Pub Date : 2013-10-01DOI: 10.1080/17586801.2013.857586
Elinor Saiegh-Haddad
The study examined spelling of the letter ت in Arabic among first-, second-, third-, fourth-, and fifth-grade native Arabic-speaking children (N = 150). The letter is among the most frequent letters in Arabic and it participates in the encoding of three productive morphological entities: root, word-pattern and affix. The letter is also homographic and may represent the default voiceless dental-alveolar stop phoneme /t/ as well as its emphatic allophonic variant [ṭ] coinciding, hence, with the phoneme typically represented by the letter ط. The study tested whether children use morphological cues in spelling the letter in Arabic, and whether morphological processing is different for different morphemes and in different grades. The results indicate that morphological processing is functional very early on in Arabic spelling among children. Yet, morphological processing appears to depend on the specific morpheme targeted, with some morphemes lending themselves more strongly to morphological processing than others. The results are discussed within the framework of the morphological and morpho-orthographic structure of Arabic.
{"title":"A tale of one letter: Morphological processing in early Arabic spelling","authors":"Elinor Saiegh-Haddad","doi":"10.1080/17586801.2013.857586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17586801.2013.857586","url":null,"abstract":"The study examined spelling of the letter ت in Arabic among first-, second-, third-, fourth-, and fifth-grade native Arabic-speaking children (N = 150). The letter is among the most frequent letters in Arabic and it participates in the encoding of three productive morphological entities: root, word-pattern and affix. The letter is also homographic and may represent the default voiceless dental-alveolar stop phoneme /t/ as well as its emphatic allophonic variant [ṭ] coinciding, hence, with the phoneme typically represented by the letter ط. The study tested whether children use morphological cues in spelling the letter in Arabic, and whether morphological processing is different for different morphemes and in different grades. The results indicate that morphological processing is functional very early on in Arabic spelling among children. Yet, morphological processing appears to depend on the specific morpheme targeted, with some morphemes lending themselves more strongly to morphological processing than others. The results are discussed within the framework of the morphological and morpho-orthographic structure of Arabic.","PeriodicalId":39225,"journal":{"name":"Writing Systems Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"169 - 188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17586801.2013.857586","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60437230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-10-01DOI: 10.1080/17586801.2013.797335
I. Levin, Dorit Aram, L. Tolchinsky, C. McBride
Maternal writing mediation and children's literacy were analysed in two writing systems; the Semitic abjad and the European alphabet. Forty Israeli Hebrew-speaking and 43 Spanish-speaking mother-child dyads participated in this study. The children, aged: M=68.58 months, had not yet been exposed to formal reading instruction. Israeli kindergartners embark on their initial steps in reading and spelling in an abjad—a consonantal writing system that deficiently and inconsistently marks vowels by letters. Spanish kindergartners are introduced to a shallow alphabetic writing system that consistently marks consonants and vowels. This study assessed: (1) children's code-based skills (letter knowledge and phonological awareness), spelling, and reading, and (2) mothers' word writing mediation. The groups were basically similar in code-based skills, but the reading and spelling of the Israeli children were substantially lower than those of their Spanish counterparts. Maternal writing mediation was lower among Israeli than Spanish mothers with respect to vowels. Regression analyses showed that children's spelling in Hebrew and in Spanish were predicted by children's code-based skills and by maternal writing mediation. Children's reading in Hebrew was uniquely predicted by code-based skills and in Spanish by maternal writing mediation. This study sheds light on the importance of writing mediation and its relation to writing systems.
