Pub Date : 2022-05-26DOI: 10.1080/17597536.2022.2050983
V. Krivoshchekova
ABSTRACT Irish grammatical tradition, with its thoroughly bilingual mindset, was one of the most prolific in early medieval Europe. Bringing together vernacular and Hiberno-Latin texts from ca. 700–900, this article explores Irish grammarians’ approaches to the linguistic study of sound on various levels, from single phonemes to complete phonological units. It is argued that the combination of corporeal and incorporeal views of speech sound displayed in the sources resulted from the symbiosis of Stoic and Aristotelian philosophy of language. The innovative and transformative character of Irish grammarians’ work is explored through an analysis of vernacular terminology for phonetics and phonology. Abbreviations: eDIL: The Electronic Dictionary of Irish Language; GL: Grammatici Latini; LSJ: Liddell-Scott-Jones Greek-English Lexicon; PL: Patrologia Latina.
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Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1080/17597536.2022.2055960
Bernhard Bauer, V. Krivoshchekova
ABSTRACT This article investigates the links between a group of early medieval (ninth century) glossed copies of Priscian’s Institutiones grammaticae, including manuscripts from the Irish tradition as well as Carolingian manuscripts without overt Insular connections. The corpus comprises glosses on the chapter De uoce from eight manuscripts. Both Latin and Old Irish glosses are considered. The data is explored with a multi-disciplinary approach combining methodologies of network analysis, philology and intellectual history. At first, network analysis helps to establish overarching connections between the manuscripts based on their shared parallel glosses. These results are corroborated by a case-study of a pair of glosses which occurs across a number of manuscripts and whose origin can be traced back to Hiberno-Latin grammatical commentaries of the eighth and ninth centuries. Abbreviations: Ambros.: Ars Ambrosiana; Bern.: Ars Bernensis; Clem.: Clemens Scottus, Ars grammatica; DO: Donatus Ortigraphus, Ars grammatica; GL: Grammatici Latini; Laur.: Ars Laureshamensis; Mur.: Murethach, In Donati artem maiorem; Sed.: Sedulius Scottus, In Donati artem maiorem.
{"title":"Definitions, dialectic and Irish grammatical theory in Carolingian glosses on Priscian: a case study using a close and distant reading approach","authors":"Bernhard Bauer, V. Krivoshchekova","doi":"10.1080/17597536.2022.2055960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17597536.2022.2055960","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article investigates the links between a group of early medieval (ninth century) glossed copies of Priscian’s Institutiones grammaticae, including manuscripts from the Irish tradition as well as Carolingian manuscripts without overt Insular connections. The corpus comprises glosses on the chapter De uoce from eight manuscripts. Both Latin and Old Irish glosses are considered. The data is explored with a multi-disciplinary approach combining methodologies of network analysis, philology and intellectual history. At first, network analysis helps to establish overarching connections between the manuscripts based on their shared parallel glosses. These results are corroborated by a case-study of a pair of glosses which occurs across a number of manuscripts and whose origin can be traced back to Hiberno-Latin grammatical commentaries of the eighth and ninth centuries. Abbreviations: Ambros.: Ars Ambrosiana; Bern.: Ars Bernensis; Clem.: Clemens Scottus, Ars grammatica; DO: Donatus Ortigraphus, Ars grammatica; GL: Grammatici Latini; Laur.: Ars Laureshamensis; Mur.: Murethach, In Donati artem maiorem; Sed.: Sedulius Scottus, In Donati artem maiorem.","PeriodicalId":41504,"journal":{"name":"Language & History","volume":"65 1","pages":"85 - 112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47070519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-07DOI: 10.1080/17597536.2022.2058342
Mariarosaria Gianninoto
ABSTRACT An Introduction to Manchu (Qīngwén qǐméng 清文啟蒙, 1730) is one of late imperial China’s most important Manchu-Chinese bilingual primers. Its third chapter, entitled ‘The Manchu Empty Words and Grammatical Particles’, is devoted to grammatical description and uses Chinese linguistic categories and terminology to describe Manchu morphology. An Introduction to Manchu was used as a teaching tool for European learners of Chinese and Manchu. Both Wylie and Hoffman adopted a contrastive approach for their English and Italian translations of ‘The Manchu Empty Words and Grammatical Particles’, in which they added references to Western linguistic categories and comparisons with European languages (Latin, Greek, French, English, Italian). The result was a merging of linguistic paradigms and terminologies. After briefly introducing this bilingual primer, the present paper focuses on the Western translations and presentations of its third chapter. The adaptation of Western and Chinese linguistic categories and terminologies to the description of Manchu is an interesting case of the hybridisation of descriptive categories and the circulation of linguistic knowledge.
