The information technology revolution and the expansion of social media have deeply transformed the nature of our interpersonal relations as well as our relationship with our environment. At a time when everyone has become a prolific user, producer, and publisher of content in cyberspace, we must reflect on the relevance of public relations and the new rules of the game. The role of public relations is more important than ever, but it must adapt to significant changes in communications brought about by new technologies. The CPRS College of Fellows launched a collection of essays to contribute to discussion surrounding these issues. This is the first essay in the collection. A previous version of this article was published in French in Versailles (2019).
{"title":"Journalism and public relations","authors":"G. Versailles","doi":"10.15173/jpc.v6i1.4343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15173/jpc.v6i1.4343","url":null,"abstract":"The information technology revolution and the expansion of social media have deeply transformed the nature of our interpersonal relations as well as our relationship with our environment. At a time when everyone has become a prolific user, producer, and publisher of content in cyberspace, we must reflect on the relevance of public relations and the new rules of the game. The role of public relations is more important than ever, but it must adapt to significant changes in communications brought about by new technologies. The CPRS College of Fellows launched a collection of essays to contribute to discussion surrounding these issues. This is the first essay in the collection. A previous version of this article was published in French in Versailles (2019).","PeriodicalId":41240,"journal":{"name":"Fachsprache-Journal of Professional and Scientific Communication","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82277593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-05DOI: 10.24989/fs.v42i1-2.1849
Ines-A. Busch-Lauer
{"title":"Bibliographie","authors":"Ines-A. Busch-Lauer","doi":"10.24989/fs.v42i1-2.1849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24989/fs.v42i1-2.1849","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41240,"journal":{"name":"Fachsprache-Journal of Professional and Scientific Communication","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85409624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aims to identify the similarities and differences between English and Arabic color-based metaphorical expressions, to identify translation students’ difficulties and their translation strategies. A corpus of English and Arabic color-based metaphorical expressions was collected and compared. It was found that English and Arabic color-based metaphorical expressions fall into 5 categories: (i) those that are identical in form and meaning in both languages; (ii) those that are the same in meaning but differ in form, (iii) those that are identical in form but different in meaning; (iv) those that exist in English but have no equivalents in Arabic; and (v) those that exist in Arabic but have no equivalents in English. Students’ responses to a color-metaphor test showed that the students translated fewer than 25% correctly and left many items blank. Color-based metaphorical expressions similar in both languages were easy to translate such as black list, red line, green light, whereas opaque ones were difficult. Literal translation was the most common translation strategy. Implications for translation pedagogy are given.
{"title":"Translation Students' Difficulties with English and Arabic Color-based Metaphorical Expressions","authors":"Reima Al-Jarf","doi":"10.24989/fs.v41is1.1774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24989/fs.v41is1.1774","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to identify the similarities and differences between English and Arabic color-based metaphorical expressions, to identify translation students’ difficulties and their translation strategies. A corpus of English and Arabic color-based metaphorical expressions was collected and compared. It was found that English and Arabic color-based metaphorical expressions fall into 5 categories: (i) those that are identical in form and meaning in both languages; (ii) those that are the same in meaning but differ in form, (iii) those that are identical in form but different in meaning; (iv) those that exist in English but have no equivalents in Arabic; and (v) those that exist in Arabic but have no equivalents in English. Students’ responses to a color-metaphor test showed that the students translated fewer than 25% correctly and left many items blank. Color-based metaphorical expressions similar in both languages were easy to translate such as black list, red line, green light, whereas opaque ones were difficult. Literal translation was the most common translation strategy. Implications for translation pedagogy are given.","PeriodicalId":41240,"journal":{"name":"Fachsprache-Journal of Professional and Scientific Communication","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87025190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Metaphorical elements are a highly productive language means in live reports about sport events on TV. They occur in different relations to what is simultaneously seen on screen and depend on the reporter as well as on the special kind of sport. But nevertheless, general structures and functions of metaphors in those medium-bound oral texts can be indicated; as one of the markers they contribute to what is often called language of sport or maybe rather communicative template of sport. Examples taken from TV reports of the European Football Championship and the Olympic Games (both took place in 2016) are used to illustrate this character of metaphorical expressions in sport reports on TV.
