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Corpus Approaches to Analysing Uncertainty and Ignorance in Academic Discourse 语料库方法分析学术话语中的不确定性和无知
IF 0.4 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-05-03 DOI: 10.24989/fs.v45i1-2.2232
Marcus Müller
The article provides an overview of corpus approaches to researching linguistic practices for dealing with ignorance and uncertainty. Uncertainty and ignorance are first and foremost epistemological or socio-psychological categories rather than linguistic ones. But they can be applied to a corpus linguistic setting. Based on a presentation of the central terms and their relevance for digital corpus research, this paper exemplifies proposals for operationalisations using a corpus of political science texts from the field of International Relations (DIReC). It gives an overview of various methods of researching ignorance and uncertainty in academic discourse, focusing on lexicon-based, annotation-based and pattern-search-based approaches as well as combinations thereof. The structure of the explanations reflects a central conflict of aims: On the one hand, corpus-based research on ignorance and uncertainty requires a precise, interpretive approach to the contextual meaning and epistemic function of each individual piece of evidence. On the other hand, it seems advantageous to investigate the largest possible corpora for reasons of reliability. The final section presents an application sketch that addresses and exemplifies several methodological problems. It compares uncertainty markers in political science discourse as found in the DIReC corpus with those in conspiracy theories, drawing on the LOCO corpus and journalistic discourse represented in a reference corpus of US newspapers.
本文概述了语料库方法在研究处理无知和不确定性的语言实践中的应用。不确定性和无知首先是认识论或社会心理学范畴,而不是语言学范畴。但它们可以应用于语料库语言设置。基于对中心术语及其与数字语料库研究的相关性的介绍,本文举例说明了使用国际关系领域(DIReC)政治学文本语料库的操作化建议。概述了研究学术话语中无知和不确定性的各种方法,重点介绍了基于词典的、基于注释的和基于模式搜索的方法及其组合。这些解释的结构反映了目标的中心冲突:一方面,基于语料库的无知和不确定性研究需要对每个证据的语境意义和认知功能采取精确的解释方法。另一方面,由于可靠性的原因,调查尽可能大的语料库似乎是有利的。最后一节给出了一个应用程序概要,说明并举例说明了几个方法论问题。它比较了在DIReC语料库中发现的政治学话语中的不确定性标记与阴谋论中的不确定性标记,利用LOCO语料库和美国报纸参考语料库中代表的新闻话语。
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引用次数: 0
The Impact of Communicating Advocacy and Scientific Uncertainty on a Scientist’s Trustworthiness 宣传宣传与科学不确定性对科学家可信度的影响
IF 0.4 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-05-03 DOI: 10.24989/fs.v45i1-2.2231
Inse Janssen, Regina Jucks
A central aspect of scientific knowledge is scientific uncertainty. When scientists touch upon political issues, there are two contrary expectations: One is that scientists communicate in a straightforward manner and give a direct, concrete suggestion. The other is that they communicate in a way that carefully considers the pros and cons as well as the current state of (non-) knowledge. This 2x2 experimental study investigated how disclosing scientific uncertainty affects the perceived trustworthiness of a scientist when they express either their motive to inform or their motive to advocate. All participants (N = 503) read an interview with a scientist about the usefulness of further vaccinations against COVID-19. In the interview, uncertainty was explicitly addressed (vs. not). Furthermore, the scientist either disclosed their motive to advocate or their motive to merely inform about research results. Results showed that the scientist was perceived as more trustworthy (i. e., having more expertise, integrity, and benevolence) when they communicated uncertainty than when they did not. However, contrary to our expectations, the effect of the scientist’s expressed motive to advocate (vs. to inform) on trustworthiness did not depend on whether uncertainty was explicitly addressed or not.
科学知识的一个中心方面是科学的不确定性。当科学家谈到政治问题时,有两种相反的期望:一种是科学家以直截了当的方式交流,并给出直接、具体的建议。另一个是,他们以一种仔细考虑利弊以及(非)知识的当前状态的方式进行交流。本2x2实验研究调查了当科学家表达告知动机或倡导动机时,披露科学不确定性如何影响其感知的可信度。所有参与者(N = 503)阅读了对一位科学家的采访,内容是关于进一步接种COVID-19疫苗的有效性。在采访中,不确定性被明确地提到了(而不是)。此外,科学家们要么透露了他们倡导的动机,要么透露了他们仅仅告知研究结果的动机。结果表明,当科学家传达不确定性时,他们被认为比不传达不确定性时更值得信赖(即,拥有更多的专业知识、诚信和仁慈)。然而,与我们的预期相反,科学家表达的倡导(相对于告知)动机对可信度的影响并不取决于是否明确解决了不确定性。
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引用次数: 0
Funktionen von Unsicherheitsthematisierungen in journalistischen Medien 记者媒体上的安全幻影
IF 0.4 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-05-03 DOI: 10.24989/fs.v45i1-2.2237
Cornelia Varwig
Theoretical and methodological approaches of discourse analysis in the wake of Foucaultfocus on how knowledge is constituted in discourses. They are therefore well suited forinvestigating the epistemic status of knowledge, and thus also uncertain knowledge and ignorance.However, discourse research does not offer specialized analytical approaches to media discourseswith their specific boundary conditions and inherent logics, while at the same time inpractice many analyses deal with media products. Some writers even bemoan a “media oblivion”in discourse theory. This article aims to demonstrate how theoretical approaches in communicationstudies can help to specify the role of journalists as discourse producers and participants,as well as journalistic production principles. In the empirical part of the article, the scientificallyambiguous knowledge about burnout is used as an example to show ten discursive-communicativefunctions that the thematization of epistemic uncertainty can have in journalistic articles.
