Pub Date : 2020-04-06DOI: 10.1177/0975087819898582
C. Kumar, Nalin Bharti
India and Africa have experienced the rapid expansion of bilateral trade during the last two decades. The India–Africa trade is understudied in general and in the agriculture sector. Very few considerable efforts have been made to study the agro-trade restrictions between both the economies. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to empirically identify the recent evidence of non-tariff measures (NTMs) imposed on the agro-products between India and Africa, which also work as non-tariff barriers. It is perceived that India being one of the frequent users of NTMs in the world poses many challenges for its trading partners. Based on the Revealed Trade Barrier (RTB) index, using 28 agro-products (HS-4 digit level), this paper assesses bilateral agro-trade barriers. The frequency index (Fi) and coverage ratio (Cr) were used to analyse the complex nature of NTMs. The study findings show that both trading partners imposed a wide range of NTMs on each other’s agro-products, which resulted in the discriminatory effects on trade. Comparatively, India has imposed the lesser number of NTMs on Africa’s agro-products. Despite the recent bilateral trade agreements between both the economies, trade barriers were frequently noticed. The paper suggests applying strategic trade policies and reduction of NTMs along with harmonisation of standards to flourish the bilateral agro-trade.
{"title":"Why NTM is a Challenge in Trade Relations? Evidence from India–Africa Agricultural Trade","authors":"C. Kumar, Nalin Bharti","doi":"10.1177/0975087819898582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0975087819898582","url":null,"abstract":"India and Africa have experienced the rapid expansion of bilateral trade during the last two decades. The India–Africa trade is understudied in general and in the agriculture sector. Very few considerable efforts have been made to study the agro-trade restrictions between both the economies. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to empirically identify the recent evidence of non-tariff measures (NTMs) imposed on the agro-products between India and Africa, which also work as non-tariff barriers. It is perceived that India being one of the frequent users of NTMs in the world poses many challenges for its trading partners. Based on the Revealed Trade Barrier (RTB) index, using 28 agro-products (HS-4 digit level), this paper assesses bilateral agro-trade barriers. The frequency index (Fi) and coverage ratio (Cr) were used to analyse the complex nature of NTMs. The study findings show that both trading partners imposed a wide range of NTMs on each other’s agro-products, which resulted in the discriminatory effects on trade. Comparatively, India has imposed the lesser number of NTMs on Africa’s agro-products. Despite the recent bilateral trade agreements between both the economies, trade barriers were frequently noticed. The paper suggests applying strategic trade policies and reduction of NTMs along with harmonisation of standards to flourish the bilateral agro-trade.","PeriodicalId":42199,"journal":{"name":"Insight on Africa","volume":"12 1","pages":"103 - 79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0975087819898582","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47490322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1177/0975087819899342
Yayew Genet Chekol
This paper aimed at investigating the rationalities, Challenges and prospects of Africa Union institutional reforms agendas. The paper has been analysed by using the documentary source of data. The institutional reforms of the African Union (AU) have gained significant prominence in recent years within the framework of promoting regional integration and strengthening the African collective action. Africa has witnessed significant changes over the past two decades on several fronts, which has made reforming the AU more urgent than ever before. The main attention of the institutional reform is its focus on key priorities with continental scope, realign AU institutions to deliver against those priorities, manage the AU efficiently at both political and operational levels and finance the AU ourselves and sustainably. However, having these focus areas with prospects, challenges facing the institutional reform agenda are prevailed and needs homogenous intervention amongst member State for real implementation of the AU reform.
{"title":"African Union Institutional Reform: Rationales, Challenges and Prospects","authors":"Yayew Genet Chekol","doi":"10.1177/0975087819899342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0975087819899342","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aimed at investigating the rationalities, Challenges and prospects of Africa Union institutional reforms agendas. The paper has been analysed by using the documentary source of data. The institutional reforms of the African Union (AU) have gained significant prominence in recent years within the framework of promoting regional integration and strengthening the African collective action. Africa has witnessed significant changes over the past two decades on several fronts, which has made reforming the AU more urgent than ever before. The main attention of the institutional reform is its focus on key priorities with continental scope, realign AU institutions to deliver against those priorities, manage the AU efficiently at both political and operational levels and finance the AU ourselves and sustainably. However, having these focus areas with prospects, challenges facing the institutional reform agenda are prevailed and needs homogenous intervention amongst member State for real implementation of the AU reform.","PeriodicalId":42199,"journal":{"name":"Insight on Africa","volume":"12 1","pages":"29 - 44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0975087819899342","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47424451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1177/0975087819899511
Jashobanta Pan
Tsega Etafa, The Origins of Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Politics and Violence in Darfur, Oromia, and the Tana Delta, African Histories and Modernities. Switzerland AG: Springer Nature, 2019, p. 271, Hardback, ISBN: 978-3-030-10539-6.
