This special issue of IJIA focuses on the impact of the current climate crisis on built environments in the Islamic world. Covering a diverse number of chronological and geographical contexts, the articles herein consider the effects of climate change on structured landscapes through the lenses of material, design, and architectural practice. They also address the numerous cultural, sociopolitical, and economic discourses that inform the ways in which societies over time and space have solved the complex problems of living in a climatically unstable world. Utilizing architectures of the past, present, and future as spaces of discussion, this special issue highlights the complexities of living in conditions of climatic precarity. In doing so, it demonstrates that built environments can provide important discursive terrains in the Islamic world for understanding the interconnected nature of concepts like ‘climate’, ‘nature’, and ‘environment’ as contextually specific ideas that reflect individual, climate-informed identities.
{"title":"Theorizing Climate Change and the Built Environment in the Islamic World","authors":"Michelle Apotsos","doi":"10.1386/ijia_00142_2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ijia_00142_2","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This special issue of IJIA focuses on the impact of the current climate crisis on built environments in the Islamic world. Covering a diverse number of chronological and geographical contexts, the articles herein consider the effects of climate change on structured landscapes through the lenses of material, design, and architectural practice. They also address the numerous cultural, sociopolitical, and economic discourses that inform the ways in which societies over time and space have solved the complex problems of living in a climatically unstable world. Utilizing architectures of the past, present, and future as spaces of discussion, this special issue highlights the complexities of living in conditions of climatic precarity. In doing so, it demonstrates that built environments can provide important discursive terrains in the Islamic world for understanding the interconnected nature of concepts like ‘climate’, ‘nature’, and ‘environment’ as contextually specific ideas that reflect individual, climate-informed identities.\u0000","PeriodicalId":41944,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Islamic Architecture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141694219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The construction of the Yeni Valide Mosque complex, located on the northern edge of Istanbul’s historical peninsula in the district of Eminönü, began in 1597 under the patronage of Sultan Mehmed III’s mother Safiye Sultan. The project was halted abruptly in 1603 at the foundation phase and stood dormant for almost six decades. Between 1661 and 1663, another royal woman patron, Valide Hatice Turhan, supported the revision and completion of the project. Although scholars have long examined the construction process, architecture, and decoration of the project in detail, I reevaluate our knowledge of the monument based on recent scientific discoveries regarding the climate change phenomenon known as the ‘Little Ice Age’, which reached its peak in the seventeenth century. As we address another major climate change event today, this study provides insight into our understanding of the social, cultural, and historical impacts of such dramatic changes to climate conditions on architectural projects and urban dynamics in the Ottoman Empire.
{"title":"The Last Grand Külliye of Istanbul: The Yeni Valide Mosque Complex and the Little Ice Age","authors":"Onur Öztürk","doi":"10.1386/ijia_00144_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ijia_00144_1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The construction of the Yeni Valide Mosque complex, located on the northern edge of Istanbul’s historical peninsula in the district of Eminönü, began in 1597 under the patronage of Sultan Mehmed III’s mother Safiye Sultan. The project was halted abruptly in 1603 at the foundation phase and stood dormant for almost six decades. Between 1661 and 1663, another royal woman patron, Valide Hatice Turhan, supported the revision and completion of the project. Although scholars have long examined the construction process, architecture, and decoration of the project in detail, I reevaluate our knowledge of the monument based on recent scientific discoveries regarding the climate change phenomenon known as the ‘Little Ice Age’, which reached its peak in the seventeenth century. As we address another major climate change event today, this study provides insight into our understanding of the social, cultural, and historical impacts of such dramatic changes to climate conditions on architectural projects and urban dynamics in the Ottoman Empire.\u0000","PeriodicalId":41944,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Islamic Architecture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141702117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As part of an indigenous building movement in the Global South, the United Nations published two books by Egyptian architect Hassan Fathy (1900–89): one on building ‘for the poor’ and the other on passive cooling in vernacular architecture from hot environments. Using his correspondence, reports, designs, published writings, and built forms, this article tracks Fathy’s changing use of a crucial technique, mud-brick vaulting, that he learned in Nubia, an area of Egypt’s arid south largely destroyed by dams in the twentieth century. I show how Fathy mined Nubia rhetorically and materially to use, and later attempt to copyright, its residents’ ‘instinctive’ skills for living in hot arid lands. Over time, Fathy’s appropriations helped to transform Nubia’s vernacular morphology into a universal commons of desert and ‘Islamic’ forms, which enabled him to expand the geographic scope of his practice into the Arabian Peninsula in Oman and Saudi Arabia and into the southwestern United States.
