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A Review of Lithium-Ion Battery State of Charge Estimation Methods Based on Machine Learning 基于机器学习的锂离子电池充电状态估计方法综述
IF 2.3 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-03-25 DOI: 10.3390/wevj15040131
Feng Zhao, Yun Guo, Baoming Chen
With the advancement of machine-learning and deep-learning technologies, the estimation of the state of charge (SOC) of lithium-ion batteries is gradually shifting from traditional methodologies to a new generation of digital and AI-driven data-centric approaches. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the three main steps involved in various machine-learning-based SOC estimation methods. It delves into the aspects of data collection and preparation, model selection and training, as well as model evaluation and optimization, offering a thorough analysis, synthesis, and summary. The aim is to lower the research barrier for professionals in the field and contribute to the advancement of intelligent SOC estimation in the battery domain.
随着机器学习和深度学习技术的发展,锂离子电池的电荷状态(SOC)估算正逐渐从传统方法转向新一代以数据为中心的数字和人工智能驱动方法。本文全面回顾了各种基于机器学习的 SOC 估算方法所涉及的三个主要步骤。它深入探讨了数据收集和准备、模型选择和训练以及模型评估和优化等方面的问题,并进行了全面的分析、归纳和总结。其目的是降低该领域专业人士的研究门槛,促进电池领域智能 SOC 估算的发展。
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引用次数: 0
Predicting User Preference for Innovative Features in Intelligent Connected Vehicles from a Cultural Perspective 从文化视角预测用户对智能网联汽车创新功能的偏好
IF 2.3 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-03-25 DOI: 10.3390/wevj15040130
Jun Ma, Yuqi Gong, Wenxia Xu
The increasing level of intelligence in automobiles is driving a shift in the human–machine relationship. Users are paying more attention to the intelligent cabin and showing a tendency toward customization. As culture is considered to be an important factor in guiding user behavior and preference, this study innovatively incorporates cultural and human factors into the model to understand how individual cultural orientation influences user preference for innovative human-machine interaction (HMI) features. Firstly, this study considered five Hofstede cultural dimensions as potential impact factors and constructed a prediction model through the random forest algorithm so as to analyze the influence mechanism of culture. Subsequently, K-means clustering was used to classify the sample into three user groups and then predict their preferences for the innovative features in the intelligent cabin. The results showed that users with a higher power distance index preferred a sense of ceremony and show-off-related features such as ambient lighting and welcome mode, whereas users with high individualism were keen on a more open and personalized in-vehicle information system. Long-term orientation was found to be associated with features that help to improve efficiency, and users with a lower level of uncertainty avoidance and restraint were more likely to be attracted to new features and were also more willing to use entertainment-related features. The methodology developed in this study can be widely applied to people in different countries, thus effectively exploring the personal requirements of different individuals, guiding further user experience design and localization when breaking into a new market.
汽车智能化水平的不断提高正在推动人机关系的转变。用户更加关注智能座舱,并表现出定制化倾向。由于文化被认为是引导用户行为和偏好的重要因素,本研究创新性地将文化和人的因素纳入模型,以了解个体文化取向如何影响用户对创新人机交互(HMI)功能的偏好。首先,本研究将霍夫斯泰德的五个文化维度作为潜在的影响因素,并通过随机森林算法构建了一个预测模型,从而分析文化的影响机制。随后,采用 K-means 聚类方法将样本分为三类用户,并预测他们对智能座舱创新功能的偏好。结果显示,权力距离指数较高的用户偏好仪式感和炫耀相关的功能,如环境照明和迎宾模式,而个人主义较强的用户则热衷于更加开放和个性化的车载信息系统。研究发现,长期取向与有助于提高效率的功能有关,不确定性规避和克制程度较低的用户更容易被新功能吸引,也更愿意使用与娱乐相关的功能。本研究开发的方法可广泛应用于不同国家的人群,从而有效探索不同个体的个人需求,为进一步的用户体验设计和进入新市场时的本地化提供指导。
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引用次数: 0
Power Optimization of Multi-Type Mixed-Connection Photovoltaic Generation System for Recreational Vehicles 用于休闲车的多类型混合连接光伏发电系统的功率优化
IF 2.3 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.3390/wevj15040125
