Summary Medicinal plants have been used for thousands of years in folk medicines and still are used for their health benefits. In our days medicinal plants are exploited for the isolation of plant-derived drugs as they are very effective and have relatively less or no side effects. However, the natural resources of medicinal plants are gradually exhausted and access to plant bioactive compounds is challenged by the low levels at which these products accumulate in native medicinal plants. For instance, to meet the market demands of 3 Kg per year of vinca alkaloids, powerful plant-derived anticancer drugs, 1.5×106 Kg dry leaves are required. In this regard, this review aims to highlight the fact that endophytic fungi residing in medicinal plants are capable to biosynthesize pharmacologically active secondary metabolites similar or identical to those produced by their host medicinal plant. Furthermore, the evolutionary origin of the genes involved in these metabolic pathways as well as the approaches designed to enhance the production of these metabolites by the isolated endophytic fungi are also discussed.
{"title":"Endophytic fungi residing in medicinal plants have the ability to produce the same or similar pharmacologically active secondary metabolites as their hosts","authors":"A. Venieraki, M. Dimou, P. Katinakis","doi":"10.1515/hppj-2017-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/hppj-2017-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Medicinal plants have been used for thousands of years in folk medicines and still are used for their health benefits. In our days medicinal plants are exploited for the isolation of plant-derived drugs as they are very effective and have relatively less or no side effects. However, the natural resources of medicinal plants are gradually exhausted and access to plant bioactive compounds is challenged by the low levels at which these products accumulate in native medicinal plants. For instance, to meet the market demands of 3 Kg per year of vinca alkaloids, powerful plant-derived anticancer drugs, 1.5×106 Kg dry leaves are required. In this regard, this review aims to highlight the fact that endophytic fungi residing in medicinal plants are capable to biosynthesize pharmacologically active secondary metabolites similar or identical to those produced by their host medicinal plant. Furthermore, the evolutionary origin of the genes involved in these metabolic pathways as well as the approaches designed to enhance the production of these metabolites by the isolated endophytic fungi are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":39459,"journal":{"name":"Hellenic Plant Protection Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"51 - 66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/hppj-2017-0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41384300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Darras, A. Kotsiras, C. Delis, K. Nifakos, E. Pavlakos, V. Demopoulos
Summary Plants have to cope with a number of biotic stresses among which, infectious diseases. The present study was conducted to investigate the reaction of two native Greek tomato vars, ‘Chondrokatsari Messinias’ and ‘Katsari Santorinis’, to infection by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Rhizoctonia solani. Disease symptoms, disease incidence and severity were recorded and the effects of infection on the number of flowers, the biomass production (fresh and dry weight), CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance and transpiration were also evaluated. Both tomato varieties were susceptible to F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and R. solani infection. However, ‘Chondrokatsari Messinias’ was found to be less susceptible to F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici compared to ‘Katsari Santorinis’. Both pathogens negatively affected biomass production of var. ‘Chondrokatsari Messinias’ but not that of ‘Katsari Santorinis’. The number of fl owers produced by ‘Chondrokatsari Messinias’ was negatively affected by R. solani but not by F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Infection of both varieties by R. solani also caused reduction in the CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance and transpiration.
{"title":"Reaction of the native Greek tomato varieties ‘Chondrokatsari Messinias’ and ‘Katsari Santorinis’ to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Rhizoctonia solani infection","authors":"A. Darras, A. Kotsiras, C. Delis, K. Nifakos, E. Pavlakos, V. Demopoulos","doi":"10.1515/hppj-2017-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/hppj-2017-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Plants have to cope with a number of biotic stresses among which, infectious diseases. The present study was conducted to investigate the reaction of two native Greek tomato vars, ‘Chondrokatsari Messinias’ and ‘Katsari Santorinis’, to infection by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Rhizoctonia solani. Disease symptoms, disease incidence and severity were recorded and the effects of infection on the number of flowers, the biomass production (fresh and dry weight), CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance and transpiration were also evaluated. Both tomato varieties were susceptible to F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and R. solani infection. However, ‘Chondrokatsari Messinias’ was found to be less susceptible to F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici compared to ‘Katsari Santorinis’. Both pathogens negatively affected biomass production of var. ‘Chondrokatsari Messinias’ but not that of ‘Katsari Santorinis’. The number of fl owers produced by ‘Chondrokatsari Messinias’ was negatively affected by R. solani but not by F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Infection of both varieties by R. solani also caused reduction in the CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance and transpiration.","PeriodicalId":39459,"journal":{"name":"Hellenic Plant Protection Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"70 - 79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43322869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary The effect of Pseudomonas putida BTP1, Bacillus subtilis Bs2500, Bs2504, and Bs2508 strains on the incidence (I) and severity (S) of barley leaf stripe disease caused by Pyrenophora graminea was evaluated under field conditions. Three barley cultivars varying in resistance level were used. The resistance achieved in our study was long-lasting. P. putida BTP1 and Bs2508 were in general the most effective strains in reducing significantly both I and S of barley leaf stripe disease vis-a-vis three cultivars in two growing seasons 2013/2014. The disease was reduced up to 66% in Arabi Abiad treated with P. putida BTP1. The susceptible landrace cultivar Arabi Abiad exhibited a significant induction of resistance by Bs2508 and BTP1. However, the resistant cultivar Banteng did not exhibit significant further increase in resistance by these bacterial strains. The grain yield of bacterized plants artificially inoculated with P. graminea was not affected, except that of the cultivar Arabi Abiad treated with Bs2508 and Bs2504. Triggering of resistance by treating seeds with the bacterial strains would be of great value in agriculture, especially in case of barley infection by P. graminea at an early stage of plant development.