《满语导论》(q ī ngw qǐméng, 1730)是中国帝国晚期最重要的满汉双语入门读物之一。第三章“满语虚词和语法小品”，是对满语语法的描述，用汉语的语言范畴和术语来描述满语的词法。《满语概论》被用作欧洲汉语和满语学习者的教学工具。怀利和霍夫曼在他们的《满语空词和语法小品》的英、意翻译中都采用了对比的方法，他们在其中添加了西方语言类别的参考，并与欧洲语言(拉丁语、希腊语、法语、英语、意大利语)进行了比较。其结果是语言范式和术语的融合。在简要介绍了这本双语读本之后，本文重点介绍了第三章的西方翻译和介绍。西方和中国的语言范畴和术语对满语描述的适应是描述范畴混合和语言知识流通的一个有趣的例子。
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Pub Date : 2022-01-31DOI: 10.1080/17597536.2022.2026701
P. Russell
The episode in Chaucer’s Miller’s Tale when Alisoun permits Absolon to kiss some private part of her anatomy through the privy window is well known. His exclamation, ‘Fy! Allas!’ and her response ‘Tee-hee’ before slamming the window shut forms the subject of one of the central chapters of this volume on the pragmatics of medieval language and literature. It explores the history of medieval pragmatic theory and metapragmatic awareness across social discourses through a series of fascinating inter-related case-studies within a broadly Bakhtinian framework, engaging with cultural discourse analysis and conversational theory.
{"title":"The medieval life of language: grammar and pragmatics from Bacon to Kempe","authors":"P. Russell","doi":"10.1080/17597536.2022.2026701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17597536.2022.2026701","url":null,"abstract":"The episode in Chaucer’s Miller’s Tale when Alisoun permits Absolon to kiss some private part of her anatomy through the privy window is well known. His exclamation, ‘Fy! Allas!’ and her response ‘Tee-hee’ before slamming the window shut forms the subject of one of the central chapters of this volume on the pragmatics of medieval language and literature. It explores the history of medieval pragmatic theory and metapragmatic awareness across social discourses through a series of fascinating inter-related case-studies within a broadly Bakhtinian framework, engaging with cultural discourse analysis and conversational theory.","PeriodicalId":41504,"journal":{"name":"Language & History","volume":"65 1","pages":"148 - 149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41679792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-10DOI: 10.1080/17597536.2021.2022324
R. Phillipson
This is a complex, well-written book. The opening chapter is on political economy, followed by four chapters on the way capitalism has functioned in successive historical periods. In each of these John O’Regan (JOR) notes how English progressively became the supreme language of global power through exploring the dovetailing of political economy and language policy. The narrative integrates evidence from all continents of the synergies between corporate and government initiatives that consolidated the Anglo-American prestige variant of what JOR terms capital-centric English. In the first part of this review article I will present the principal ideas of each chapter, following which I suggest additional dimensions of how the globalisation of English was undertaken.
{"title":"Explaining the foundations of global English. A review article on Global English and political economy, by John O’Regan (Routledge 2021)","authors":"R. Phillipson","doi":"10.1080/17597536.2021.2022324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17597536.2021.2022324","url":null,"abstract":"This is a complex, well-written book. The opening chapter is on political economy, followed by four chapters on the way capitalism has functioned in successive historical periods. In each of these John O’Regan (JOR) notes how English progressively became the supreme language of global power through exploring the dovetailing of political economy and language policy. The narrative integrates evidence from all continents of the synergies between corporate and government initiatives that consolidated the Anglo-American prestige variant of what JOR terms capital-centric English. In the first part of this review article I will present the principal ideas of each chapter, following which I suggest additional dimensions of how the globalisation of English was undertaken.","PeriodicalId":41504,"journal":{"name":"Language & History","volume":"65 1","pages":"150 - 159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43604826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17597536.2021.2011563
Marten van der Meulen, G. Rutten
ABSTRACT In 1847, one of the first professors of Dutch, Matthijs Siegenbeek (1774–1854), published a purist word list entitled Lijst van woorden en uitdrukkingen met het Nederlandsch taaleigen strijdende, ‘List of words and expressions at odds with the nature of Dutch’. In this pamphlet, he condemned a variety of loanwords and loan translations. Siegenbeek refers regularly to the usage of disapproved variants, employing a variety of quantifiers and sociolinguistic references. How well such statements reflect the linguistic reality, however, is a contentious issue in studies of prescriptivism. In this paper, we study Siegenbeek’s pronouncements about usage against the backdrop of Curzan’s concept of restorative prescriptivism. By studying the use of different types of quantifiers, and matching these to a text collection of historical fiction from the time, we show that Siegenbeek’s statements about usage miss the mark for most specific variables. However, when we look at the average usage frequency, we see that as frequency terms increase in strength, so do the number of condemned variants, both for relative frequency and absolute frequency. Based on these results, we argue for a re-evaluation of the relationship between prescriptivism and usage, and a reappreciation of prescriptivists’ frequency judgements.
