Turkish architect Mualla Eyüboğlu’s career started at the Village Institutes, which were established in the early Republican period (1923–present) to meet Anatolian villages’ needs for modern educational development through hands-on training. As the head and instructor of the Construction Section in the Hasanoğlan Village Institute in 1942, Eyüboğlu worked all over Anatolia, thereby taking part in the construction of modern Turkey. Eyüboğlu’s role as a tutor, designer, and construction supervisor at these Village Institutes was closely linked to broader discussions of national architecture. Since records on this period’s construction processes are rare, this article considers Eyüboğlu’s pedagogical practice, vernacular approach, and criticism of national architecture in the 1940s through the use of Eyüboğlu’s diaries, professional and personal notes, and original drawings from her personal archive. We argue that, despite her position within the Turkish architectural intelligentsia, Eyüboğlu’s experiences with the difficult realities of rural sites led her to question formal training. She did this through her criticism of contemporary architectural and construction practices, which she felt were detached from the concerns and conditions of the villages. Through a hands-on approach to the construction of the Village Institutes, Eyüboğlu believed that national architecture could embrace the needs of people within their geographical and social contexts, as well as regional technological possibilities.
{"title":"Mualla Eyüboğlu’s Work in Village Institutes: A Hands-On Approach to National Architecture in 1940s Turkey","authors":"Işıl Çokuğraş, C. Gençer","doi":"10.1386/ijia_00097_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ijia_00097_1","url":null,"abstract":"Turkish architect Mualla Eyüboğlu’s career started at the Village Institutes, which were established in the early Republican period (1923–present) to meet Anatolian villages’ needs for modern educational development through hands-on training. As the head and instructor of the Construction Section in the Hasanoğlan Village Institute in 1942, Eyüboğlu worked all over Anatolia, thereby taking part in the construction of modern Turkey. Eyüboğlu’s role as a tutor, designer, and construction supervisor at these Village Institutes was closely linked to broader discussions of national architecture. Since records on this period’s construction processes are rare, this article considers Eyüboğlu’s pedagogical practice, vernacular approach, and criticism of national architecture in the 1940s through the use of Eyüboğlu’s diaries, professional and personal notes, and original drawings from her personal archive. We argue that, despite her position within the Turkish architectural intelligentsia, Eyüboğlu’s experiences with the difficult realities of rural sites led her to question formal training. She did this through her criticism of contemporary architectural and construction practices, which she felt were detached from the concerns and conditions of the villages. Through a hands-on approach to the construction of the Village Institutes, Eyüboğlu believed that national architecture could embrace the needs of people within their geographical and social contexts, as well as regional technological possibilities.","PeriodicalId":41944,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Islamic Architecture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42958076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 1868, the city of Tehran underwent a new phase of physical transformation and development under the order of the third Qajar king, Naser al-Din Shah (r.1848–96). This article addresses the process of the city’s transformations from the perspective of the local elites in Naseri Tehran, examining how Qajar officials introduced the city’s expansion to the public and the extent to which these efforts measured up to the urban development project as it actually unfolded on the ground. Rooted in primary visual and textual sources, my research provides a historical context for this expansion process and its mechanisms. I demonstrate that the Naseri court projected a vision for Tehran modelled on the rhetoric of European examples. The discourse of turning Tehran into a European-style city was articulated through court chronicles and newspaper articles, especially those written by Mohammad Hasan Khan E’temad al-Saltaneh, a prominent politician and commentator during the Naseri period. By analysing this archival record, maps, and the spatial practices of the city’s residents, I argue that, despite its ultimate formal resemblance to European walled cities, the process of Tehran’s expansion and beautification took a different direction than what Naser al-Din Shah and his court originally envisioned.