{"title":"Effect of several rhizobacteria strains on barley resistance against Pyrenophora graminea under field conditions","authors":"A. Adam, M. Arabi, I. Idris, E. Al-shehadah","doi":"10.1515/hppj-2017-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/hppj-2017-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The effect of Pseudomonas putida BTP1, Bacillus subtilis Bs2500, Bs2504, and Bs2508 strains on the incidence (I) and severity (S) of barley leaf stripe disease caused by Pyrenophora graminea was evaluated under field conditions. Three barley cultivars varying in resistance level were used. The resistance achieved in our study was long-lasting. P. putida BTP1 and Bs2508 were in general the most effective strains in reducing significantly both I and S of barley leaf stripe disease vis-a-vis three cultivars in two growing seasons 2013/2014. The disease was reduced up to 66% in Arabi Abiad treated with P. putida BTP1. The susceptible landrace cultivar Arabi Abiad exhibited a significant induction of resistance by Bs2508 and BTP1. However, the resistant cultivar Banteng did not exhibit significant further increase in resistance by these bacterial strains. The grain yield of bacterized plants artificially inoculated with P. graminea was not affected, except that of the cultivar Arabi Abiad treated with Bs2508 and Bs2504. Triggering of resistance by treating seeds with the bacterial strains would be of great value in agriculture, especially in case of barley infection by P. graminea at an early stage of plant development.","PeriodicalId":39459,"journal":{"name":"Hellenic Plant Protection Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"35 - 45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/hppj-2017-0004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66854748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. A. Mohamed, G. Mohamed, E. Abdul-Hafeez, O. Ibrahim
Summary Ruellia simplex plant is grown for its aesthetic features including flowers, leaves and overall foliage appearance. The fig wax scale Ceroplastes rusci L. (Hemiptera: Coccidae) was detected for the first time in Egypt on R. simplex. Mineral oil, diazinon, thiamethoxam + chlorantraniliprole, and essential oils extracted from Acorus calamus and Petroselinum crispum, were compared for their ability to control the insect. Results indicated that reduction percentage increased gradually until day 7 after the treatment regarding adults, nymphs and their total. The maximum efficacy of the mineral oil, and thiamethoxam + chlorantraniliprole, was noticed 21 days after treatment, followed by A. calamus oil. Efficacy of P. crispum oil and diazinon reached more than 86% after 21 days and more than 90% 28 days after treatment. At 28 days, A. calamus oil reached its maximum efficacy. Plants treated with thiamethoxam + chlorantraniliprole were the tallest plants and possessed significantly higher number of branches and leaves, and leaf pigments followed by those treated with mineral oil or A. calamus oil. A. calamus oil and thiamethoxam + chlorantraniliprole were proved as promising compounds tested for the first time in controlling C. rusci.