{"title":"Maternal mediation of writing and children's early spelling and reading: The Semitic abjad versus the European alphabet","authors":"I. Levin, Dorit Aram, L. Tolchinsky, C. McBride","doi":"10.1080/17586801.2013.797335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17586801.2013.797335","url":null,"abstract":"Maternal writing mediation and children's literacy were analysed in two writing systems; the Semitic abjad and the European alphabet. Forty Israeli Hebrew-speaking and 43 Spanish-speaking mother-child dyads participated in this study. The children, aged: M=68.58 months, had not yet been exposed to formal reading instruction. Israeli kindergartners embark on their initial steps in reading and spelling in an abjad—a consonantal writing system that deficiently and inconsistently marks vowels by letters. Spanish kindergartners are introduced to a shallow alphabetic writing system that consistently marks consonants and vowels. This study assessed: (1) children's code-based skills (letter knowledge and phonological awareness), spelling, and reading, and (2) mothers' word writing mediation. The groups were basically similar in code-based skills, but the reading and spelling of the Israeli children were substantially lower than those of their Spanish counterparts. Maternal writing mediation was lower among Israeli than Spanish mothers with respect to vowels. Regression analyses showed that children's spelling in Hebrew and in Spanish were predicted by children's code-based skills and by maternal writing mediation. Children's reading in Hebrew was uniquely predicted by code-based skills and in Spanish by maternal writing mediation. This study sheds light on the importance of writing mediation and its relation to writing systems.","PeriodicalId":39225,"journal":{"name":"Writing Systems Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"134 - 155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17586801.2013.797335","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60436235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-10-01DOI: 10.1080/17586801.2013.799451
D. Kurzon
In this paper, I will examine diacritics in order to show that the graphemics of a language is in principle dependent on its phonological structure. I distinguish three types of diacritics: (1) Those that represent distinctive features, i.e., that have a consistent function in the specific writing system. Examples include the dieresis in German indicating vowel fronting, and the “caron” or háček in Czech indicating palatalisation; (2) those that are used to distinguish phonemes, usually consonants, but in an inconsistent manner; this is a very flexible type of diacritic used in an inconsistent manner such as in the adoption of a “foreign” writing system and its adaptation in order to represent the phonemes of the adopting language, e.g., not only dots added to Arabic rasms to distinguish consonants in Arabic, but also those added to represent non-Arabic consonants that occur in languages such as Persian, Urdu, and Sindhi; (3) Those that indicate vowels in abjad writing systems such as Arabic and Hebrew.
{"title":"Diacritics and the Perso-Arabic script","authors":"D. Kurzon","doi":"10.1080/17586801.2013.799451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17586801.2013.799451","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, I will examine diacritics in order to show that the graphemics of a language is in principle dependent on its phonological structure. I distinguish three types of diacritics: (1) Those that represent distinctive features, i.e., that have a consistent function in the specific writing system. Examples include the dieresis in German indicating vowel fronting, and the “caron” or háček in Czech indicating palatalisation; (2) those that are used to distinguish phonemes, usually consonants, but in an inconsistent manner; this is a very flexible type of diacritic used in an inconsistent manner such as in the adoption of a “foreign” writing system and its adaptation in order to represent the phonemes of the adopting language, e.g., not only dots added to Arabic rasms to distinguish consonants in Arabic, but also those added to represent non-Arabic consonants that occur in languages such as Persian, Urdu, and Sindhi; (3) Those that indicate vowels in abjad writing systems such as Arabic and Hebrew.","PeriodicalId":39225,"journal":{"name":"Writing Systems Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"234 - 243"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17586801.2013.799451","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60436248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-10-01DOI: 10.1080/17586801.2013.862163
Hanan Asaad, Z. Eviatar
The purpose of the study was to examine the influence of orthographic complexity and diglossia on letter naming and automaticity in Arabic. Two experiments were carried out by 31 first graders, 30 third graders, 34 fifth graders and 20 university students. In the first experiment we took advantage of the Arabic orthographic variation in letter shape, and compared the Stroop effect for correctly written and orthographically distorted words. All participants revealed a Stroop effect with both types of words, but only first graders showed the same degree of interference with distorted and correctly written words. We interpret these results to reflect the development of automaticity in reading. In the second experiment, six letter-naming tests were performed. The results showed that retrieval time of naming letters or the sounds that these letters represent decreased inversely with age. A different pattern was found between the school-age children and the university students. In children, the relationships between types of tests of retrieval speed remained constant: retrieval of letter names or sounds which do not have visual or phonological neighbours was the fastest, and of letter names representing sounds that do not exist in spoken Arabic was the slowest. There was no effect of changing letter shape. However, among the university students only changing letter shape affected the speed of responses. We interpret these results to reflect different representations of letter categories in adults and children. The findings have implications for models of reading development in Arabic.