{"title":"Metaphorik im Kommunikationsbereich der Sportfachsprachlichkeit","authors":"Wenke Mückel","doi":"10.24989/fs.v41is1.1768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24989/fs.v41is1.1768","url":null,"abstract":"Metaphorical elements are a highly productive language means in live reports about sport events on TV. They occur in different relations to what is simultaneously seen on screen and depend on the reporter as well as on the special kind of sport. But nevertheless, general structures and functions of metaphors in those medium-bound oral texts can be indicated; as one of the markers they contribute to what is often called language of sport or maybe rather communicative template of sport. Examples taken from TV reports of the European Football Championship and the Olympic Games (both took place in 2016) are used to illustrate this character of metaphorical expressions in sport reports on TV.","PeriodicalId":41240,"journal":{"name":"Fachsprache-Journal of Professional and Scientific Communication","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83660303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The article focuses on the derivational perspective of metaphor studies. Derivation is regarded as a complex cognitive process, represented within speech activities. In this sense, derivation is viewed as a universal process of language units’ production according to the rules of text-formation. The basic feature of the derivational approach to the mechanism of metaphor is determined by the inner syntax, especially by the principle of contamination of two sentences – introductive and basic, which fulfill different functions. In this paper we shall present a theoretical account of metaphorisation as a universal derivational process controlled by means of such laws, as incorporation, contamination and compression. We take as basic the premise that metaphor is a more complicated process than it is described in traditional theories, since it is dependent on cognition and knowledge communication. In contrast to the traditional approaches, metaphor is regarded here as the result of combination of two pictures of the reality, referential and imaginative. We believe that derivatology generates a new knowledge about metaphor mechanism and metaphor modeling. Comparing to linear models of metaphor, the derivational model is considered to be a network model. The latest derivatological ideas about metaphor enrich the concept of metaphor taking into consideration that it has to be studied not in isolation, but within a broad frame of text, discourse, cognition and communication.
{"title":"Metaphor from the Derivational Perspective","authors":"L. Alekseeva, S. Mishlanova","doi":"10.24989/fs.v41is1.1780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24989/fs.v41is1.1780","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article focuses on the derivational perspective of metaphor studies. Derivation is regarded as a complex cognitive process, represented within speech activities. In this sense, derivation is viewed as a universal process of language units’ production according to the rules of text-formation. The basic feature of the derivational approach to the mechanism of metaphor is determined by the inner syntax, especially by the principle of contamination of two sentences – introductive and basic, which fulfill different functions. In this paper we shall present a theoretical account of metaphorisation as a universal derivational process controlled by means of such laws, as incorporation, contamination and compression. We take as basic the premise that metaphor is a more complicated process than it is described in traditional theories, since it is dependent on cognition and knowledge communication. In contrast to the traditional approaches, metaphor is regarded here as the result of combination of two pictures of the reality, referential and imaginative. We believe that derivatology generates a new knowledge about metaphor mechanism and metaphor modeling. Comparing to linear models of metaphor, the derivational model is considered to be a network model. The latest derivatological ideas about metaphor enrich the concept of metaphor taking into consideration that it has to be studied not in isolation, but within a broad frame of text, discourse, cognition and communication.","PeriodicalId":41240,"journal":{"name":"Fachsprache-Journal of Professional and Scientific Communication","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79443909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Professional communication between an expert and a non-expert, the so-called transdiscursive communication, presupposes special knowledge transfer and acquisition. Asymmetry in communicants’ knowledge causes ambiguity and conceptual misrepresentation. Precise knowledge transfer in the context of transdiscursive communication can be achieved by means of knowledge mediation. In this context metaphor accomplishes the function of a transdiscursive knowledge mediation tool. This cognitive mechanism encourages conceptual mapping of specialized knowledge from a routine area to some knowledge domain. The study of metaphoricity of terms provides ground for finding language tools for cognition management. For discourse analyses we have focused on specialized texts from scientific journals and popular magazines obtained from the Corpus of Contemporary American English as a result of the key word in context search. We aim at proving the evidence for special knowledge mediation necessity and efficiency in the context of transdiscursive communication.