{"title":"Efficiency of sweet flag and curly parsley volatile oils compared with synthetic insecticides against Ceroplastes rusci on Ruellia plants","authors":"I. A. Mohamed, G. Mohamed, E. Abdul-Hafeez, O. Ibrahim","doi":"10.1515/hppj-2017-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/hppj-2017-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Ruellia simplex plant is grown for its aesthetic features including flowers, leaves and overall foliage appearance. The fig wax scale Ceroplastes rusci L. (Hemiptera: Coccidae) was detected for the first time in Egypt on R. simplex. Mineral oil, diazinon, thiamethoxam + chlorantraniliprole, and essential oils extracted from Acorus calamus and Petroselinum crispum, were compared for their ability to control the insect. Results indicated that reduction percentage increased gradually until day 7 after the treatment regarding adults, nymphs and their total. The maximum efficacy of the mineral oil, and thiamethoxam + chlorantraniliprole, was noticed 21 days after treatment, followed by A. calamus oil. Efficacy of P. crispum oil and diazinon reached more than 86% after 21 days and more than 90% 28 days after treatment. At 28 days, A. calamus oil reached its maximum efficacy. Plants treated with thiamethoxam + chlorantraniliprole were the tallest plants and possessed significantly higher number of branches and leaves, and leaf pigments followed by those treated with mineral oil or A. calamus oil. A. calamus oil and thiamethoxam + chlorantraniliprole were proved as promising compounds tested for the first time in controlling C. rusci.","PeriodicalId":39459,"journal":{"name":"Hellenic Plant Protection Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"15 - 24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/hppj-2017-0002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66854717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary Root-knot nematodes are major pests of legume fields in Iran. This research evaluated the effect of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli and Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 (stand alone and combination treatment) on galling and reproduction of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, in legum (chickpea, bean, lentil, pea) seedling rhizosphere, and the growth properties of the host plants. The legumes seeds were sown in 1kg sterilized sandy loam soil. Inocula were 5 J2/g of soil, in the case of the nematode, while considering the bacteria 1×107 cfu/kg soil. A treatment of nematicide (cadusafos) was performed, as a commonly used nematicide in Iran, at 2g/kg soil. Two months after inoculation, the following parameters were recorded: the number of knots, egg masses and reproduction factor of the nematode, bacterial nodules per root, and growth properties of seedlings in the treatments (control, nematode, nematode+nematicide, and nematode+rhizobacteria). The greatest bacterial effect on the control of the nematode was observed in the rhizosphere of the bean treatments. Inoculation with Rhizobium in the soil decreased the galling on the legumes’ roots, and the combined inoculation with Pseudomonas and Rhizobium resulted in a higher decrease of the galling.
{"title":"Rhizobacteria cooperative effect against Meloidogyne javanica in rhizosphere of legume seedlings","authors":"F. Tabatabaei, A. Saeedizadeh","doi":"10.1515/hppj-2017-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/hppj-2017-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Root-knot nematodes are major pests of legume fields in Iran. This research evaluated the effect of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli and Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 (stand alone and combination treatment) on galling and reproduction of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, in legum (chickpea, bean, lentil, pea) seedling rhizosphere, and the growth properties of the host plants. The legumes seeds were sown in 1kg sterilized sandy loam soil. Inocula were 5 J2/g of soil, in the case of the nematode, while considering the bacteria 1×107 cfu/kg soil. A treatment of nematicide (cadusafos) was performed, as a commonly used nematicide in Iran, at 2g/kg soil. Two months after inoculation, the following parameters were recorded: the number of knots, egg masses and reproduction factor of the nematode, bacterial nodules per root, and growth properties of seedlings in the treatments (control, nematode, nematode+nematicide, and nematode+rhizobacteria). The greatest bacterial effect on the control of the nematode was observed in the rhizosphere of the bean treatments. Inoculation with Rhizobium in the soil decreased the galling on the legumes’ roots, and the combined inoculation with Pseudomonas and Rhizobium resulted in a higher decrease of the galling.","PeriodicalId":39459,"journal":{"name":"Hellenic Plant Protection Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"25 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/hppj-2017-0003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66854723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Melita, V. Gkounti, D. Kontodimas, D. Papachristos, F. Karamaouna
Summary The Cretan date palm, Phoenix theophrasti, is a less susceptible and suitable host for the red palm weevil compared to the Canary palm, P. canariensis, even at high pest pressure. Nevertheless, P. theophrasti is not invulnerable to the red palm weevil, hence under continuous and high pest pressure young offshoots/palms can be deadly infested. The slow development of the insect in the Cretan date palm should probably allow a larger ‘window of time’ for an effective plant protection management against the pest.