福柯之后的话语分析理论和方法论都关注知识如何在话语中构成。因此,它们非常适合于研究知识的认识论地位,从而也适合于研究不确定的知识和无知。然而,话语研究并没有对具有特定边界条件和内在逻辑的媒介话语提供专门的分析方法,而在实践中,许多分析都是针对媒介产品的。一些作家甚至哀叹话语理论中的“媒介遗忘”。本文旨在展示传播学中的理论方法如何有助于明确记者作为话语生产者和参与者的角色,以及新闻生产原则。在文章的实证部分,以科学上模棱两可的倦怠知识为例,展示了认知不确定性的主题化在新闻文章中可能具有的十种话语交际功能。
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引用次数: 0
Konstitution von Nichtwissen und Unsicherheit im Sprachgebrauch – ein programmatischer Systematisierungsversuch 语言应用中的无知和不确定一种系统化的方案
IF 0.4 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-05-03 DOI: 10.24989/fs.v45i1-2.2235
N. Simon, N. Janich
In this paper, we propose a systematisation of the constitution of ignorance and uncertaintyin language use and interaction. To this end, we first distinguish between a local anda global perspective on ignorance and uncertainty constitution. For the local level of ignoranceand uncertainty constitution, we propose that four different types of linguistically indexed attributionsof ignorance and uncertainty can be distinguished, with which the speaker/writer refersto different knowledge domains involved in the social process of local knowledge constitution.We then provide an overview of the inventory of linguistic signs that can be used to index suchattributions and, building on this, distinguish four different forms of ignorance and uncertaintyindexing that can be used in heterogeneous ways to signal the different types of ignorance anduncertainty attributions in specific contexts and situations. For the global level of collective ignoranceand uncertainty constitution, we propose a model of different types of propositionalconstellations that can be used discourse-analytically as a basis for external ignorance and uncertaintyattributions.
在本文中,我们提出了一个系统化的无知和不确定性在语言使用和互动中的构成。为此,我们首先区分对无知和不确定性构成的地方视角和全球视角。对于无知和不确定性构成的局部层面,我们提出了四种不同类型的无知和不确定性的语言索引归因,其中说话者/写作者指的是参与局部知识构成社会过程的不同知识领域。然后,我们概述了可用于索引此类归因的语言符号清单,并在此基础上区分四种不同形式的无知和不确定性索引,这些索引可以以不同的方式用于在特定上下文和情况下标记不同类型的无知和不确定性归因。对于集体无知和不确定性构成的整体水平,我们提出了一个不同类型的命题星座模型,该模型可用于话语分析,作为外部无知和不确定性归因的基础。
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引用次数: 0
Beraten und Prognostizieren. Unsicheres Wissen in der institutionellen vs. der massenmedialen Politikberatung 建议和预测大众媒体政策咨询的制度性障碍
IF 0.4 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-05-03 DOI: 10.24989/fs.v45i1-2.2230
Dorothee Jahaj, Lisa Rhein
Scientific policy advice provides a special framework for processing scientific uncertainties. Socio-political decisions often require a reliable scientific basis that can be used as orientation and legitimation for political decisions. On the one hand, policy advice takes place institutionalized (e. g. by the Office of Technology Assessment at the German Bundestag [TAB] and the National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina), but also in public media discourse, when scientists give interviews or inform about scientific topics in talk shows. The need for advice concerns future actions and is thus closely linked to uncertain knowledge and the providing of forecasts, i. e. a look into the future. In this article, we focus on the practices of consulting and forecasting in the context of policy advice and capture them in their differentiations as well as show what role uncertain knowledge plays in their argumentation. In addition, we analyze to what extent the formulation of prognoses and advice is influenced by the genre and media context of the statement (expert opinion vs. interview / talk show, i. e. also: written and oral contexts).
