Pub Date : 2017-11-01DOI: 10.21866/ESJEAS.2017.17.2.006
H. Bae
ABSTRACT:In the nineteenth century, people in China, Korea, and Japan actively participated in popular protests. The rebellions in those countries had much in common, but one of the most striking differences is the degree of violence inflicted by these popular movements on their opponents. Chinese popular rebels were much more likely to kill or injure others than their counterparts in Korea and Japan. Such differences seem to be closely associated with the question of whether the rebel forces fought due to conflicting interests within the polity, or were seeking to build a new kingdom by pursuing a newly-risen religion while rejecting the existing ruling system and ideology that legitimized it. This paper will examine how the rebel forces based the legitimacy of their actions in relation to each country's "political culture." While popular movements in the West or the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom were based on the idea that God was more powerful than the secular ruler, popular movements in Korea or Japan did not have a transcendent source of authority that was superior to the monarch. This paper argues that this made a crucial difference to how people thought and behaved, influencing the degree of violence they employed.
{"title":"Popular Movements and Violence in East Asia in the Nineteenth Century: Comparing the Ideological Foundations of their Legitimation","authors":"H. Bae","doi":"10.21866/ESJEAS.2017.17.2.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21866/ESJEAS.2017.17.2.006","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:In the nineteenth century, people in China, Korea, and Japan actively participated in popular protests. The rebellions in those countries had much in common, but one of the most striking differences is the degree of violence inflicted by these popular movements on their opponents. Chinese popular rebels were much more likely to kill or injure others than their counterparts in Korea and Japan. Such differences seem to be closely associated with the question of whether the rebel forces fought due to conflicting interests within the polity, or were seeking to build a new kingdom by pursuing a newly-risen religion while rejecting the existing ruling system and ideology that legitimized it. This paper will examine how the rebel forces based the legitimacy of their actions in relation to each country's \"political culture.\" While popular movements in the West or the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom were based on the idea that God was more powerful than the secular ruler, popular movements in Korea or Japan did not have a transcendent source of authority that was superior to the monarch. This paper argues that this made a crucial difference to how people thought and behaved, influencing the degree of violence they employed.","PeriodicalId":41529,"journal":{"name":"Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46917888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-01DOI: 10.21866/ESJEAS.2017.17.1.002
Hyeokhui Kwon
ABSTRACT:This paper examines Japanese exhibitions of Korean people and culture at the Anthropological Pavilion of the Fifth National Industrial Exposition held in Osaka in 1903 and the Crystal Pavilion of the Tokyo Industrial Exposition of 1907. These two exhibitions represent the discourse on social Darwinism in Northeast Asia before Korea's colonization by Japan. In particular, the responses of Korean intellectuals in these displays reveal complicated discourses, including the ideals of "Solidarity among the Northeastern countries" and loyalty among those of a "Common Race and Common Culture" in Northeast Asia and the outpouring of patriotic nationalism for resistance to Japan. In the end their response to the exhibitions can be seen as a portrait of Korean intellectuals who, after hoping for strategic solidarity among members of the yellow race, turned instead to nationalism.
{"title":"An Analysis of Korean Intellectual Responses to the Exhibition of Koreans at Japanese Expositions: Nationalism and the Discourse on Northeast Asian Solidarity at the Turn of the Century","authors":"Hyeokhui Kwon","doi":"10.21866/ESJEAS.2017.17.1.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21866/ESJEAS.2017.17.1.002","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:This paper examines Japanese exhibitions of Korean people and culture at the Anthropological Pavilion of the Fifth National Industrial Exposition held in Osaka in 1903 and the Crystal Pavilion of the Tokyo Industrial Exposition of 1907. These two exhibitions represent the discourse on social Darwinism in Northeast Asia before Korea's colonization by Japan. In particular, the responses of Korean intellectuals in these displays reveal complicated discourses, including the ideals of \"Solidarity among the Northeastern countries\" and loyalty among those of a \"Common Race and Common Culture\" in Northeast Asia and the outpouring of patriotic nationalism for resistance to Japan. In the end their response to the exhibitions can be seen as a portrait of Korean intellectuals who, after hoping for strategic solidarity among members of the yellow race, turned instead to nationalism.","PeriodicalId":41529,"journal":{"name":"Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41837063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-01DOI: 10.21866/ESJEAS.2017.17.1.001
K. Doak
Tanaka Kōtarō 田中耕太郎 (1890–1974) was one of the most important jurists of modern Japan. A widely travelled globalist intellectual, he is generally seen as culturally oriented toward the West. Yet his own contribution to international jurisprudence, his theory of World Law, is essentially globalist and critical of the Western imperialism implicit in the dominant strain of modern international law. In spite of the globalist implications of Tanaka's jurisprudence, there has been no attention to his relationship with Korea. This paper pioneers a study of Tanaka and Korea, focusing on two visits he made there in 1932 and in 1943. Outlining Tanaka's key ideas on world law and the Natural Law, the subjects of lectures he gave at Keijō Imperial University, it raises the question about whether Tanaka might have influenced faculty and students of law at Keijō Imperial University and possibly laid the groundwork for Korea's greatest Natural Law theorist Hwang Sandŏk 黃山德 (1917–1989). It also introduces, through Tanaka's ideas on World Law, an alternative to the "colonialist/nationalist" paradigm that influences much of historical writing about the Korean-Japanese historical relationship.