{"title":"The effects of orthographic complexity and diglossia on letter naming in Arabic: A developmental study","authors":"Hanan Asaad, Z. Eviatar","doi":"10.1080/17586801.2013.862163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17586801.2013.862163","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the study was to examine the influence of orthographic complexity and diglossia on letter naming and automaticity in Arabic. Two experiments were carried out by 31 first graders, 30 third graders, 34 fifth graders and 20 university students. In the first experiment we took advantage of the Arabic orthographic variation in letter shape, and compared the Stroop effect for correctly written and orthographically distorted words. All participants revealed a Stroop effect with both types of words, but only first graders showed the same degree of interference with distorted and correctly written words. We interpret these results to reflect the development of automaticity in reading. In the second experiment, six letter-naming tests were performed. The results showed that retrieval time of naming letters or the sounds that these letters represent decreased inversely with age. A different pattern was found between the school-age children and the university students. In children, the relationships between types of tests of retrieval speed remained constant: retrieval of letter names or sounds which do not have visual or phonological neighbours was the fastest, and of letter names representing sounds that do not exist in spoken Arabic was the slowest. There was no effect of changing letter shape. However, among the university students only changing letter shape affected the speed of responses. We interpret these results to reflect different representations of letter categories in adults and children. The findings have implications for models of reading development in Arabic.","PeriodicalId":39225,"journal":{"name":"Writing Systems Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"156 - 168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17586801.2013.862163","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60437334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-01DOI: 10.1080/17586801.2012.748639
P. Reddy, K. Koda
Abstract This study examined how orthography-specific demands affect decoding development in 10–14-year-old multilingual students learning to read Kannada and English in India. Given that there is dual-level representation of the size of phonological information (syllable and phoneme) in alphasyllabic Kannada and single-level (phoneme) representation in alphabetic English, our study posed three questions: (1) Are there distinct phonological awareness (PA) levels corresponding to decoding development in Kannada as a first language of literacy vs. English as a second language of literacy?; (2) What is the relationship between phonological awareness in Kannada and that in English?; and (3) How does phonological awareness in Kannada contribute to decoding development in English? The results provided evidence for differences in the level at which phonological information is graphically encoded in each language. The findings further suggested that there are orthography-specific constraints on transfer of phonological awareness from alphasyllabic Kannada to alphabetic English.
{"title":"Orthographic constraints on phonological awareness in biliteracy development","authors":"P. Reddy, K. Koda","doi":"10.1080/17586801.2012.748639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17586801.2012.748639","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study examined how orthography-specific demands affect decoding development in 10–14-year-old multilingual students learning to read Kannada and English in India. Given that there is dual-level representation of the size of phonological information (syllable and phoneme) in alphasyllabic Kannada and single-level (phoneme) representation in alphabetic English, our study posed three questions: (1) Are there distinct phonological awareness (PA) levels corresponding to decoding development in Kannada as a first language of literacy vs. English as a second language of literacy?; (2) What is the relationship between phonological awareness in Kannada and that in English?; and (3) How does phonological awareness in Kannada contribute to decoding development in English? The results provided evidence for differences in the level at which phonological information is graphically encoded in each language. The findings further suggested that there are orthography-specific constraints on transfer of phonological awareness from alphasyllabic Kannada to alphabetic English.","PeriodicalId":39225,"journal":{"name":"Writing Systems Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"110 - 130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17586801.2012.748639","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60435528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-01DOI: 10.1080/17586801.2012.747427
C. Bow
Abstract Community-based orthography development engages the native speakers as custodians of the language in decisions about how it should be written. While there are various guidelines on how to go about such an activity, examples of the implementation and resulting challenges are underrepresented in the literature. This paper describes a workshop which brought together native speakers from four Bantu languages of Western Zambia to establish writing systems for their languages (Fwe, Mashi, Makoma and Kwangwa) and considers some of the linguistic and non-linguistic issues involved in initial development of writing systems.