{"title":"‘Architectural Design for Procuring Thermal Comfort’: Hassan Fathy, Nubia, and Desert Building","authors":"Nancy Y. Reynolds","doi":"10.1386/ijia_00145_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ijia_00145_1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 As part of an indigenous building movement in the Global South, the United Nations published two books by Egyptian architect Hassan Fathy (1900–89): one on building ‘for the poor’ and the other on passive cooling in vernacular architecture from hot environments. Using his correspondence, reports, designs, published writings, and built forms, this article tracks Fathy’s changing use of a crucial technique, mud-brick vaulting, that he learned in Nubia, an area of Egypt’s arid south largely destroyed by dams in the twentieth century. I show how Fathy mined Nubia rhetorically and materially to use, and later attempt to copyright, its residents’ ‘instinctive’ skills for living in hot arid lands. Over time, Fathy’s appropriations helped to transform Nubia’s vernacular morphology into a universal commons of desert and ‘Islamic’ forms, which enabled him to expand the geographic scope of his practice into the Arabian Peninsula in Oman and Saudi Arabia and into the southwestern United States.\u0000","PeriodicalId":41944,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Islamic Architecture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141698368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Drawing the Line: On the Impossibility of Utopia","authors":"Ş. Yücel","doi":"10.1386/ijia_00136_7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ijia_00136_7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41944,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Islamic Architecture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139458226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The metropolis of Tehran presents the typical urban challenge of a historic city that has undergone several urban evolutions and faces a decline and loss of cultural heritage. This article illustrates how state-driven urban development plans have compromised the integration of cultural heritage and blurred the image of the city. Tehran has a wealth of cultural heritage sites that call for exploring alternative approaches to urban development and regeneration. In response to this critical inquiry, a design intervention is proposed to consolidate cultural heritage within the planning framework and socio-economic development of the city. The design proposes activating and integrating sites of cultural heritage into the cityscape by presenting cultural heritage as a catalyst for urban regeneration. This can foster an inclusive historical narrative, and strengthen the city’s imageability.
{"title":"Cultural Heritage-Led Regeneration of Historic Cities: A Strategic Intervention for the Metropolis of Tehran","authors":"Najmeh H. Viki, Howayda Al-Harithy","doi":"10.1386/ijia_00134_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ijia_00134_1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The metropolis of Tehran presents the typical urban challenge of a historic city that has undergone several urban evolutions and faces a decline and loss of cultural heritage. This article illustrates how state-driven urban development plans have compromised the integration of cultural heritage and blurred the image of the city. Tehran has a wealth of cultural heritage sites that call for exploring alternative approaches to urban development and regeneration. In response to this critical inquiry, a design intervention is proposed to consolidate cultural heritage within the planning framework and socio-economic development of the city. The design proposes activating and integrating sites of cultural heritage into the cityscape by presenting cultural heritage as a catalyst for urban regeneration. This can foster an inclusive historical narrative, and strengthen the city’s imageability.\u0000","PeriodicalId":41944,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Islamic Architecture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139392649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The discovery of oil in Masjed Soleyman, Iran, in 1908 prompted the foundation of the British-owned Anglo Persian Oil Company (APOC), and the construction of a massive refinery in Abadan in the southwest. It also sparked astonishing industrial and urban development in the region. Within a span of fifty years following the discovery of oil, Abadan developed from a small tribal village to one of Iran’s major modern industrial cities. This study examines how the rapid modern transformation of Abadan under the management and control of APOC influenced the everyday lived experiences of the local population. As a typical colonial company town of the era, Abadan’s patterns of industrialization, urbanization, and modernization became archetypes for other oil cities in Iran and the Middle East. Shaped by dependence on a single commodity, the architecture and urban planning of Abadan reveals hierarchies of economic, social, and political domination. Using the oral histories of Iranians familiar with the period and the area, this research argues that early twentieth-century company towns in Iran such as Abadan served as rhetorical instruments, which foreign-owned companies and their hired architects and planners used to impose specific visions of modernity upon subaltern or indigenous populations.
{"title":"The Ambivalence of Urban Modernity and Marginality: The Making of Abadan Under the Anglo-Persian/Iranian Oil Company","authors":"Leila Saboori","doi":"10.1386/ijia_00133_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ijia_00133_1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The discovery of oil in Masjed Soleyman, Iran, in 1908 prompted the foundation of the British-owned Anglo Persian Oil Company (APOC), and the construction of a massive refinery in Abadan in the southwest. It also sparked astonishing industrial and urban development in the region. Within a span of fifty years following the discovery of oil, Abadan developed from a small tribal village to one of Iran’s major modern industrial cities. This study examines how the rapid modern transformation of Abadan under the management and control of APOC influenced the everyday lived experiences of the local population. As a typical colonial company town of the era, Abadan’s patterns of industrialization, urbanization, and modernization became archetypes for other oil cities in Iran and the Middle East. Shaped by dependence on a single commodity, the architecture and urban planning of Abadan reveals hierarchies of economic, social, and political domination. Using the oral histories of Iranians familiar with the period and the area, this research argues that early twentieth-century company towns in Iran such as Abadan served as rhetorical instruments, which foreign-owned companies and their hired architects and planners used to impose specific visions of modernity upon subaltern or indigenous populations.\u0000","PeriodicalId":41944,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Islamic Architecture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139395234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Review of: Archive Wars: The Politics of History in Saudi Arabia, Rosie Bsheer (2020) Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 416 pp., ISBN: 9781503612587, $30.00; open access (e-book) All Things Arabia: Arabian Identity and Material Culture, Ed. Ileana Baird and Hülya Yağcioğlu (2021) Leiden: Brill, 285 pp., 105 colour illus., ISBN: 9789004435926, $190.00 (hardback)
评论Archive Wars: The Politics of History in Saudi Arabia, Rosie Bsheer (2020) Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 416 pp：阿拉伯身份与物质文化》，Ed.Ileana Baird 和 Hülya Yağcioğlu (2021) Leiden: Brill, 285 pp.