{"title":"Can high pest pressure of the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus beat the defense of Phoenix theophrasti?","authors":"O. Melita, V. Gkounti, D. Kontodimas, D. Papachristos, F. Karamaouna","doi":"10.1515/hppj-2017-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/hppj-2017-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The Cretan date palm, Phoenix theophrasti, is a less susceptible and suitable host for the red palm weevil compared to the Canary palm, P. canariensis, even at high pest pressure. Nevertheless, P. theophrasti is not invulnerable to the red palm weevil, hence under continuous and high pest pressure young offshoots/palms can be deadly infested. The slow development of the insect in the Cretan date palm should probably allow a larger ‘window of time’ for an effective plant protection management against the pest.","PeriodicalId":39459,"journal":{"name":"Hellenic Plant Protection Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"46 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/hppj-2017-0005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66854760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Tzortzakakis, M. C. Vieira dos Santos, I. Conceição
Summary The available published information on the occurrence of resistance-breaking populations of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) on resistant tomato in Greece is updated. Within the period 1994-2013, 13 populations (11 M. javanica and 2 M. incognita) able to reproduce on resistant tomato had been recorded in the regions of Crete, Epirus, Thrace, Peloponissos and Macedonia. In the present study six more resistance-breaking populations, four M. javanica and two M. incognita, were detected in the period 2013-2014, all originating from greenhouse vegetables in Crete. Four of these populations, two M. javanica and two M. incognita, originated from the region of Ierapetra. This is the first time that such populations are found in this major area of greenhouse vegetable production of Crete.
{"title":"An update on the occurrence of resistance-breaking populations of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) on resistant tomato in Greece with six new records from Crete","authors":"E. Tzortzakakis, M. C. Vieira dos Santos, I. Conceição","doi":"10.1515/hppj-2016-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/hppj-2016-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The available published information on the occurrence of resistance-breaking populations of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) on resistant tomato in Greece is updated. Within the period 1994-2013, 13 populations (11 M. javanica and 2 M. incognita) able to reproduce on resistant tomato had been recorded in the regions of Crete, Epirus, Thrace, Peloponissos and Macedonia. In the present study six more resistance-breaking populations, four M. javanica and two M. incognita, were detected in the period 2013-2014, all originating from greenhouse vegetables in Crete. Four of these populations, two M. javanica and two M. incognita, originated from the region of Ierapetra. This is the first time that such populations are found in this major area of greenhouse vegetable production of Crete.","PeriodicalId":39459,"journal":{"name":"Hellenic Plant Protection Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":"60 - 65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/hppj-2016-0007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66854658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Tzortzakakis, A. Archidona‐Yuste, C. Cantalapiedra‐Navarrete, I. G. Birmpilis, E. Nasiou, J. E. Palomares-Rius, P. Castillo
Summary The occurrence of nematodes of the family Longidoridae was investigated in soil samples collected from cultivated and wild olives and grapevines in Crete. The first-stage juveniles of Xiphinema cretense and X. herakliense are described for the first time. The species X. israeliae, X. cretense, X. herakliense and Longidorus pseudoelongatus, previously recorded exclusively from olives in Crete, are herein reported in the rhizosphere of grapevines. Also L. iranicus is reported for the first time in cultivated olive, while X. italiae and L. closelongatus are reported for the first time in wild olive in Crete. Data on the occurrence of phytoparasitic nematode species in cultivated olives, wild olives and grapevines are updated with those previously published.
{"title":"Description of the first-stage juveniles of Xiphinema cretense and X. herakliense - Distribution of Xiphinema and Longidorus species in olive orchards and grapevines in Crete, Greece","authors":"E. Tzortzakakis, A. Archidona‐Yuste, C. Cantalapiedra‐Navarrete, I. G. Birmpilis, E. Nasiou, J. E. Palomares-Rius, P. Castillo","doi":"10.1515/hppj-2016-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/hppj-2016-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The occurrence of nematodes of the family Longidoridae was investigated in soil samples collected from cultivated and wild olives and grapevines in Crete. The first-stage juveniles of Xiphinema cretense and X. herakliense are described for the first time. The species X. israeliae, X. cretense, X. herakliense and Longidorus pseudoelongatus, previously recorded exclusively from olives in Crete, are herein reported in the rhizosphere of grapevines. Also L. iranicus is reported for the first time in cultivated olive, while X. italiae and L. closelongatus are reported for the first time in wild olive in Crete. Data on the occurrence of phytoparasitic nematode species in cultivated olives, wild olives and grapevines are updated with those previously published.","PeriodicalId":39459,"journal":{"name":"Hellenic Plant Protection Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":"73 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66854677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary Qat leaves are chewed on a daily basis by approximately 10 million inhabitants of different countries. This study investigated the persistence of three insecticides most used in qat production, imidacloprid, acetamiprid and methomyl. These chemicals were applied separately on plots of ten qat trees each at the recommended application rates. Samples of qat leaves were collected separately at time 0 (1 h post-treatment) and 1, 3, 7, 12, 19, 26 and 37 days after application. The residues of the investigated pesticides were extracted and then quantified by liquid chromatography (LC-MS/MS). The half-lives of imidacloprid, acetamiprid and methomyl were 12.2, 11.7, and 5.1 days, respectively. Overall, our findings showed that imidacloprid and acetamiprid were more persistent than methomyl in qat leaves. Taking into account the maximum residue limits (MRL) in lettuce, due to lack of MRL in qat leaves, the residue concentrations were below MRL for imidacloprid 7 days after application, and 1 day after application for acetamiprid and methomyl.