科学政策咨询为处理科学不确定性提供了一个特殊的框架。社会政治决策往往需要可靠的科学依据,作为政治决策的导向和正当性。一方面,政策建议是制度化的(例如由德国联邦议院的技术评估办公室和利奥波迪纳国家科学院),但也在公共媒体话语中,当科学家接受采访或在谈话节目中就科学话题发表意见时。对咨询意见的需求涉及未来的行动,因此与不确定的知识和提供预测(即展望未来)密切相关。在本文中,我们将重点关注政策建议背景下的咨询和预测实践,并在其差异中捕捉它们,并展示不确定知识在其论证中发挥的作用。此外,我们分析了预测和建议的制定在多大程度上受到声明的类型和媒体背景的影响(专家意见vs.采访/谈话节目,即:书面和口头背景)。
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引用次数: 0
The Features of Legal Language in British Legislation: a Diachronic Perspective 英国立法中法律语言的特征:历时性视角
IF 0.4 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-11-04 DOI: 10.24989/fs.v44i3-4.2022
Eva Dvořáková
The aim of this paper was to explore diachronically the features of legal language in British legislation over 200 years to find out whether the features identified by Crystal and Davy in their seminal work are still present in the current British legislation and whether any changes are due to the natural development of the language or to plain language efforts. Further, the paper explores lexical diversity and readability. For these purposes, five corpora of British legislation were compiled from 1820, 1870, 1920, 1970, and 2020. The results show that the current language of British legislation is very different from the legal language described by Crystal and Davy fifty years ago, the plainer texts tend to be lexically less diverse, and the readability measures provide rather inconclusive results.
本文的目的是探究200多年来英国立法中法律语言的历时性特征,以找出克里斯托和戴维在他们的开创性工作中所确定的特征是否仍然存在于当前的英国立法中,以及任何变化是由于语言的自然发展还是由于朴素语言的努力。此外,本文还探讨了词汇多样性和可读性。为此,从1820年、1870年、1920年、1970年和2020年开始,编撰了五个英国立法语料库。结果表明,目前的英国立法语言与50年前Crystal和Davy所描述的法律语言有很大的不同,更简单的文本往往词汇多样性较少,可读性措施提供了相当不确定的结果。
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引用次数: 0
Form – Meaning – Usage Synergy in LSP & Professional Communication LSP与专业通信中的形式-含义-用法协同
IF 0.4 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-11-04 DOI: 10.24989/fs.v44i3-4.1973
E. Isaeva, O. Manzhula, Olga Baiburova
This article deals with computer security terminology from the perspective of Fillmore’sframe semantics. Cognitive linguists have proved that semantics is realised in context and contributesto cognition. This article aims to analyse which semantic roles are prevalent for usingcomputer security terms in context. Our evidence proves that the term’s meaning and semantic role in the frame corresponding to a communicative event are interrelated. The research has been carried out on a manually collected corpus of computer security texts, comprising terms in their contexts. The data are analysed as follows. First, a thematic categorisation of terms is carried out. Then semantic frame modelling is applied. After that, we generalise our findings and achieve sufficient abstraction in the conclusion about the presence of form – meaning – usage interdependence in professional discourse and LSP. Finally, we discuss the place of semantic framing in the multimodality of professional communication regarding the logic and philosophy of language.
本文从Fillmore框架语义的角度讨论计算机安全术语。认知语言学家已经证明,语义是在语境中实现的,并有助于认知。本文旨在分析在上下文中使用计算机安全术语时常见的语义角色。我们的证据证明,在交际事件对应的框架中,词汇的意义和语义角色是相互关联的。这项研究是在人工收集的计算机安全文本语料库上进行的,包括上下文中的术语。数据分析如下。首先,对术语进行主题分类。然后应用语义框架建模。在此基础上,我们总结了我们的研究结果,并在结论中对专业语篇和LSP中存在的形式-意义-用法相互依存进行了充分的抽象。最后,我们从逻辑和语言哲学的角度讨论了语义框架在专业交际多模态中的地位。
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引用次数: 0
“I thought asking the experts of the board first before turning at the unctuous salesmen.” Requesting special field related advice and information on online communities “我想在面对那些油嘴滑舌的推销员之前,先问问董事会的专家。”请求有关在线社区的特殊领域的建议和信息
IF 0.4 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-11-04 DOI: 10.24989/fs.v44i3-4.2178
Eveliina Salmela
This study focuses on requesting and sharing specialized information on online communities. The aim was to find out how requesting and receiving special field related information function on online discussions about heat pumps in Finland. The data consists of 300 message threads collected from two Finnish discussion boards, Lampopumput.info (heatpumps.info) and Suomi24.fi (Finland24.fi). The data was analyzed using discourse analytic methods and pragmatic concepts such as speech acts, politeness, relevance and humor. The results demonstrate the sense of community as an important part of the specialized communication in online peer support discussions. The appropriate wording of the messages, politeness and giving one’s personal contribution to the