{"title":"From Vision to Reality: Tehran’s Urban Expansion Under Naser al-Din Shah (1848–96)","authors":"Samira Fathi","doi":"10.1386/ijia_00095_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ijia_00095_1","url":null,"abstract":"In 1868, the city of Tehran underwent a new phase of physical transformation and development under the order of the third Qajar king, Naser al-Din Shah (r.1848–96). This article addresses the process of the city’s transformations from the perspective of the local elites in Naseri Tehran, examining how Qajar officials introduced the city’s expansion to the public and the extent to which these efforts measured up to the urban development project as it actually unfolded on the ground. Rooted in primary visual and textual sources, my research provides a historical context for this expansion process and its mechanisms. I demonstrate that the Naseri court projected a vision for Tehran modelled on the rhetoric of European examples. The discourse of turning Tehran into a European-style city was articulated through court chronicles and newspaper articles, especially those written by Mohammad Hasan Khan E’temad al-Saltaneh, a prominent politician and commentator during the Naseri period. By analysing this archival record, maps, and the spatial practices of the city’s residents, I argue that, despite its ultimate formal resemblance to European walled cities, the process of Tehran’s expansion and beautification took a different direction than what Naser al-Din Shah and his court originally envisioned.","PeriodicalId":41944,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Islamic Architecture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43020047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Review of: Landed Internationals: Planning Cultures, the Academy and the Making of the Modern Middle East, Burak Erdim (2020) Austin: University of Texas Press, 308 pp., 56 b&w illus., ISBN: 9781477321218, $50 (cloth)
{"title":"Landed Internationals: Planning Cultures, the Academy and the Making of the Modern Middle East, Burak Erdim (2020)","authors":"Si̇bel Bozdoğan","doi":"10.1386/ijia_00108_5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ijia_00108_5","url":null,"abstract":"Review of: Landed Internationals: Planning Cultures, the Academy and the Making of the Modern Middle East, Burak Erdim (2020) Austin: University of Texas Press, 308 pp., 56 b&w illus., ISBN: 9781477321218, $50 (cloth)","PeriodicalId":41944,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Islamic Architecture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43740126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Which Ground Do Your Feet Touch? On the Metaverse, Image, and the Materiality of Architecture","authors":"Ş. Yücel","doi":"10.1386/ijia_00102_7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ijia_00102_7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41944,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Islamic Architecture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47418600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sinan (d.1588) is the most renowned architect of the Ottoman Empire. His buildings, located throughout the eastern Mediterranean, were central to a dynastic and religious architectural heritage that was inherited by a modern and secular Turkish nation state, established in 1923. This article examines how Sinan was refashioned as a national hero in the early decades of the Republic. It focuses on commemorations of Sinan and their major venue: his Süleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul. In my analysis of these commemorations, I draw on a wide and diverse array of primary source materials, including written, photographic, artistic, and other visual materials from the 1930s and 1940s that are located in official, semi-official, and other collections. By doing so, this article reveals how the variety of nationalist approaches to Sinan and his architecture coexisted and competed.
{"title":"Commemorations of Sinan: Creating a National Hero in Turkey in the 1930s","authors":"Ahmet Sezgin","doi":"10.1386/ijia_00096_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ijia_00096_1","url":null,"abstract":"Sinan (d.1588) is the most renowned architect of the Ottoman Empire. His buildings, located throughout the eastern Mediterranean, were central to a dynastic and religious architectural heritage that was inherited by a modern and secular Turkish nation state, established in 1923. This article examines how Sinan was refashioned as a national hero in the early decades of the Republic. It focuses on commemorations of Sinan and their major venue: his Süleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul. In my analysis of these commemorations, I draw on a wide and diverse array of primary source materials, including written, photographic, artistic, and other visual materials from the 1930s and 1940s that are located in official, semi-official, and other collections. By doing so, this article reveals how the variety of nationalist approaches to Sinan and his architecture coexisted and competed.","PeriodicalId":41944,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Islamic Architecture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43612983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ronald Lewcock (1929–2022): In Memory of a Mentor","authors":"M. Gharipour","doi":"10.1386/ijia_00112_7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ijia_00112_7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41944,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Islamic Architecture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44228112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Bagh-i Babur in Kabul is generally held to have been founded by Babur in 1504, when he made Kabul his home. A close examination of the Mughal sources, however, reveals a more complex picture. I suggest that, contrary to other Mughal funerary gardens, which were built by a single patron, the Bagh-i Babur was a dynastic project of several succeeding generations of Mughal emperors. It was incepted by Babur; preserved by his sons Mirza Kamran and Humayun, and his grandson Mirza Hakim, as an honoured burial site of the early Mughals; enclosed and transformed, as I suggest, into a grand terraced construction by Emperor Akbar; highlighted by Emperor Jahangir with dynastic inscriptions; and thoroughly renovated and enriched with buildings by Emperor Shah Jahan. After the Mughal era, the garden became a place of recreation for the people of Kabul, and at the end of the nineteenth century it was rehabilitated and appropriated as a residential pleasance by the Afghan kings, who shaped their reigns and concepts of kingship on Mughal models. After periods of unrest and destruction, the garden was reconstructed in the early twenty-first century and became a public park for the people of Kabul.