{"title":"Community-based orthography development in four Western Zambian languages","authors":"C. Bow","doi":"10.1080/17586801.2012.747427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17586801.2012.747427","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Community-based orthography development engages the native speakers as custodians of the language in decisions about how it should be written. While there are various guidelines on how to go about such an activity, examples of the implementation and resulting challenges are underrepresented in the literature. This paper describes a workshop which brought together native speakers from four Bantu languages of Western Zambia to establish writing systems for their languages (Fwe, Mashi, Makoma and Kwangwa) and considers some of the linguistic and non-linguistic issues involved in initial development of writing systems.","PeriodicalId":39225,"journal":{"name":"Writing Systems Research","volume":"50 1","pages":"73 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17586801.2012.747427","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60435464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-01DOI: 10.1080/17586801.2013.808155
Antonio Baroni
Abstract Nonstandard spelling of certain words in English, French and other languages is quite a widespread phenomenon, commonly referred to as Eye Dialect. Typical examples are instead of in English and instead of in French. Eye Dialect, despite using nonstandard spelling, maintains grapheme-to-phoneme correspondences that reflect standard pronunciation, unlike Casual Speech Spelling, which aims to transcribe substandard forms (e.g., ). In this paper I attempt to account for both phenomena in a framework couched in Optimality Theory, partly drawing on a set of constraints already proposed in existing literature (Song & Wiese, 2010), at the same time as proposing new ones justified on phonetic, cognitive or system-internal grounds. It is shown how Eye Dialect and Casual Speech Spelling, instead of creating new sound-to-letter relationships, promote the more general ones, at the expense of very specific or idiosyncratic phoneme-to-grapheme mappings. There are several other factors that seem to interact: the preference for 1:1 relationships (e.g., unambiguous graphemes are preferred to ambiguous ones), the acoustic salience of certain segments or features (e.g., stridency or nasality are more likely to require a graphic representation than glides or schwa), the visual salience of certain letters (e.g., letters whose shape extends to upper and/or lower spaces seem to contribute more to word recognition and are thus more likely to be retained). It is interesting to note that logography and rebus writing are also employed, along with Eye Dialect and Casual Speech Spelling. The common intent seems to be simplicity and, possibly, rebellion.
在英语、法语等语言中，某些单词的拼写不标准是一种相当普遍的现象，通常被称为“眼睛方言”。典型的例子是instead of in English和instead of in French。Eye Dialect尽管使用非标准拼写，但保持了反映标准发音的字素-音素对应关系，而不像Casual Speech spelling旨在转录不标准的形式(例如，)。在本文中，我试图在最优性理论的框架中解释这两种现象，部分借鉴了现有文献中已经提出的一组约束(Song & Wiese, 2010)，同时提出了基于语音、认知或系统内部理由的新约束。它显示了眼睛方言和随意语音拼写如何促进更一般的关系，而不是创造新的声音到字母的关系，以牺牲非常具体或特殊的音素到字母的映射为代价。还有其他几个因素似乎相互作用:对1:1关系的偏好(例如，明确的字素比模糊的字素更受欢迎)，某些音段或特征的声学显著性(例如，与滑音或弱读音相比，尖音或鼻音更可能需要图形表示)，某些字母的视觉显著性(例如，字母的形状延伸到上和/或下空格似乎更有助于单词识别，因此更有可能被保留)。有趣的是，他们还使用了地名和rebus writing，以及Eye Dialect和Casual Speech Spelling。共同的意图似乎是简单，可能还有叛逆。
{"title":"Eye dialect and casual speech spelling: Orthographic variation in OT","authors":"Antonio Baroni","doi":"10.1080/17586801.2013.808155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17586801.2013.808155","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Nonstandard spelling of certain words in English, French and other languages is quite a widespread phenomenon, commonly referred to as Eye Dialect. Typical examples are instead of in English and instead of in French. Eye Dialect, despite using nonstandard spelling, maintains grapheme-to-phoneme correspondences that reflect standard pronunciation, unlike Casual Speech Spelling, which aims to transcribe substandard forms (e.g., ). In this paper I attempt to account for both phenomena in a framework couched in Optimality Theory, partly drawing on a set of constraints already proposed in existing literature (Song & Wiese, 2010), at the same time as proposing new ones justified on phonetic, cognitive or system-internal grounds. It is shown how Eye Dialect and Casual Speech Spelling, instead of creating new sound-to-letter relationships, promote the more general ones, at the expense of very specific or idiosyncratic phoneme-to-grapheme mappings. There are several other factors that seem to interact: the preference for 1:1 relationships (e.g., unambiguous graphemes are preferred to ambiguous ones), the acoustic salience of certain segments or features (e.g., stridency or nasality are more likely to require a graphic representation than glides or schwa), the visual salience of certain letters (e.g., letters whose shape extends to upper and/or lower spaces seem to contribute more to word recognition and are thus more likely to be retained). It is interesting to note that logography and rebus writing are also employed, along with Eye Dialect and Casual Speech Spelling. The common intent seems to be simplicity and, possibly, rebellion.","PeriodicalId":39225,"journal":{"name":"Writing Systems Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"24 - 53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17586801.2013.808155","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60436255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-01DOI: 10.1080/17586801.2013.765356
Martin Evertz, Beatrice Primus
Abstract In traditional graphematics words are represented as a linear sequence of letters. We will present a non-linear graphematic approach which supplements linearity with a hierarchical graphematic structure. This hierarchy of graphematic units comprises letter features, letters, graphemes, syllables, feet and words. We will present structural and experimental evidence for this hierarchical organisation of graphematic units. Our focus lies on the graphematic foot and on the graphematics of English and German. We have found an asymmetry between a canonical and a non-canonical structural organisation of graphematic words. The regularities found in these types of structure can be captured with reference to hierarchical graphematic structures and to foot structures in particular. In order to elucidate whether graphematic foot structure is a relevant unit in graphematics that may influence the analysis of the corresponding phonological foot structure we have conducted a production experiment with German pseudowords.