{"title":"Metaphor in Terminology","authors":"E. Isaeva","doi":"10.24989/fs.v41is1.1766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24989/fs.v41is1.1766","url":null,"abstract":"Professional communication between an expert and a non-expert, the so-called transdiscursive communication, presupposes special knowledge transfer and acquisition. Asymmetry in communicants’ knowledge causes ambiguity and conceptual misrepresentation. Precise knowledge transfer in the context of transdiscursive communication can be achieved by means of knowledge mediation. \u0000In this context metaphor accomplishes the function of a transdiscursive knowledge mediation tool. This cognitive mechanism encourages conceptual mapping of specialized knowledge from a routine area to some knowledge domain. The study of metaphoricity of terms provides ground for finding language tools for cognition management. \u0000For discourse analyses we have focused on specialized texts from scientific journals and popular magazines obtained from the Corpus of Contemporary American English as a result of the key word in context search. \u0000We aim at proving the evidence for special knowledge mediation necessity and efficiency in the context of transdiscursive communication.","PeriodicalId":41240,"journal":{"name":"Fachsprache-Journal of Professional and Scientific Communication","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72454161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper focuses on metaphors with a culture specific source domain in the scientific discourse like Rosetta Stone and Trojan Horse, their functions and peculiarities traced from a novel metaphor to a term. Pertaining to general cultural knowledge these expressions continue to keep much of their original conceptual content and are used in special discourse metaphorically. These metaphors are predominantly used in the title of the work and then elaborated further in the ongoing process of text creation. No matter these metaphors seem to be rather specific, the conceptual analysis we are applying reveals that these complexes are particularly useful for transmitting new kinds of knowledge due to their dynamic conceptual content, heuristic potential and pragmatically aimed sphere of experience. Our analysis has shown that although the content of these units is rather broad, one conceptual feature is usually brought to the limelight expressing the author’s central idea, which becomes the most salient feature in a particular stretch of professional discourse. This dominant evokes mental representations of the cultural content acting like a key to the piece of specialized discourse through categorization and conceptualization, thus determining the transformed metaphorical meaning of phrases becoming terminological units in the framework of a particular terminological system.
{"title":"Culture-derived Concepts in Scientific Discourse: Transferring Knowledge through Metaphor","authors":"A. Sharapkova, L. Manerko","doi":"10.24989/fs.v41is1.1769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24989/fs.v41is1.1769","url":null,"abstract":"The paper focuses on metaphors with a culture specific source domain in the scientific discourse like Rosetta Stone and Trojan Horse, their functions and peculiarities traced from a novel metaphor to a term. Pertaining to general cultural knowledge these expressions continue to keep much of their original conceptual content and are used in special discourse metaphorically. These metaphors are predominantly used in the title of the work and then elaborated further in the ongoing process of text creation. No matter these metaphors seem to be rather specific, the conceptual analysis we are applying reveals that these complexes are particularly useful for transmitting new kinds of knowledge due to their dynamic conceptual content, heuristic potential and pragmatically aimed sphere of experience. \u0000Our analysis has shown that although the content of these units is rather broad, one conceptual feature is usually brought to the limelight expressing the author’s central idea, which becomes the most salient feature in a particular stretch of professional discourse. This dominant evokes mental representations of the cultural content acting like a key to the piece of specialized discourse through categorization and conceptualization, thus determining the transformed metaphorical meaning of phrases becoming terminological units in the framework of a particular terminological system.","PeriodicalId":41240,"journal":{"name":"Fachsprache-Journal of Professional and Scientific Communication","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84395114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The problem we dwell upon is the role of metaphors in political forecasting. Political forecasting is a powerful means of manipulating the audience. Any political forecast is aimed not only at representing the best-case scenario and the worst-case scenario of the political situation, but also at conveying the emotional content of the forecast, as well as at influencing the addressee by manipulating with images of the future to achieve the ultimate goal of the producer of the text. We stress the crucial role of the political metaphor in structuring the text. It is the metaphor that organizes the content of the forecast both formally and conceptually. The article presents a piece of our approach to studying retrospective models of Russia’s future using the methods and tools of linguistic political prognostics. The material for the analysis is the XIX century American and British political discourses (1855–1881). The paper evaluates the prognostic potential of the dominant metaphorical models (PATH, DISEASE, CRIME and FAUNA), elicits the discursive factors that shape the usage and meanings of metaphors, demonstrates the interdependence between metaphors and the images they generate and emphasizes the role of the historical context in this process.
{"title":"Prognostic Potential of Political Metaphors","authors":"O. Solopova, A. Chudinov","doi":"10.24989/fs.v41is1.1765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24989/fs.v41is1.1765","url":null,"abstract":"The problem we dwell upon is the role of metaphors in political forecasting. Political forecasting is a powerful means of manipulating the audience. Any political forecast is aimed not only at representing the best-case scenario and the worst-case scenario of the political situation, but also at conveying the emotional content of the forecast, as well as at influencing the addressee by manipulating with images of the future to achieve the ultimate goal of the producer of the text. We stress the crucial role of the political metaphor in structuring the text. It is the metaphor that organizes the content of the forecast both formally and conceptually. The article presents a piece of our approach to studying retrospective models of Russia’s future using the methods and tools of linguistic political prognostics. The material for the analysis is the XIX century American and British political discourses (1855–1881). The paper evaluates the prognostic potential of the dominant metaphorical models (PATH, DISEASE, CRIME and FAUNA), elicits the discursive factors that shape the usage and meanings of metaphors, demonstrates the interdependence between metaphors and the images they generate and emphasizes the role of the historical context in this process.","PeriodicalId":41240,"journal":{"name":"Fachsprache-Journal of Professional and Scientific Communication","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85994063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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