{"title":"Archive Wars: The Politics of History in Saudi Arabia, Rosie Bsheer (2020)","authors":"Nora Elizabeth Barakat","doi":"10.1386/ijia_00137_5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ijia_00137_5","url":null,"abstract":"Review of: Archive Wars: The Politics of History in Saudi Arabia, Rosie Bsheer (2020)\u0000 Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 416 pp.,\u0000 ISBN: 9781503612587, $30.00; open access (e-book)\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 All Things Arabia: Arabian Identity and Material Culture, Ed. Ileana Baird and Hülya Yağcioğlu (2021)\u0000 Leiden: Brill, 285 pp., 105 colour illus.,\u0000 ISBN: 9789004435926, $190.00 (hardback)","PeriodicalId":41944,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Islamic Architecture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139395840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From Granada to Berlin: The Alhambra Cupola, Anna McSweeney (2020)","authors":"Sarah Slingluff","doi":"10.1386/ijia_00138_5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ijia_00138_5","url":null,"abstract":"Review of: From Granada to Berlin: The Alhambra Cupola, Anna McSweeney (2020)\u0000 Dortmund: Verlag Kettler, 193 pp., 77 colour illus.,\u0000 ISBN: 978-3-86206-831-9, £22.75 (paperback)","PeriodicalId":41944,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Islamic Architecture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139392726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Review of: Caliphs and Merchants: Cities and Economies of Power in the Near East (700–950), Fanny Bessard (2020) Oxford: Oxford University Press, 400 pp., 79 b&w and 31 colour illus., ISBN: 978-0-19885-582-8, $125 (hardback)
{"title":"Caliphs and Merchants: Cities and Economies of Power in the Near East (700–950), Fanny Bessard (2020)","authors":"Cecilia Palombo","doi":"10.1386/ijia_00140_5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ijia_00140_5","url":null,"abstract":"Review of: Caliphs and Merchants: Cities and Economies of Power in the Near East (700–950), Fanny Bessard (2020)\u0000 Oxford: Oxford University Press, 400 pp., 79 b&w and 31 colour illus.,\u0000 ISBN: 978-0-19885-582-8, $125 (hardback)","PeriodicalId":41944,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Islamic Architecture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139454525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the everyday adaptation practices of marginalized inhabitants in present-day Morocco as they respond to their urban domestic environments and resist recent slum relocation projects. We first address urban policies implemented during the French protectorate era (1912–56), many of which have continued to impact Moroccan cities in the twenty-first century. Our research emphasizes the inadequacy of current urban policies and architectural designs, as well as their incompatibility with inhabitants’ ways of living and spatial needs. We explore how different socio-spatial practices in traditional medina cities, shantytowns, and social housing complexes illustrate marginalized social groups’ adaptation to official policies and sociocultural changes. Acknowledging that the built environment expresses the beliefs, cultures, and social backgrounds of inhabitants, we aim to illustrate their ways of living through case studies of two marginalized communities in the Douar El-Garaa shantytown in Rabat and a social housing complex in the suburbs of Casablanca. Our findings identify socio-spatial appropriation and adaptation practices that are rooted in sociocultural habits codified by Islamic customs and other Moroccan cultural norms.
{"title":"Moroccan Sociocultural Practices of Space: Coping with Marginalization in Bidonvilles and Social Housing","authors":"M. Cheddadi, Hafsa Rifki","doi":"10.1386/ijia_00130_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ijia_00130_1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article examines the everyday adaptation practices of marginalized inhabitants in present-day Morocco as they respond to their urban domestic environments and resist recent slum relocation projects. We first address urban policies implemented during the French protectorate era (1912–56), many of which have continued to impact Moroccan cities in the twenty-first century. Our research emphasizes the inadequacy of current urban policies and architectural designs, as well as their incompatibility with inhabitants’ ways of living and spatial needs. We explore how different socio-spatial practices in traditional medina cities, shantytowns, and social housing complexes illustrate marginalized social groups’ adaptation to official policies and sociocultural changes. Acknowledging that the built environment expresses the beliefs, cultures, and social backgrounds of inhabitants, we aim to illustrate their ways of living through case studies of two marginalized communities in the Douar El-Garaa shantytown in Rabat and a social housing complex in the suburbs of Casablanca. Our findings identify socio-spatial appropriation and adaptation practices that are rooted in sociocultural habits codified by Islamic customs and other Moroccan cultural norms.\u0000","PeriodicalId":41944,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Islamic Architecture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139455320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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