This paper takes up a question whether there exists a possibility for the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) to take a stand on the (in)famous Opinion 2/13 by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), and to address contained in it argumentation from the perspective of the Strasbourg system's conditions for accession. Particularly, it will focus on the question whether the Convention system provides for an appropriate procedure. The paper will not engage into a discussion on how the contentious issues should be addressed by the ECtHR, but will focus on answering whether it at all may have a chance to address them in the current legal setting through advisory procedures with which the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) system is equipped. The text will argue that even if both the Articles 47-49 of the Convention advisory procedure as well as the Protocol 16 to the Convention advisory procedure for the sake of their function and scope could not be applied to directly, holistically and systematically tackle Opinion 2/13, then at least the latter could provide a forum to do that in a limited scope and in an indirect way. While the mechanism has been designed with a completely different purpose, some of the features of the Protocol 16 advisory procedure may even seem to incite such a use, especially in the context of the increasingly turbulent relations between the CJEU and the European Union (EU) Member States’ highest courts and tribunals in the field of fundamental rights .
{"title":"May the Other Side Also be Heard? Some Remarks Regarding the Chances for a Response to Opinion 2/13 From the ECtHR on the Awakening of the EU Accession to the ECHR Process","authors":"Władysław Jóźwicki","doi":"10.7202/1078551ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1078551ar","url":null,"abstract":"This paper takes up a question whether there exists a possibility for the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) to take a stand on the (in)famous Opinion 2/13 by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), and to address contained in it argumentation from the perspective of the Strasbourg system's conditions for accession. Particularly, it will focus on the question whether the Convention system provides for an appropriate procedure. The paper will not engage into a discussion on how the contentious issues should be addressed by the ECtHR, but will focus on answering whether it at all may have a chance to address them in the current legal setting through advisory procedures with which the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) system is equipped. The text will argue that even if both the Articles 47-49 of the Convention advisory procedure as well as the Protocol 16 to the Convention advisory procedure for the sake of their function and scope could not be applied to directly, holistically and systematically tackle Opinion 2/13, then at least the latter could provide a forum to do that in a limited scope and in an indirect way. While the mechanism has been designed with a completely different purpose, some of the features of the Protocol 16 advisory procedure may even seem to incite such a use, especially in the context of the increasingly turbulent relations between the CJEU and the European Union (EU) Member States’ highest courts and tribunals in the field of fundamental rights .","PeriodicalId":39264,"journal":{"name":"Quebec Journal of International Law","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71209284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Laurence Burgorgue-Larsen, Les 3 cours régionales des droits de l’homme in context. La justice qui n’allait pas de soi, Paris, Éditions Pedone, 2020","authors":"Silviana Cocan","doi":"10.7202/1079909ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1079909ar","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39264,"journal":{"name":"Quebec Journal of International Law","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71212110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jean-Paul Costa, Olivier Delas, Peter Leuprecht, Mulry Mondélice, Kristine Plouffe-Malette
{"title":"Avant-propos. 70 ans de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme : L’Europe et droits de la personne","authors":"Jean-Paul Costa, Olivier Delas, Peter Leuprecht, Mulry Mondélice, Kristine Plouffe-Malette","doi":"10.7202/1078524ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1078524ar","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39264,"journal":{"name":"Quebec Journal of International Law","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71208157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
La presente contribution montre que si la Convention europeenne des droits de l’homme a contribue a l’encadrement de l’administration de la justice militaire sous l’influence de la promotion de l’Etat de droit en droit international, il reste du chemin a parcourir dans ce domaine. En effet, l’article 6 de la Convention permet a la Cour d’assurer le respect du droit au juge qui cherche un equilibre entre la souverainete de l’Etat d’une part, et la protection des droits et libertes des justiciables, d’autre part. Trouvant un echo dans l’action d’autres organes du Conseil de l’Europe et au-dela, la jurisprudence de la Cour montre une double dynamique d’humanisation et de civilisation de la justice militaire devant offrir des garanties d’independance et d’impartialite. Toutefois, dans certains cas, la Cour risque de balancer du cote de l’Etat lorsque surgit un conflit de normes internationales. Des lors, sa contribution a l’encadrement de la justice militaire trouve ses limites notamment lorsqu’il s’agit d’etablir la responsabilite d’Etats parties a la Convention pour des violations des droits dans le cadre d’operations militaires a l’etranger sous le mandat d’organisations internationales. Dans ce cas, une interpretation misant sur le deni de justice pourrait permettre a la Cour d’aller plus loin dans l’encadrement de la justice militaire.