1847年，荷兰语最早的教授之一西根贝克(Matthijs Siegenbeek, 1774-1854)出版了一份纯粹主义词汇表，名为《Lijst van woden en uitdrukkingen met et Nederlandsch taaleigen strijdende》，即《与荷兰语性质不一致的词汇表》。在这本小册子中，他谴责了各种各样的外来词和外借翻译。Siegenbeek经常提到不被认可的变体的使用，使用各种量词和社会语言学参考。然而，这些陈述在多大程度上反映了语言的现实，是规范主义研究中一个有争议的问题。在本文中，我们在柯赞的恢复性规定主义概念的背景下研究了西根贝克关于用法的声明。通过研究不同类型的量词的使用，并将其与当时的历史小说文本集相匹配，我们发现Siegenbeek关于用法的陈述在大多数特定变量上都没有达到目标。然而，当我们观察平均使用频率时，我们发现随着频率项的强度增加，被谴责的变体的数量也在增加，无论是相对频率还是绝对频率。基于这些结果，我们主张重新评估规范主义与用法之间的关系，并重新评价规范主义者的频率判断。
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Pub Date : 2021-09-16DOI: 10.1080/17597536.2021.1974719
J. Subbiondo
ABSTRACT Henry Sweet (1845–1912) defined a philosophical grammar (which he referred to as philosophical, general and universal grammar) as a grammar ‘not concerned with the details of one special language or family of languages, but with the general principles that underlie the grammatical phenomena of all languages’ (1892: 3). His philosophical grammar, compared to the comparative philological grammars that dominated the nineteenth century, was not only far more expansive and inclusive, but it also reflected Sweet’s unique integration of practical and theoretical grammars. This paper focuses on Sweet’s philosophical grammar from its introduction in ‘Words, Logic, and Grammar’ (1876) to its role in A New English Grammar (1892) and The History of Language (1900a).
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Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/17597536.2021.1996086
María José Corvo Sánchez
ABSTRACT This article seeks to draw attention to the particular situation regarding knowledge of the Grammar–Translation Method (GTM), or lack thereof, which still dominates a great part of the teaching and research scenes. Considering mainly what has been published in Spanish, it provides answers to the questions outlined in its title. To that end, it briefly addresses some aspects covered by research on the GTM which show how imprecise knowledge of this method can be. It focuses then on the teaching scene in Spain regarding the GTM in the context of a history of the methods. Its aim is to refute the belief presented in many academic forums by those who still assume that the History of Foreign Language Teaching and Learning begins with the GTM and summarise it as a history of the methods used to teach mainly grammatical contents.
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Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/17597536.2021.1996084
F. Klippel, Rolf Kemmler
ABSTRACT Considering the most significant international historical research on the history of language learning and teaching since the 1850s as a starting point, this paper builds on the four contributions to this special issue of Language & History to situate the two historical language teaching methods known as the Reform Method and the Grammar-Translation Method in more detail. Before introducing the origins of the Reform Method, the aims and approaches of these two methods are first considered. Then, based on the secondary literature, a brief investigation is made into the possible origins of the German term ‘Grammatik-Übersetzungsmethode’ and the English equivalent ’Grammar-TranslationMethod’, respectively. Finally, the question of whether the Reform Movement can be considered a success or a failure with respect to the dissemination of oral competencies is addressed.
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Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/17597536.2021.1996087
Simon Coffey
ABSTRACT The Reform Movement has often been framed as a “[…] remarkable display of international and interdisciplinary co-operation […]” (Howatt 1984: 169), yet adoption of the Movement’s core principle that “[…] the spoken language should be emphasized […]” (Howatt and Smith 2002: ix) met with considerable opposition in the teaching of modern languages in English schools and universities. In this paper I consider how the aims of the Reform were circulated and debated in England through the newly established professional fora of conferences and journals and I examine these aims against the discursive and structural formations that inhibited the adoption of Reform methods. In particular, I focus on the cultural belief that ‘speaking’ foreign languages was ”[…] unmanly, even unpatriotic” (Bayley 1998: 56; Cohen 2003) and on the concomitant institutional bias against native-speakers (McLelland 2018) as the teaching profession anglicized at the end of the 19th century (Radford 1985), consciously seeking to match the prestige of the classics through emphasizing modern languages as a liberal rather than a utilitarian discipline.
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