{"title":"Book review: Tsega Etafa, The Origins of Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Politics and Violence in Darfur, Oromia, and the Tana Delta, African Histories and Modernities","authors":"Jashobanta Pan","doi":"10.1177/0975087819899511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0975087819899511","url":null,"abstract":"Tsega Etafa, The Origins of Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Politics and Violence in Darfur, Oromia, and the Tana Delta, African Histories and Modernities. Switzerland AG: Springer Nature, 2019, p. 271, Hardback, ISBN: 978-3-030-10539-6.","PeriodicalId":42199,"journal":{"name":"Insight on Africa","volume":"12 1","pages":"68 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0975087819899511","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49475034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1177/0975087819848914
F. abdullah
This article discusses the application of the resource mobilisation theory (RMT) to clarify the activities of certain key socio-political movements in Egypt. It contends that the political movements in Egypt have utilised social networking sites (SNSs) as a tool for mobilising people and co-ordinating anti-regime activities. It deals with certain political groups prior to and throughout the revolution in Egypt, which played significant roles in recent political changes taking place in the country. This work confirmed that SNSs have become a crucial resource for political groups to bringing about collective and co-ordinated actions. Thus, the article elucidates the importance of RMT in the context of socio-political movements in Egypt and their subsequent influence by looking at the utilisation of social media throughout political uprisings in the country. As per the RMT, the SNSs could be used as a resource for promoting and succeeding anti-government political groups, which subsequently ended the regime.
{"title":"Revolution in Egypt: Political Movements and Mobilisation of Resources","authors":"F. abdullah","doi":"10.1177/0975087819848914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0975087819848914","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the application of the resource mobilisation theory (RMT) to clarify the activities of certain key socio-political movements in Egypt. It contends that the political movements in Egypt have utilised social networking sites (SNSs) as a tool for mobilising people and co-ordinating anti-regime activities. It deals with certain political groups prior to and throughout the revolution in Egypt, which played significant roles in recent political changes taking place in the country. This work confirmed that SNSs have become a crucial resource for political groups to bringing about collective and co-ordinated actions. Thus, the article elucidates the importance of RMT in the context of socio-political movements in Egypt and their subsequent influence by looking at the utilisation of social media throughout political uprisings in the country. As per the RMT, the SNSs could be used as a resource for promoting and succeeding anti-government political groups, which subsequently ended the regime.","PeriodicalId":42199,"journal":{"name":"Insight on Africa","volume":"12 1","pages":"28 - 7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0975087819848914","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47958585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1177/0975087819898581
Catherine Kuamoah
Over recent years, few areas of international development research have seen as much transformation as those relating to energy access and low carbon transitions. Ghana, amongst other African economies, has seen an increase in energy demand surpassing the supply of energy in the last decade. The incorporation of the incorporation of renewable energy into the mix is, therefore, seen as a significant role in addressing the energy needs by replacing conventional fuels with clean and reliable domestic electricity with the advantage of local economic opportunities. The country has adopted the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG); SDG goal 7 targets ensuring universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services. This target presents a formidable challenge to Ghana because the country still relies mainly on non-renewable energy sources. The country has a huge potential for renewable energy that remains underexploited. This study, therefore, seeks to assess the current renewable energy resource situation, examine the trend in Ghana’s energy consumption and undertake a comprehensive review and critical evaluation of Ghana’s renewable energy drive and policies.