{"title":"L’apport de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme à l’encadrement de la justice militaire sur le fondement des exigences de l’État de droit : entre humanisation et civilisation","authors":"Mulry Mondélice","doi":"10.7202/1078535ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1078535ar","url":null,"abstract":"La presente contribution montre que si la Convention europeenne des droits de l’homme a contribue a l’encadrement de l’administration de la justice militaire sous l’influence de la promotion de l’Etat de droit en droit international, il reste du chemin a parcourir dans ce domaine. En effet, l’article 6 de la Convention permet a la Cour d’assurer le respect du droit au juge qui cherche un equilibre entre la souverainete de l’Etat d’une part, et la protection des droits et libertes des justiciables, d’autre part. Trouvant un echo dans l’action d’autres organes du Conseil de l’Europe et au-dela, la jurisprudence de la Cour montre une double dynamique d’humanisation et de civilisation de la justice militaire devant offrir des garanties d’independance et d’impartialite. Toutefois, dans certains cas, la Cour risque de balancer du cote de l’Etat lorsque surgit un conflit de normes internationales. Des lors, sa contribution a l’encadrement de la justice militaire trouve ses limites notamment lorsqu’il s’agit d’etablir la responsabilite d’Etats parties a la Convention pour des violations des droits dans le cadre d’operations militaires a l’etranger sous le mandat d’organisations internationales. Dans ce cas, une interpretation misant sur le deni de justice pourrait permettre a la Cour d’aller plus loin dans l’encadrement de la justice militaire.","PeriodicalId":39264,"journal":{"name":"Quebec Journal of International Law","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71208816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Le contexte spatial a radicalement change avec la commercialisation et la privatisation des activites spatiales. Le transfert des satellites en orbite, qui est devenu une pratique courante dans le domaine spatial, n’etait pas prevu au moment de la conclusion des traites spatiaux. Le transfert de maitrise d’un satellite d’un Etat de lancement au profit d’un non-Etat de lancement conduit a deux dissociations de concepts : entre le concept d’Etat de lancement et celui d’Etat approprie et entre l’Etat d’immatriculation et l’exercice de juridiction/controle sur l’objet spatial. Face a cela, des solutions sont proposees par la doctrine et en pratique. Nous allons notamment nous concentrer sur les solutions proposees dans les legislations nationales relatives aux operations spatiales. En vertu de l’article VI du Traite de l’Espace, les operations spatiales conduites par les entites non gouvernementales necessitent d’etre encadrees par les Etats. L’encadrement est effectue a travers les mecanismes d’autorisation et de surveillance continue, qui constituent deux piliers dans les legislations nationales. L’objet de ce travail est de mettre en avant les interrogations soulevees par cette pratique au regard des traites spatiaux et d’insister sur l’importance des legislations nationales dans la gouvernance des activites spatiales.