DaiBin Tang, F. Siaw, Tzer Hwai Gilbert Thio
The utilization of photovoltaic (PV) generation to charge storage batteries in recreational vehicles (RVs) is becoming increasingly prevalent. However, the performance of PV generation systems is hindered by the mismatch caused by different module types and varying environmental conditions. This discrepancy negatively impacts the output performance of PV modules, resulting in reduced system efficiency. To address this issue, this paper explored the series–parallel output characteristics of different types of PV modules and summarized the methods for configuring PV modules in a mixed-structure PV generation system for RV energy supplementation. Building upon this foundation, a novel equalization scheme based on extremum-seeking control (ESC) is introduced. The scheme initially employs a forward–flyback converter (FFC) to equalize the current among series-connected PV modules, followed by matching the voltage between parallel-connected PV module strings. Finally, the ESC is utilized to optimize the real-time output power of the PV generation system, thereby enhancing overall system efficiency. Through simulation experiments conducted on a PV generation system with four types of mixed-connection PV modules employing the PLECS simulation platform, simulated results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in improving PV module output performance and maximum power tracking efficiency. The simulation data reveal that the proposed scheme achieves an impressive average tracking efficiency of 99.15%, surpassing the efficiency of the global maximum power point tracking scheme based on an enhanced perturb and observe algorithm.
利用光伏(PV)发电为休闲车(RV)中的蓄电池充电正变得越来越普遍。然而,不同模块类型和不同环境条件造成的不匹配阻碍了光伏发电系统的性能。这种差异对光伏模块的输出性能产生了负面影响,导致系统效率降低。针对这一问题,本文探讨了不同类型光伏组件的串并联输出特性,并总结了混合结构光伏发电系统中光伏组件的配置方法,以实现 RV 能源补充。在此基础上,介绍了一种基于极值寻优控制(ESC)的新型均衡方案。该方案首先采用正反向转换器(FFC)来均衡串联光伏组件之间的电流,然后匹配并联光伏组件串之间的电压。最后,利用 ESC 优化光伏发电系统的实时输出功率,从而提高整个系统的效率。利用 PLECS 仿真平台,通过对带有四种混合连接光伏模块的光伏发电系统进行仿真实验,仿真结果证明了所提方案在改善光伏模块输出性能和最大功率跟踪效率方面的有效性。仿真数据显示,拟议方案的平均跟踪效率达到了惊人的 99.15%,超过了基于增强型扰动和观测算法的全局最大功率点跟踪方案的效率。
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引用次数: 0
FPGA-Based VFF-RLS Algorithm for Battery Insulation Detection in Electric Vehicles 基于 FPGA 的 VFF-RLS 算法用于电动汽车电池绝缘检测
IF 2.3 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.3390/wevj15040129
Mahipal Bukya, Bhukya Padma, Rajesh Kumar, A. Mathur, N. Prasad
As the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) continues to rise, attention has switched to ensuring the safety of EV operations. The exponential growth in battery technology over the past several years has changed the face of energy storage and sparked a revolution in several industries. The degradation of battery insulation during regular use is a significant concern. The high voltage (HV) and current levels in HV electric vehicles pose a significant electrical threat.The advancement of electric vehicle technology has led to an increasing presence of HV electric equipment throughout the vehicle. The insulation strength and early health status detection of the batteries are essential in ensuring safety in EVs. This paper studies the different insulation detection techniques and the development of adaptive filter (AF) algorithms based on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) for insulation detection. FPGAs are amongst the most accurate and fast detection techniques among all the insulation detection techniques used so far in electric vehicles. This study proposes an FPGA-based VFF-RLS algorithm for effectively implementing insulation detection in EVs. The experimental test results using FPGAs demonstrate that the proposed method can rapidly monitor changes in insulation resistance (IR). The VFFRLS-based FPGA technique works sufficiently well to reduce errors when dealing with variations in voltage and resistance conditions at the battery terminals.