{"title":"The Garden of Babur in Kabul: A Dynastic Project of the Mughal Dynasty and Its Survival","authors":"E. Koch","doi":"10.1386/ijia_00094_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ijia_00094_1","url":null,"abstract":"The Bagh-i Babur in Kabul is generally held to have been founded by Babur in 1504, when he made Kabul his home. A close examination of the Mughal sources, however, reveals a more complex picture. I suggest that, contrary to other Mughal funerary gardens, which were built by a single patron, the Bagh-i Babur was a dynastic project of several succeeding generations of Mughal emperors. It was incepted by Babur; preserved by his sons Mirza Kamran and Humayun, and his grandson Mirza Hakim, as an honoured burial site of the early Mughals; enclosed and transformed, as I suggest, into a grand terraced construction by Emperor Akbar; highlighted by Emperor Jahangir with dynastic inscriptions; and thoroughly renovated and enriched with buildings by Emperor Shah Jahan. After the Mughal era, the garden became a place of recreation for the people of Kabul, and at the end of the nineteenth century it was rehabilitated and appropriated as a residential pleasance by the Afghan kings, who shaped their reigns and concepts of kingship on Mughal models. After periods of unrest and destruction, the garden was reconstructed in the early twenty-first century and became a public park for the people of Kabul.","PeriodicalId":41944,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Islamic Architecture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46919856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Architectural movements such as modernism, postmodernism, and deconstructivism emerged during the twentieth century. These movements drastically affected the discipline of architecture, with such divergences from traditional forms demonstrating how building design could be influenced by architectural history to guide its development. The College of Islamic Studies (CIS), also known as the Minartein, in Doha, Qatar, is an example of how architectural theory can affect building design and create structures that cater to different and novel ideas and philosophies. The unconventional, postmodern, parametric building creates a vital link that unites history, theory, and religion in a modernized form of the traditional Islamic madrasa. This article recounts how the architect, Ali Mangera, has realized the vision of originality, plurality, and contemporaneity through post-deconstructive architecture at the CIS. It also examines how architectural concepts such as abstraction, the juxtaposition of contradicting shapes and forms, surface manipulation and construction, massing techniques, non-rectilinearity, and fragmentation can all contribute to a better understanding of the symbolic significance of the building. The article demonstrates how the use of deconstructive methods for disassembling the architecture of famous madrasas may have influenced the architecture and design complexity of the building.
{"title":"The Rebirth of the Madrasa Through Deconstructive Architecture: The Case of the College of Islamic Studies in Qatar","authors":"Remah Y. Gharib","doi":"10.1386/ijia_00098_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ijia_00098_1","url":null,"abstract":"Architectural movements such as modernism, postmodernism, and deconstructivism emerged during the twentieth century. These movements drastically affected the discipline of architecture, with such divergences from traditional forms demonstrating how building design could be influenced by architectural history to guide its development. The College of Islamic Studies (CIS), also known as the Minartein, in Doha, Qatar, is an example of how architectural theory can affect building design and create structures that cater to different and novel ideas and philosophies. The unconventional, postmodern, parametric building creates a vital link that unites history, theory, and religion in a modernized form of the traditional Islamic madrasa. This article recounts how the architect, Ali Mangera, has realized the vision of originality, plurality, and contemporaneity through post-deconstructive architecture at the CIS. It also examines how architectural concepts such as abstraction, the juxtaposition of contradicting shapes and forms, surface manipulation and construction, massing techniques, non-rectilinearity, and fragmentation can all contribute to a better understanding of the symbolic significance of the building. The article demonstrates how the use of deconstructive methods for disassembling the architecture of famous madrasas may have influenced the architecture and design complexity of the building.","PeriodicalId":41944,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Islamic Architecture","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41412754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this paper is to identify the background of rapid urban development in Tebuireng, an area hosting one of the oldest and most well-known pesantren (Islamic boarding school) in Indonesia. Within less than a decade, Tebuireng has run into significant development to accommodate massive number of people visiting the area. We conduct numerous field observation, mappings and in-depth interview with related actors in the area. Content analysis method is carried out to figure out the objective of this research. The study found that faith, known as ‘Ngalap Barokah’ is the main basis for the process of city formation and determines how the urban actors utilize the urban space. Considering the huge numbers of Islam believers in Indonesia, it is important to understand the aspects of faith that affect the urban growth, especially in the cities dominated by Moslem population. Finally, the finding of this faith based morphological research is potentially contributed for the practice of Indonesian urban planning, especially for anticipating the city growth dominated by Moslem stake holders.