{"title":"Le transfert de maîtrise et de propriété des satellites en orbite en droit de l’espace","authors":"Tugrul Cakir","doi":"10.7202/1079907ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1079907ar","url":null,"abstract":"Le contexte spatial a radicalement change avec la commercialisation et la privatisation des activites spatiales. Le transfert des satellites en orbite, qui est devenu une pratique courante dans le domaine spatial, n’etait pas prevu au moment de la conclusion des traites spatiaux. Le transfert de maitrise d’un satellite d’un Etat de lancement au profit d’un non-Etat de lancement conduit a deux dissociations de concepts : entre le concept d’Etat de lancement et celui d’Etat approprie et entre l’Etat d’immatriculation et l’exercice de juridiction/controle sur l’objet spatial. Face a cela, des solutions sont proposees par la doctrine et en pratique. Nous allons notamment nous concentrer sur les solutions proposees dans les legislations nationales relatives aux operations spatiales. En vertu de l’article VI du Traite de l’Espace, les operations spatiales conduites par les entites non gouvernementales necessitent d’etre encadrees par les Etats. L’encadrement est effectue a travers les mecanismes d’autorisation et de surveillance continue, qui constituent deux piliers dans les legislations nationales. L’objet de ce travail est de mettre en avant les interrogations soulevees par cette pratique au regard des traites spatiaux et d’insister sur l’importance des legislations nationales dans la gouvernance des activites spatiales.","PeriodicalId":39264,"journal":{"name":"Quebec Journal of International Law","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71212053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The relationship between the Commissioner for Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights has varied considerably over time, from a clear separation of functions to increasing interactions. Resolution (99)50 on the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, adopted on 7 May 1999, reflects a clear willingness to separate the two institutions. This separation, however, did not mean isolation from each other in practice and did not prevent cross-references between the Commissioner and the Court from increasing over the years. In the course of his/her country or thematic work, the Commissioner relies on international and European conventions, and in the first place the Convention and the case law of the Court, when making recommendations to member states. Conversely, the Court has from the outset made references to the work of the Commissioner in its judgments. While the different roles of the two institutions might explain the sometimes diverging approaches, cross-references between the Commissioner and the Court have undoubtedly enriched each other’s work. With the entry into force of Protocol no14 to the Convention in 2010, the Commissioner’s functions have been formally extended, providing formal recognition to the institution of the Commissioner, which is expressly introduced in the text of the Convention and into the control mechanism established by the Convention. The Commissioner may now on his/her own initiative exercise the right to intervene as a third-party before the Court, by submitting written comments and taking part in hearings. This possibility represents an additional tool at the Commissioner’s disposal to help promote and protect human rights. The Commissioner’s role in the process of execution of the Court’s judgments has also increased over the years. With the amendment introduced in 2017 to the Rules of the Committee of Ministers for the supervision of the execution of judgments (Rule 9), which allows the Commissioner to submit written comments on the execution of judgments directly to the Committee of Ministers, the contribution by the Commissioner to the execution of judgments is expected to have a greater impact.
{"title":"The Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights: An ever-closer relationship","authors":"D. Mijatović, Anne-Kathrin Weber","doi":"10.7202/1078530ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1078530ar","url":null,"abstract":"The relationship between the Commissioner for Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights has varied considerably over time, from a clear separation of functions to increasing interactions. Resolution (99)50 on the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, adopted on 7 May 1999, reflects a clear willingness to separate the two institutions. This separation, however, did not mean isolation from each other in practice and did not prevent cross-references between the Commissioner and the Court from increasing over the years. In the course of his/her country or thematic work, the Commissioner relies on international and European conventions, and in the first place the Convention and the case law of the Court, when making recommendations to member states. Conversely, the Court has from the outset made references to the work of the Commissioner in its judgments. While the different roles of the two institutions might explain the sometimes diverging approaches, cross-references between the Commissioner and the Court have undoubtedly enriched each other’s work. With the entry into force of Protocol no14 to the Convention in 2010, the Commissioner’s functions have been formally extended, providing formal recognition to the institution of the Commissioner, which is expressly introduced in the text of the Convention and into the control mechanism established by the Convention. The Commissioner may now on his/her own initiative exercise the right to intervene as a third-party before the Court, by submitting written comments and taking part in hearings. This possibility represents an additional tool at the Commissioner’s disposal to help promote and protect human rights. The Commissioner’s role in the process of execution of the Court’s judgments has also increased over the years. With the amendment introduced in 2017 to the Rules of the Committee of Ministers for the supervision of the execution of judgments (Rule 9), which allows the Commissioner to submit written comments on the execution of judgments directly to the Committee of Ministers, the contribution by the Commissioner to the execution of judgments is expected to have a greater impact.","PeriodicalId":39264,"journal":{"name":"Quebec Journal of International Law","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71207909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
La Charte africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples (1981) est la benjamine des instruments regionaux de protection des droits de l’homme. Inspiree par ses devancieres europeenne et americaine, la Charte africaine presente des similitudes, mais egalement des differences avec la Convention europeenne de sauvegarde des droits de l’homme et des libertes fondamentales. Une etude comparative de ces deux instruments est elaboree dans cet article notamment au niveau des droits et libertes garantis et des mecanismes de garantie.