随着电动汽车(EV)的采用率不断上升,人们的注意力已转向确保电动汽车的运行安全。在过去几年中,电池技术呈指数级增长,改变了能源存储的面貌,并在多个行业引发了一场革命。电池在正常使用过程中的绝缘退化是一个重大问题。高压电动汽车中的高压(HV)和电流水平构成了严重的电气威胁。电动汽车技术的进步导致整个车辆中的高压电气设备越来越多。电池的绝缘强度和早期健康状态检测对确保电动汽车的安全至关重要。本文研究了不同的绝缘检测技术,并开发了基于现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)的自适应滤波(AF)算法,用于绝缘检测。在电动汽车迄今为止使用的所有绝缘检测技术中,FPGA 是最准确、最快速的检测技术之一。本研究提出了一种基于 FPGA 的 VFF-RLS 算法,用于在电动汽车中有效实施绝缘检测。使用 FPGA 的实验测试结果表明,所提出的方法可以快速监测绝缘电阻(IR)的变化。基于 FPGA 的 VFFRLS 技术在处理电池终端的电压和电阻条件变化时,能够很好地减少误差。
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引用次数: 0
A Versatile Control Method for Multi-Agricultural Machine Cooperative Steering Applicable to Two Steering Modes 适用于两种转向模式的多农机协同转向多功能控制方法
IF 2.3 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.3390/wevj15040126
Weizhen Zhu, Yuhao Zhang, W. Kong, Fachao Jiang, Pengxiao Ji
This article aims to address the unnecessary stopping and low efficiency issues present in existing multi-machine cooperative steering control methods. To tackle this challenge, a novel cooperative control approach for multiple agricultural machines is proposed, considering two typical steering modes of farm machinery. This approach encompasses a multi-machine cooperative control framework suitable for both steering modes. Based on the established lateral and longitudinal kinematics models of the farm machines, the method includes a path-tracking controller designed using the pure pursuit and Stanley algorithms, a formation-keeping controller based on PID control, and a T-turn cooperative-steering controller based on a problem-solving approach. To assess the method’s viability, a collaborative simulation platform utilizing CarSim and Simulink was constructed, which conducted simulations for both U-turn and T-turn cooperative steering controls. The simulation results indicate that the proposed control framework and methodology can effectively ensure no collision risk during the U-turn and T-turn cooperative steering processes for three farm machines, eliminating stopping in T-turn, enhancing safety, and improving fuel economy. Compared with traditional sequential control methods, the proposed approach reduced operation time by 17.47 s and increased efficiency by 15.29% in the same scenarios.
本文旨在解决现有多机协同转向控制方法中存在的不必要停车和低效率问题。为应对这一挑战,考虑到农用机械的两种典型转向模式,提出了一种新型的多农用机械协同控制方法。该方法包含一个适用于两种转向模式的多机协同控制框架。基于已建立的农机横向和纵向运动学模型,该方法包括使用纯粹追寻和斯坦利算法设计的路径跟踪控制器、基于 PID 控制的编队保持控制器,以及基于问题解决方法的 T 形转弯合作转向控制器。为了评估该方法的可行性,利用 CarSim 和 Simulink 构建了一个协同仿真平台,对 U 形转弯和 T 形转弯协同转向控制进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,所提出的控制框架和方法能有效确保三台农机在掉头和 T 形转弯协同转向过程中无碰撞风险,消除 T 形转弯中的停车现象,提高安全性和燃油经济性。与传统的顺序控制方法相比,所提出的方法在相同场景下减少了 17.47 秒的操作时间,提高了 15.29% 的效率。
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引用次数: 0
A Study on the Performance of the Electrification of Hydraulic Implements in a Compact Non-Road Mobile Machine: A Case Applied to a Backhoe Loader 紧凑型非道路移动机械液压装置电气化性能研究:以挖掘装载机为例
IF 2.3 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.3390/wevj15040127
Mariana de F. Ramos, Dener A. L. Brandão, Diogo P. V. Galo, B. C. Cardoso Filho, I. Pires, T. Maia
This work presents a study of the performance of prime mover and hydraulic implement electrification in a backhoe loader. The results are validated through simulation and experimental tests. The construction and agriculture sector has grown in recent years with the aid of compact non-road mobile machines. However, as is common in fossil fuel-powered vehicles, they significantly contribute to increasing emissions. Previous research has primarily relied on powertrain electrification to address the low-efficiency drawbacks. Notably, compact off-road vehicles comprise implements less discussed in the literature. A hybrid series topology is employed, where the rear implement is driven by an electrical drive and the Diesel engine is coupled to a generator. A rule-based energy management strategy is applied. The operation of the Diesel engine and electrical machines in optimal points of the efficiency maps are the basis of the analysis. The design is validated using simulations and experimental tests in a commercial backhoe loader as a benchmark. Experimental and simulation results obtained from the hybrid series backhoe loader applied to the hydraulic implement show a 33% reduction in fuel consumption, demonstrating the effectiveness of electrification in reducing emissions and fuel consumption of compact non-road mobile machines.