{"title":"The graphematic foot in English and German","authors":"Martin Evertz, Beatrice Primus","doi":"10.1080/17586801.2013.765356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17586801.2013.765356","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In traditional graphematics words are represented as a linear sequence of letters. We will present a non-linear graphematic approach which supplements linearity with a hierarchical graphematic structure. This hierarchy of graphematic units comprises letter features, letters, graphemes, syllables, feet and words. We will present structural and experimental evidence for this hierarchical organisation of graphematic units. Our focus lies on the graphematic foot and on the graphematics of English and German. We have found an asymmetry between a canonical and a non-canonical structural organisation of graphematic words. The regularities found in these types of structure can be captured with reference to hierarchical graphematic structures and to foot structures in particular. In order to elucidate whether graphematic foot structure is a relevant unit in graphematics that may influence the analysis of the corresponding phonological foot structure we have conducted a production experiment with German pseudowords.","PeriodicalId":39225,"journal":{"name":"Writing Systems Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"1 - 23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17586801.2013.765356","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60436168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-01DOI: 10.1080/17586801.2012.742005
Tomi S. Melka
Abstract The paper addresses the question of “kinetic”-like attributes observed on a choice of glyphs in rongorongo tablet “Mamari” (lines 9–10, side b, text C). This tablet, a medium-sized rongorongo text, as near as I can tell, has been aptly referred to by researchers and commentators as containing mixed genres. “Mamari” also has a unique place in the corpus of Easter Island inscriptions due to its “lunar calendar” fragment. The sequence in Cb9–10 elicits interest since it may shed light on the disputed nature of rongorongo script. A suggested textual parallel on side a of “Mamari” gives ground to cautious discussions on the degree of variation, paraphrasing and economy of expression, as well as to the plausible sound-mapping in the rongorongo orthography. Similarly, it is shown by comparison of earlier tracings of Thomas Barthel and Steven R. Fischer with the photographs of the actual artefact that the accuracy of the published drawn corpus still requires some amendments, and hence all further studies are supposed to pay more attention to the use of photographic material or investigation of the original. These issues are especially crucial for palaeographic and calligraphic research.
本文讨论了在荣格朗戈石碑“Mamari”(b面9-10行，文本C)中观察到的字形选择中的“动力学”类属性问题。据我所知，这是一块中等大小的荣格朗戈石碑，被研究人员和评论员恰当地称为包含混合体裁。“马马利亚”也因其“农历”碎片在复活节岛铭文语料库中占有独特的地位。Cb9-10中的序列引起了人们的兴趣，因为它可能揭示了朗格朗戈脚本有争议的性质。在“Mamari”的A面提出的文本平行为谨慎讨论变异程度、释义和表达的经济性以及朗格朗格正字法中似是而非的声音映射提供了基础。同样，将Thomas Barthel和Steven R. Fischer的早期描摹与实际人工制品的照片进行比较表明，已发表的绘制语料库的准确性仍然需要一些修改，因此所有进一步的研究都应该更加注意使用摄影材料或对原件的调查。这些问题对古文字研究尤为重要。
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Pub Date : 2013-04-01DOI: 10.1080/17586801.2013.812532
S. Lam, C. McBride-Chang
Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of two types of learning, stroke order writing and radical knowledge training, for enhancing children's Chinese literacy skills in the context of parent-child joint Chinese writing. Eighty Hong Kong kindergarteners were pretested on nonverbal IQ, word reading, vocabulary knowledge, semantic-radical awareness tasks, writing dictation and single character reading. Then they were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: stroke training, radical training or control. After eight weeks of training, the radical condition yielded greater improvement compared with the control condition in dictation and semantic-radical awareness tasks. The findings of the study highlight the potential positive effects of parent-child joint writing on children's Chinese language and literacy skills. Findings also demonstrate that parents typically use multiple strategies in parent-child joint writing, and it is likely that different approaches to writing might facilitate literacy knowledge in different ways with development.
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