{"title":"La Convention européenne et la Charte africaine : étude comparée","authors":"R. B. Achour","doi":"10.7202/1078554ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1078554ar","url":null,"abstract":"La Charte africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples (1981) est la benjamine des instruments regionaux de protection des droits de l’homme. Inspiree par ses devancieres europeenne et americaine, la Charte africaine presente des similitudes, mais egalement des differences avec la Convention europeenne de sauvegarde des droits de l’homme et des libertes fondamentales. Une etude comparative de ces deux instruments est elaboree dans cet article notamment au niveau des droits et libertes garantis et des mecanismes de garantie.","PeriodicalId":39264,"journal":{"name":"Quebec Journal of International Law","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71209628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Si l’élargissement du Conseil de l’Europe est un processus qui s’est achevé depuis quelques années maintenant, ses conséquences et les inflexions qu’il a pu avoir sur le système de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme sont encore sensiblement perceptibles. Sans attribuer à l’élargissement l’essentiel des évolutions que le système a connues ces dernières années, les changements liés à cet évènement majeur sont nombreux. Ils ont pesé non seulement sur les mécanismes de contrôle de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme, mais également sur le contentieux porté devant elle.
{"title":"L’impact de l’élargissement du Conseil de l’Europe sur le système de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme","authors":"C. Gauthier","doi":"10.7202/1078542ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1078542ar","url":null,"abstract":"Si l’élargissement du Conseil de l’Europe est un processus qui s’est achevé depuis quelques années maintenant, ses conséquences et les inflexions qu’il a pu avoir sur le système de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme sont encore sensiblement perceptibles. Sans attribuer à l’élargissement l’essentiel des évolutions que le système a connues ces dernières années, les changements liés à cet évènement majeur sont nombreux. Ils ont pesé non seulement sur les mécanismes de contrôle de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme, mais également sur le contentieux porté devant elle.","PeriodicalId":39264,"journal":{"name":"Quebec Journal of International Law","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71208405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
La notion de juridiction est complexe, indefinie et variable. La jurisprudence de la Cour le confirme et a toujours maintenu un certain flou sur sa portee. Pourtant essentielle dans le cadre de l’examen par la Cour de sa competence, la juridiction de l’Etat est apprehendee par principe comme territoriale avec quelques exceptions dont la previsibilite laisse ouverte de nombreuses questions. Cet article propose de reflechir sur le lien entretenu entre la notion et les competences de l’Etat en droit international seul a meme de pouvoir depasser l’approche jurisprudentielle classique au profit d’une interpretation novatrice confirmant la portee extraterritoriale des obligations conventionnelles.
{"title":"Si la compétence l’emportait sur le territoire? Réflexions sur l’obsolescence de l’approche territoriale de la notion de juridiction","authors":"Sébastien Touzé","doi":"10.7202/1078536ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1078536ar","url":null,"abstract":"La notion de juridiction est complexe, indefinie et variable. La jurisprudence de la Cour le confirme et a toujours maintenu un certain flou sur sa portee. Pourtant essentielle dans le cadre de l’examen par la Cour de sa competence, la juridiction de l’Etat est apprehendee par principe comme territoriale avec quelques exceptions dont la previsibilite laisse ouverte de nombreuses questions. Cet article propose de reflechir sur le lien entretenu entre la notion et les competences de l’Etat en droit international seul a meme de pouvoir depasser l’approche jurisprudentielle classique au profit d’une interpretation novatrice confirmant la portee extraterritoriale des obligations conventionnelles.","PeriodicalId":39264,"journal":{"name":"Quebec Journal of International Law","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71208710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"La Cour européenne des droits de l’homme et le Tribunal des droits de la personne : la réception de la jurisprudence de la Cour par le Tribunal","authors":"Manon Montpetit, Emma Tardieu","doi":"10.7202/1078558ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1078558ar","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39264,"journal":{"name":"Quebec Journal of International Law","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71209758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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