这项研究介绍了挖掘装载机原动机和液压装置电气化的性能。通过模拟和实验测试对结果进行了验证。近年来,建筑和农业部门借助紧凑型非道路移动机械实现了增长。然而,与化石燃料驱动的车辆一样,这些车辆也大大增加了排放量。以往的研究主要依靠动力总成电气化来解决效率低的问题。值得注意的是,文献中较少讨论紧凑型越野车的机具。我们采用了一种混合串联拓扑结构,即后机具由电力驱动,柴油发动机与发电机耦合。采用了基于规则的能源管理策略。柴油机和电机在效率图最佳点的运行是分析的基础。以商用挖掘装载机为基准,通过模拟和实验测试对设计进行了验证。混合动力系列挖掘装载机应用于液压装置的实验和模拟结果显示,油耗降低了 33%,证明了电气化在减少紧凑型非道路移动机械的排放和油耗方面的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
Suppression Strategy of Starting Current Impulse in the Front Stage Rectifier of Electric Vehicle WPT System 电动汽车 WPT 系统前级整流器中起动电流脉冲的抑制策略
IF 2.3 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.3390/wevj15040124
Guangye Li, Shouming Lv, Renming Yang
The three-phase voltage type Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) rectifier is widely used in the front-end power factor of electric vehicle wireless charging systems due to its simple control structure and easy implementation. The system often adopts a double closed-loop PI control method based on voltage and current, which inevitably leads to a significant starting current surge and poses significant risks to the safe operation of the equipment. On the basis of establishing a mathematical model for PWM rectifiers, this article analyzes in detail the causes of starting over-current and designs a starting strategy with a voltage outer proportional and integral separated active current directly given. Simulation experiments show that this method can reduce the starting over-current of PWM rectifiers and the excessive DC voltage surge towards normal operation during the starting process.
三相电压型脉宽调制(PWM)整流器因其控制结构简单、易于实现而被广泛应用于电动汽车无线充电系统的前端功率因数。该系统通常采用基于电压和电流的双闭环 PI 控制方法,这不可避免地会导致启动电流大幅骤增,给设备的安全运行带来极大风险。本文在建立 PWM 整流器数学模型的基础上,详细分析了起动过流的原因,并设计了直接给出电压外比例和积分分离有功电流的起动策略。仿真实验表明,这种方法可以减少 PWM 整流器的启动过电流,并降低启动过程中过高的直流电压浪涌,使其趋于正常运行。
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引用次数: 0
Economic and Environmental Assessment of Technologies Optimizing the Execution of Long Trips for Electric Vehicles 电动汽车长途旅行优化技术的经济和环境评估
IF 2.3 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.3390/wevj15040128
Léa D’amore, Daniele Costa, M. Messagie
Further advances in hardware and software features are needed to optimize battery and thermal management systems to allow for the execution of longer trips in electric vehicles. This paper assesses the economic and environmental impacts of the following features: eco-charging, eco-driving, smart fast charging, predictive thermal powertrain and cabin conditioning, and an advanced heat pump system. A Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and externalities calculation is carried out on two passenger cars and one light commercial vehicle (LCV). The energy consumption data from the vehicles are based on experiments. The analysis shows more benefits for the LCV, while the smart fast-charging feature on the car shows a slight increase in TCO. However, negative results did not contribute significantly compared to the ability to install a smaller battery capacity for similar use.
