成了GPS-LoRa模块卡和惯性测量单元(IMU)。实现了一种位置预测算法,利用先前从跟踪设备收集的数据训练和存储预测模型。为了评价开发的模型,在Popayán市(哥伦比亚)实施了一项案例研究,使用三条路线进行测试。系统实施结果令人满意,在最后的现场测试中,通过LoRa通信获得了平均60.4%的路由覆盖率。其余39.6%的路线采用位置数据预测,相对于实际位置的平均精度为177 m。考虑到所获得的结果,本文提出的跟踪系统可以用于发展中国家中型城市的交通系统,以提高服务质量和车队控制。
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引用次数: 0
Parameter Optimization of the Power and Energy System of Unmanned Electric Drive Chassis Based on Improved Genetic Algorithms of the KOHONEN Network 基于改进KOHONEN网络遗传算法的无人电驱动底盘动力能源系统参数优化
Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.3390/wevj14090260
Weina Wang, Shiwei Xu, Hong Ouyang, Xinyu Zeng
For unmanned electric drive chassis parameter optimization problems, an unmanned electric drive chassis model containing power systems and energy systems was built using CRUISE, and as the traditional genetic algorithm is prone to falling into the local optima, an improved isolation niche genetic algorithm based on KOHONEN network clustering (KIGA) is proposed. The simulation results show that the proposed KIGA can reasonably divide the initial niche populations. Compared with the traditional genetic algorithm (GA) and the isolation niche genetic algorithm (IGA), KIGA can achieve faster convergence and a better global search ability. The comprehensive performance of the unmanned electric drive chassis in terms of power and economy was increased by 8.26% with a set of better solutions. The results show that simultaneous power system and energy system parameter optimization can enhance unmanned electric drive chassis performance and that KIGA is an efficient method for optimizing the parameters of unmanned electric drive chassis.
针对无人驾驶电驱动底盘参数优化问题,利用CRUISE建立了包含电力系统和能源系统的无人驾驶电驱动底盘模型,针对传统遗传算法容易陷入局部最优的问题,提出了一种基于KOHONEN网络聚类(KIGA)的改进隔离小生境遗传算法。仿真结果表明,所提出的KIGA能够合理划分初始生态位种群。与传统遗传算法(GA)和隔离小生境遗传算法(IGA)相比,KIGA具有更快的收敛速度和更好的全局搜索能力。通过一套较好的解决方案,无人电驱动底盘动力性和经济性综合性能提升8.26%。结果表明,动力系统和能源系统参数同步优化可以提高无人电驱动底盘的性能,KIGA是一种有效的无人电驱动底盘参数优化方法。
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引用次数: 0
Review of Challenges and Opportunities in the Integration of Electric Vehicles to the Grid 电动汽车并网的挑战与机遇综述
Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-09-11 DOI: 10.3390/wevj14090259
Gayathry Vishnu, Deepa Kaliyaperumal, Ramprabhakar Jayaprakash, Alagar Karthick, V. Kumar Chinnaiyan, Aritra Ghosh
Electric vehicle (EV) technology has revolutionized the transportation sector in the last few decades. The adoption of EVs, along with the advancement of smart grid technologies and Renewable Energy Sources (RES), has introduced new concepts in the automobile and power industries. Vehicle-Grid Integration (VGI) or Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) is a technology revolutionizing both the transport and electric power sectors. From a V2G perspective, these sectors are complementary and mutually beneficial. For the power sector, mitigation of voltage and frequency excursions and the prospect of grid stabilization on the brink of uncertainties owing to the dynamics in the grid scenario are very important. This article focuses on various aspects of EV-power grid integration. The tremendous benefits of this technology, as presented in the literature, are reviewed. Furthermore, the concerns and the implementation challenges are reviewed in detail in this work.
在过去的几十年里,电动汽车(EV)技术彻底改变了交通运输领域。随着智能电网技术和可再生能源(RES)的进步,电动汽车的采用为汽车和电力行业引入了新概念。车辆-电网集成(VGI)或车辆-电网(V2G)是一项革新交通和电力行业的技术。从V2G的角度来看,这些行业是互补和互利的。对于电力部门来说,缓解电压和频率偏差以及在电网动态情况下稳定处于不确定性边缘的电网的前景非常重要。本文重点介绍了电动汽车与电网集成的各个方面。该技术的巨大好处,在文献中提出,进行了审查。此外,本工作还详细回顾了关注的问题和实施中的挑战。
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引用次数: 0
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World Electric Vehicle Journal
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