{"title":"Persistence of imidacloprid, acetamiprid and methomyl in qat leaves","authors":"A. J. Al-Rajab, A. Alhababy, T. Alfaifi","doi":"10.1515/hppj-2016-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/hppj-2016-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Qat leaves are chewed on a daily basis by approximately 10 million inhabitants of different countries. This study investigated the persistence of three insecticides most used in qat production, imidacloprid, acetamiprid and methomyl. These chemicals were applied separately on plots of ten qat trees each at the recommended application rates. Samples of qat leaves were collected separately at time 0 (1 h post-treatment) and 1, 3, 7, 12, 19, 26 and 37 days after application. The residues of the investigated pesticides were extracted and then quantified by liquid chromatography (LC-MS/MS). The half-lives of imidacloprid, acetamiprid and methomyl were 12.2, 11.7, and 5.1 days, respectively. Overall, our findings showed that imidacloprid and acetamiprid were more persistent than methomyl in qat leaves. Taking into account the maximum residue limits (MRL) in lettuce, due to lack of MRL in qat leaves, the residue concentrations were below MRL for imidacloprid 7 days after application, and 1 day after application for acetamiprid and methomyl.","PeriodicalId":39459,"journal":{"name":"Hellenic Plant Protection Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":"51 - 59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/hppj-2016-0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66854654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. MOHAMMADI-KHORAMABADI, H. Alipanah, S. Belokobylskij, M. Nematollahi
Summary Prosopis farcta (Fabaceae) is a native and common perennial weed plant in Iran. In search of environmental-friendly control methods against P. farcta, we discovered the seed feeder moth Nephopterygia austeritella (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) in central Iran and studied its bioecology for the first time from 2008 through 2009. Infestation pattern, larval feeding behaviour, developmental period, seasonal occurrence and the adverse impact of the moth on the reproductive organs of P. farcta were investigated. Diagnostic morphological characters of the fifth larval instar of N. austeritella are provided. Two gregarious ectoparasitoids were reared and identified as Apanteles subcamilla and Phanerotoma leucobasis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Mortality rates of the larvae were 3.03 and 13.44% in 2008 and 2009, respectively. Larvae destroyed 29.6-38.4% of the pods of their host plants. The potential of N. austeritella as an efficient biological control agent in IPM programs against P. farcta is discussed.
{"title":"Bioecology of Nephopterygia austeritella (Lep.: Pyralidae), a potential biological control agent of Prosopis farcta (Fabaceae) in central Iran","authors":"A. MOHAMMADI-KHORAMABADI, H. Alipanah, S. Belokobylskij, M. Nematollahi","doi":"10.1515/hppj-2016-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/hppj-2016-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Prosopis farcta (Fabaceae) is a native and common perennial weed plant in Iran. In search of environmental-friendly control methods against P. farcta, we discovered the seed feeder moth Nephopterygia austeritella (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) in central Iran and studied its bioecology for the first time from 2008 through 2009. Infestation pattern, larval feeding behaviour, developmental period, seasonal occurrence and the adverse impact of the moth on the reproductive organs of P. farcta were investigated. Diagnostic morphological characters of the fifth larval instar of N. austeritella are provided. Two gregarious ectoparasitoids were reared and identified as Apanteles subcamilla and Phanerotoma leucobasis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Mortality rates of the larvae were 3.03 and 13.44% in 2008 and 2009, respectively. Larvae destroyed 29.6-38.4% of the pods of their host plants. The potential of N. austeritella as an efficient biological control agent in IPM programs against P. farcta is discussed.","PeriodicalId":39459,"journal":{"name":"Hellenic Plant Protection Journal","volume":"21 1","pages":"78 - 88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/hppj-2016-0010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66854709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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