需要进一步提高硬件和软件功能,优化电池和热管理系统,使电动汽车能够执行更长的行程。本文评估了以下功能对经济和环境的影响:生态充电、生态驾驶、智能快速充电、预测性热动力系统和座舱空调以及先进的热泵系统。对两辆乘用车和一辆轻型商用车(LCV)进行了总拥有成本(TCO)和外部性计算。车辆的能耗数据是基于实验得出的。分析表明,LCV 的收益更大,而汽车上的智能快速充电功能则略微增加了总拥有成本。不过,与安装容量较小的电池用于类似用途的能力相比,负面结果并没有明显的贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Data Acquisition and Performance Analysis during Real-Time Driving of a Two-Wheeler Electric Vehicle—A Case Study 两轮电动车实时行驶过程中的数据采集和性能分析--案例研究
IF 2.3 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.3390/wevj15030121
Divyakumar Bhavsar, Ramesh Kaipakam Jaychandra, Mayank Mittal
Data acquisition from a vehicle operating in real driving conditions is extremely useful for analyzing the real-time behavior of the vehicle and its components. A few studies have measured the real-time data for a four-wheeler electric vehicle. However, no attempts have been reported to measure the real-time data and find the inverter efficiency for a two-wheeler electric vehicle. The present work has accomplished successful real-time data acquisition from a two-wheeler electric vehicle. The real-time current and voltage coming in and going out from the inverter, frequency of the motor operation, power factor, distance covered, and velocity have been measured. The inverter efficiency is found to be over 95% for over 80% of the total drive time, and the power factor for the motor is over 0.8 for almost 50% of the total drive time. A few insights on driver behavior and finally the torque-speed characteristics and two quadrant operation of the motor are discussed.
从实际驾驶条件下运行的车辆中获取数据,对于分析车辆及其部件的实时行为非常有用。一些研究已经测量了四轮电动车的实时数据。然而,目前还没有关于测量实时数据并找出两轮电动车逆变器效率的报道。本研究成功地获取了两轮电动车的实时数据。测量了逆变器进出的实时电流和电压、电机运行频率、功率因数、行驶距离和速度。结果发现,在总行驶时间的 80% 以上,逆变器的效率超过 95%,而在总行驶时间的近 50% 中,电机的功率因数超过 0.8。此外,还讨论了对驱动器行为的一些见解,最后讨论了电机的扭矩-速度特性和双象限运行。
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引用次数: 0
Position Estimation Method for Unmanned Tracked Vehicles Based on a Steering Dynamics Model 基于转向动力学模型的无人驾驶履带车位置估计方法
IF 2.3 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.3390/wevj15030120
Weijian Jia, Xixia Liu, Chuanqing Zhang, Dabing Xue, Shaoliang Zhang
A position estimation method for unmanned tracked vehicles based on a steering dynamics model was developed during this study. This method can be used to estimate the position of a tracked vehicle in real time without relying on a high-precision positioning system. First, the relationship between the shear displacement of the track relative to the ground and the speed and yaw rate of the tracked vehicle during the steering process was analyzed. Next, the steering force of the tracked vehicle was calculated by using the shear force–displacement theory, and a steering dynamics model considering the acceleration of the vehicle was established. The experimental results show that this steering dynamics model produced more accurate position estimations for an unmanned tracked vehicle than did the kinematics model. This method can serve as a reference for the positioning of unmanned tracked vehicles working in special environments that cannot use precise positioning systems.
本研究开发了一种基于转向动力学模型的无人履带车辆位置估计方法。该方法可用于实时估计履带式车辆的位置,而无需依赖高精度定位系统。首先,分析了转向过程中履带相对于地面的剪切位移与履带车速度和偏航率之间的关系。接着,利用剪切力-位移理论计算了履带车辆的转向力,并建立了考虑车辆加速度的转向动力学模型。实验结果表明,与运动学模型相比,该转向动力学模型对无人驾驶履带车的位置估计更为精确。这种方法可作为在无法使用精确定位系统的特殊环境中工作的无人履带车定位的参考。
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引用次数: 0
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World Electric Vehicle Journal
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