{"title":"Tanaka Kōtarō, Korea, and the Natural Law","authors":"K. Doak","doi":"10.21866/ESJEAS.2017.17.1.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21866/ESJEAS.2017.17.1.001","url":null,"abstract":"Tanaka Kōtarō 田中耕太郎 (1890–1974) was one of the most important jurists of modern Japan. A widely travelled globalist intellectual, he is generally seen as culturally oriented toward the West. Yet his own contribution to international jurisprudence, his theory of World Law, is essentially globalist and critical of the Western imperialism implicit in the dominant strain of modern international law. In spite of the globalist implications of Tanaka's jurisprudence, there has been no attention to his relationship with Korea. This paper pioneers a study of Tanaka and Korea, focusing on two visits he made there in 1932 and in 1943. Outlining Tanaka's key ideas on world law and the Natural Law, the subjects of lectures he gave at Keijō Imperial University, it raises the question about whether Tanaka might have influenced faculty and students of law at Keijō Imperial University and possibly laid the groundwork for Korea's greatest Natural Law theorist Hwang Sandŏk 黃山德 (1917–1989). It also introduces, through Tanaka's ideas on World Law, an alternative to the \"colonialist/nationalist\" paradigm that influences much of historical writing about the Korean-Japanese historical relationship.","PeriodicalId":41529,"journal":{"name":"Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46034153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-01DOI: 10.21866/ESJEAS.2017.17.1.004
Christina Han
ABSTRACT:This paper examines the postwar commemoration of No In (1566–1622), a scholar and militia leader during the Imjin War, who was captured and taken to Japan, escaped to China, returned home after three years of adventures and hardship, and lived the remainder of his life as a military official and a Neo-Confucian scholar. No's memory was revived in the eighteenth century by his descendants, who appealed to the state to honor him as a hero who had been forgotten due to unfortunate circumstances in his later life. By comparing No's own accounts in his wartime diary with later biographies, this paper reveals that some important details in No's life that contradicted the biographers' visions of the hero were excluded in later commemorative biographies. The evolution and expansion of No In's biographies in post-Imjin War Chosŏn demonstrates the tensions and collaborations between the Hamp'yŏng No lineage, the elites of Honam, and the Chosŏn state, all three of which sought to increase and exercise their power and influence through their claimed connection to No In.
{"title":"A Scholar-Soldier in Mourning Robes: The Politics of Remembering Imjin War Hero No In (1566–1622)","authors":"Christina Han","doi":"10.21866/ESJEAS.2017.17.1.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21866/ESJEAS.2017.17.1.004","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:This paper examines the postwar commemoration of No In (1566–1622), a scholar and militia leader during the Imjin War, who was captured and taken to Japan, escaped to China, returned home after three years of adventures and hardship, and lived the remainder of his life as a military official and a Neo-Confucian scholar. No's memory was revived in the eighteenth century by his descendants, who appealed to the state to honor him as a hero who had been forgotten due to unfortunate circumstances in his later life. By comparing No's own accounts in his wartime diary with later biographies, this paper reveals that some important details in No's life that contradicted the biographers' visions of the hero were excluded in later commemorative biographies. The evolution and expansion of No In's biographies in post-Imjin War Chosŏn demonstrates the tensions and collaborations between the Hamp'yŏng No lineage, the elites of Honam, and the Chosŏn state, all three of which sought to increase and exercise their power and influence through their claimed connection to No In.","PeriodicalId":41529,"journal":{"name":"Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45186922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-01DOI: 10.21866/esjeas.2017.17.1.007
Cheolbae Son
{"title":"In the Service of His Korean Majesty: William Nelson Lovatt, the Pusan Customs, and Sino-Korea Relations, 1876–1888 by Wayne Patterson (review)","authors":"Cheolbae Son","doi":"10.21866/esjeas.2017.17.1.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21866/esjeas.2017.17.1.007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41529,"journal":{"name":"Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45539547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-01DOI: 10.21866/ESJEAS.2017.17.1.003
Fei Chen
ABSTRACT:In 1862 the Qing government established the Tongwen Guan 同文館 (School of Combined Learning), a foreign language school in Beijing. This well-financed school adopted a series of admissions reforms to recruit intellectually promising students. It also developed a comprehensive curriculum, which included language study and modern science. Despite these efforts, it failed to supply specialists in either foreign affairs or science and engineering for China's modernization. Scholarship has attributed the failure of the school to the hostility of Chinese literati toward the West and their contempt for science and technology, but an in-depth discussion of the structure and actual operation of the school is lacking, meaning that other possible causes for its failure have not been adequately investigated. This article therefore takes an institutionalist view to uncover the internal factors leading to the school's failure and argues that the promising effect of the educational reforms was largely constrained by the school's institutional weakness.