{"title":"The Role of ‘Ngalap Barokah’ in Rapid Urban Development: Case Study of Tebuireng, Jombang","authors":"Hanifa Fijriah, E. Ellisa","doi":"10.18860/jia.v7i2.16385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18860/jia.v7i2.16385","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to identify the background of rapid urban development in Tebuireng, an area hosting one of the oldest and most well-known pesantren (Islamic boarding school) in Indonesia. Within less than a decade, Tebuireng has run into significant development to accommodate massive number of people visiting the area. We conduct numerous field observation, mappings and in-depth interview with related actors in the area. Content analysis method is carried out to figure out the objective of this research. The study found that faith, known as ‘Ngalap Barokah’ is the main basis for the process of city formation and determines how the urban actors utilize the urban space. Considering the huge numbers of Islam believers in Indonesia, it is important to understand the aspects of faith that affect the urban growth, especially in the cities dominated by Moslem population. Finally, the finding of this faith based morphological research is potentially contributed for the practice of Indonesian urban planning, especially for anticipating the city growth dominated by Moslem stake holders.","PeriodicalId":41944,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Islamic Architecture","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75527429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The condition of the grand mosques in the Boyolali, Surakarta, and Karanganyar areas currently does not consider facilities that can accommodate people with disabilities. This study aims to improve the accessibility of mosque facili-ties and provide proposals for designing facilities that are accessible for mosque worshipers, including those with disabilities. The object of this re-search consists of several great mosques located in Boyolali, Surakarta, and Karanganyar. The accessible congregation is used to conduct access audits using a questionnaire to assess the level of accessibility as well as to deter-mine the priority of the selected mosque, and then design the mosque facili-ties using AutoCAD software concerning the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing No. 14 of 2017. The results of the congregation show that 4 mosques are not accessible and 1 mosque is less accessible. Based on the analysis, it shows that the Madaniyah Great Mosque located in Karanganyar was chosen to be the object of the proposed improve-ment because it has the highest accessibility index value and the current condition of the mosque is the most likely to be repaired, so that mosque facilities are accessible for people with disabilities. The proposal to improve facilities at the Great Madaniyah mosque is to provide a unique parking lot with a size of 5 m x 2.3 m, provide an incline with a slope of 5° and have handrails on both sides, provide two types of ablution places, namely with a seat and no seat, provide toilets equipped with kick plates, automatic hinges, panic buttons, and handrails; provide lifts with handles on all sides and a lift size of 120 cm x 230 cm; provide signs or signs in unique parking lots; add signposts; provide a particular prayer area and a special lane located close to the entrance to the prayer area.
{"title":"Evaluation and Design Accessibility of Mosque’s Facilities for People with Disabilities","authors":"Iksan Widiantoro Restu Aji, B. Suhardi, I. Iftadi","doi":"10.18860/jia.v7i2.17380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18860/jia.v7i2.17380","url":null,"abstract":"The condition of the grand mosques in the Boyolali, Surakarta, and Karanganyar areas currently does not consider facilities that can accommodate people with disabilities. This study aims to improve the accessibility of mosque facili-ties and provide proposals for designing facilities that are accessible for mosque worshipers, including those with disabilities. The object of this re-search consists of several great mosques located in Boyolali, Surakarta, and Karanganyar. The accessible congregation is used to conduct access audits using a questionnaire to assess the level of accessibility as well as to deter-mine the priority of the selected mosque, and then design the mosque facili-ties using AutoCAD software concerning the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing No. 14 of 2017. The results of the congregation show that 4 mosques are not accessible and 1 mosque is less accessible. Based on the analysis, it shows that the Madaniyah Great Mosque located in Karanganyar was chosen to be the object of the proposed improve-ment because it has the highest accessibility index value and the current condition of the mosque is the most likely to be repaired, so that mosque facilities are accessible for people with disabilities. The proposal to improve facilities at the Great Madaniyah mosque is to provide a unique parking lot with a size of 5 m x 2.3 m, provide an incline with a slope of 5° and have handrails on both sides, provide two types of ablution places, namely with a seat and no seat, provide toilets equipped with kick plates, automatic hinges, panic buttons, and handrails; provide lifts with handles on all sides and a lift size of 120 cm x 230 cm; provide signs or signs in unique parking lots; add signposts; provide a particular prayer area and a special lane located close to the entrance to the prayer area.","PeriodicalId":41944,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Islamic Architecture","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89613905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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