community are important factors in conveying information through online communities. Online peer discussions have several different communicative goals, such as requesting and offering technical support, requesting advice, sharing experiences and expressing views and opinions. Users use different platforms to carry out these goals. Requesting advice and sharing information were emphasized on the discussion board that requires registration from the contributors. The discussion board, which required registration, was more specific to the topic and community like. There were more direct answers and dialog between the users than on the anonymous discussion board. On the open discussion board, which did not require registration, writers expressed more their own personal views and opinions and discussed especially about topics related to the purchase situation. Keywords: Asynchronous online discussion, online communities, technical communication, peer advice, requesting advice
本研究的重点是在线社区的专业信息请求和共享。目的是找出请求和接收特殊领域相关信息对芬兰热泵在线讨论的作用。这些数据包括从两个芬兰讨论板Lampopumput.info (heatpumps.info)和Suomi24收集的300条消息。fi (Finland24.fi)。运用语篇分析法和语用学概念如言语行为、礼貌、相关性和幽默等对数据进行分析。结果表明,社区意识是在线同伴支持讨论中专业交流的重要组成部分。信息的恰当措辞、礼貌以及对社区的个人贡献是通过网络社区传递信息的重要因素。在线同伴讨论有几个不同的交流目标,如请求和提供技术支持、请求建议、分享经验和表达观点和意见。用户使用不同的平台来实现这些目标。在需要贡献者注册的讨论板上强调了请求建议和共享信息。需要注册的讨论板更具体地针对主题和社区的喜好。与匿名讨论板相比,用户之间有更多直接的答案和对话。在不需要注册的开放讨论板上,作者们更多地表达了自己的个人观点和意见,并讨论了与购买情况有关的话题。关键词:异步在线讨论,在线社区,技术交流,同伴咨询,请求咨询
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引用次数: 0
Towards a Marine Accident Frame 迈向海上事故框架
IF 0.4 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-11-04 DOI: 10.24989/fs.v44i3-4.1991
Päivi Pasanen
This paper presents the results of a study that combines information extraction by means of word sketches with corpus-based analysis. In the analysis, terminological information was extracted from a corpus of investigation reports by retrieving the word sketches of the selected verbs. The aim of the study is to demonstrate how to identify predicate-argument structures in a specific domain corpus by adopting the principles of Frame-based Terminology (FBT). Thus, this research shows how FBT can be applied to different scenarios such as a marine accident event, which is the object of this study. The long-term goal is to build a marine accident frame by utilising the predicate-argument structures identified in this study. The predicate-argument structures and the evolving frames can be used to enhance the representation and understanding of marine accident events. Thus, the predicate-argument structures are presented for consultation to future end users of the results, namely the stakeholders in the field of maritime safety, including maritime English teachers, as well as LSP teachers and terminologists.
本文介绍了一项将基于词草图的信息提取与基于语料库的分析相结合的研究结果。在分析中,通过检索所选动词的单词草图,从调查报告语料库中提取术语信息。本研究的目的是演示如何通过采用基于框架的术语(FBT)原则来识别特定领域语料库中的谓词-参数结构。因此,本研究展示了FBT如何应用于不同的场景,如海上事故事件,这是本研究的对象。长期目标是利用本研究中确定的谓词-论证结构建立一个海上事故框架。谓语-参数结构和演化框架可以用来增强对海上事故事件的表示和理解。因此,谓语-论证结构被提出供结果的未来最终用户咨询,即海事安全领域的利益相关者,包括海事英语教师,以及LSP教师和术语学家。
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引用次数: 0
Maritime Cooperative Working Agreements 海事合作工作协议
IF 0.4 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-11-04 DOI: 10.24989/fs.v44i3-4.2029
M. Lavissière, L. Fedi
Textual standardization is the expected route for documents in specific disciplinary fields, particularly for legal documents (Gotti 2012). Yet organizations in these fields need common conventions that allow for innovation and flexibility as they face complex professional contexts (Bhatia 2012). Our qualitative data concerning the maritime shipping industry’s use of the legal instruments known as “Cooperative Working Agreements” give evidence that variability allows communities to attain latent professional goals. Genre in language for special purposes, even in legal language, should be seen a double-edged sword, allowing professional communities to legitimately accomplish goals through both standardization and variability.
文本标准化是特定学科领域的文件,特别是法律文件的预期路径(Gotti 2012)。然而,在这些领域的组织需要共同的惯例,允许创新和灵活性,因为他们面临复杂的专业背景(Bhatia 2012)。我们关于海运业使用被称为“合作工作协议”的法律文书的定性数据证明,可变性使社区能够实现潜在的专业目标。特殊用途的语言体裁,甚至在法律语言中,都应该被视为一把双刃剑,允许专业团体通过标准化和可变性来合法地完成目标。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Fachsprache-Journal of Professional and Scientific Communication
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