{"title":"Negotiating for Modern Education: The Politics behind the Curriculum and Admissions Reforms at the Tongwen Guan","authors":"Fei Chen","doi":"10.21866/ESJEAS.2017.17.1.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21866/ESJEAS.2017.17.1.003","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:In 1862 the Qing government established the Tongwen Guan 同文館 (School of Combined Learning), a foreign language school in Beijing. This well-financed school adopted a series of admissions reforms to recruit intellectually promising students. It also developed a comprehensive curriculum, which included language study and modern science. Despite these efforts, it failed to supply specialists in either foreign affairs or science and engineering for China's modernization. Scholarship has attributed the failure of the school to the hostility of Chinese literati toward the West and their contempt for science and technology, but an in-depth discussion of the structure and actual operation of the school is lacking, meaning that other possible causes for its failure have not been adequately investigated. This article therefore takes an institutionalist view to uncover the internal factors leading to the school's failure and argues that the promising effect of the educational reforms was largely constrained by the school's institutional weakness.","PeriodicalId":41529,"journal":{"name":"Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44877443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-01DOI: 10.21866/ESJEAS.2017.17.1.006
Dafna Zur
{"title":"Translation's Forgotten History: Russian Literature, Japanese Mediation, and the Formation of Modern Korean Literature by Heekyoung Cho (review)","authors":"Dafna Zur","doi":"10.21866/ESJEAS.2017.17.1.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21866/ESJEAS.2017.17.1.006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41529,"journal":{"name":"Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44453207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-01DOI: 10.21866/ESJEAS.2017.17.1.005
Javier Cha
One of the major themes in the history of early modern Korea are the ways sajok 士族 aristocrats responded to the peculiar lack of de jure protection of social status (Deuchler 2015a, 397). In Chosŏn (1392–1910), aristocratic status depended on the prestige attached to service in yangban officialdom—that is, the civil and military branches of the central bureaucracy. For an aristocratic house to be recognized as such, at least one male heir had to pass the competitive high-level civil or military examinations and be appointed to one of the eighteen ranks of yangban offices. Before the late sixteenth century, a relatively open regime allowed some upward mobility and the flow of provincials into the capital. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, however, local sajok aristocrats faced severely limited access to central yangban offices and thus devised alternative strategies of status retention. They created associations and rosters that excluded outsiders, for example, and promoted ideological and cultural activities that distinguished the local sajok from the common folk. Martina Deuchler’s Under the Ancestors’ Eyes: Kinship, Status, and Locality in Premodern Korea examines this historical process in relation to the persistence of what she calls “kinship ideology” in premodern Korea. To an extent, this book continues to explore the societal impact of what she refers to interchangeably as “Confucian,” “patrilineal descent,” and “agnatic” ideology in her 1992 work The Confucian Transformation of Korea: A Study of Society and Ideology. The notion of “kinship ideology” is an extension of this perspective. Deuchler holds that the Korean reading of Confucian philosophy and ritual canon—putatively stricter and more literal than the Chinese reading—provided sajok aristocrats with a powerful means of defending the local and regional status quo. The ideological restructuring of sajok households according to the principles of patrilineal organization allocated extra material resources to the main heir for ritual obligations, abolished uxorilocal marriage, and excluded women from inheritance, among other changes. Such cultural practices added another layer of social distinction at a time when the sajok Javier CHA Leiden University The Dynamics of Elite Domination in Early Modern Korea (Review Essay)
近代早期韩国历史的一个主要主题是世族贵族如何应对社会地位缺乏法律保护的特殊情况(Deuchler 2015a, 397)。在Chosŏn(1392-1910)时期，贵族的地位取决于在官场(即中央官僚机构的文武部门)服务所附带的声望。一个贵族家族要被承认为这样的家族，至少有一名男性继承人必须通过竞争激烈的高级文武考试，并被任命为十八级阳班办公室之一。在16世纪晚期之前，相对开放的制度允许一些向上流动和外省人口流入首都。然而，在17世纪和18世纪，地方赛约克贵族面临进入中央阳班办公室的严重限制，因此制定了保留地位的替代策略。例如，他们建立了排斥外来者的协会和名册，并促进了将当地萨约克与普通人区分开来的思想和文化活动。Martina Deuchler的《在祖先的眼皮下:前现代朝鲜的亲属关系、地位和地域》考察了这一历史进程，并将其与她所谓的“亲属意识形态”在前现代朝鲜的持续存在联系起来。在某种程度上，这本书继续探讨了她在1992年的著作《韩国的儒家转型:社会与意识形态研究》中交替提到的“儒家”、“父系血统”和“宗教性”意识形态的社会影响。“亲属意识形态”的概念是这一观点的延伸。Deuchler认为，韩国人对儒家哲学和仪式的解读——假定比中国的解读更严格、更字面化——为萨约克贵族提供了捍卫地方和地区现状的有力手段。根据父系组织原则对沙族家庭进行了思想上的重组，为主要继承人分配了额外的物质资源，以履行仪式义务，废除了外地婚姻，并将妇女排除在继承权之外，以及其他变化。这样的文化习俗在当时又增加了一层社会区别，当时的sajok Javier CHA莱顿大学。近代早期韩国精英统治的动态(评论文章)
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