{"title":"Renewable Energy Deployment in Ghana: The Hype, Hope and Reality","authors":"Catherine Kuamoah","doi":"10.1177/0975087819898581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0975087819898581","url":null,"abstract":"Over recent years, few areas of international development research have seen as much transformation as those relating to energy access and low carbon transitions. Ghana, amongst other African economies, has seen an increase in energy demand surpassing the supply of energy in the last decade. The incorporation of the incorporation of renewable energy into the mix is, therefore, seen as a significant role in addressing the energy needs by replacing conventional fuels with clean and reliable domestic electricity with the advantage of local economic opportunities. The country has adopted the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG); SDG goal 7 targets ensuring universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services. This target presents a formidable challenge to Ghana because the country still relies mainly on non-renewable energy sources. The country has a huge potential for renewable energy that remains underexploited. This study, therefore, seeks to assess the current renewable energy resource situation, examine the trend in Ghana’s energy consumption and undertake a comprehensive review and critical evaluation of Ghana’s renewable energy drive and policies.","PeriodicalId":42199,"journal":{"name":"Insight on Africa","volume":"12 1","pages":"45 - 64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0975087819898581","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49329935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-29DOI: 10.1177/0975087819845194
U. O. Uzodike, Hakeem Onapajo
With the increasing spread of information technology in Africa, digitalisation of elections is gradually becoming a popular phenomenon in the continent. However, there has not been sufficient awareness on the potential dangers in the process of digitalising elections. In this regard, this article provides analysis of the connection between the use of technological model in elections and security using the Nigerian example. The article acknowledges the potency of the technological model to solve the problem of electoral malpractices and ultimately address issues concerning electoral violence over claims of fraud. Notwithstanding its usefulness, the article analyses the challenges associated with the technological model and how this represents a major security threat. In this regard, the key question is: does Nigeria have the technical capacity to manage effectively electronic devices that have the potential of being used to unleash massive electoral fraud that could completely undermine peaceful coexistence within its fragile and sensitive electoral context? Following this, the article advances a number of policy recommendations on the measures to put the technological model into an effective use in order to promote peaceful elections in Nigeria.
{"title":"Beyond the Card Reader: Anti-election Rigging Technology and National Security in Nigeria","authors":"U. O. Uzodike, Hakeem Onapajo","doi":"10.1177/0975087819845194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0975087819845194","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing spread of information technology in Africa, digitalisation of elections is gradually becoming a popular phenomenon in the continent. However, there has not been sufficient awareness on the potential dangers in the process of digitalising elections. In this regard, this article provides analysis of the connection between the use of technological model in elections and security using the Nigerian example. The article acknowledges the potency of the technological model to solve the problem of electoral malpractices and ultimately address issues concerning electoral violence over claims of fraud. Notwithstanding its usefulness, the article analyses the challenges associated with the technological model and how this represents a major security threat. In this regard, the key question is: does Nigeria have the technical capacity to manage effectively electronic devices that have the potential of being used to unleash massive electoral fraud that could completely undermine peaceful coexistence within its fragile and sensitive electoral context? Following this, the article advances a number of policy recommendations on the measures to put the technological model into an effective use in order to promote peaceful elections in Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":42199,"journal":{"name":"Insight on Africa","volume":"11 1","pages":"145 - 161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0975087819845194","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49094057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-29DOI: 10.1177/0975087819851319
Sushmita Rajwar
India and Mozambique both have a long history of friendly relations that have been built upon traditional linkages dating back to the pre-colonial period. There has been the exchange of Indian merchants and businessmen to Mozambique even before Vasco da Gama set sail for Africa and India. Due to the migration based on trading, the Indians have settled in Mozambique as traders. These ancient people-to-people contacts have been further built upon in modern times, to forge a strong bilateral relationship based on regular political contacts, ever-deepening economic engagement and well-integrated Indian community in Mozambique. India has a history of supporting African nations in their freedom struggle and it did support Mozambique too. In fact, India was amongst the first countries to open its embassy in Mozambique immediately after its independence. The Indian Ambassador was among those who witnessed the historic moment of the Portuguese flag coming down and new Mozambican flag going up in 1975. This article would try to trace the relationship between India and Mozambique in the past and will bring out the important areas for further co-operation between the two nations.
印度和莫桑比克都有着悠久的友好关系历史，这种关系建立在可追溯到前殖民时期的传统联系的基础上。早在达伽马(Vasco da Gama)起航前往非洲和印度之前，就有印度商人与莫桑比克进行贸易往来。由于以贸易为基础的移民，印度人以贸易商的身份定居在莫桑比克。这些古老的民间交流在现代得到了进一步的发展，在定期的政治接触、不断深化的经济往来和在莫桑比克良好融合的印度社区的基础上，建立了牢固的双边关系。印度有支持非洲国家自由斗争的历史，它也支持过莫桑比克。事实上，印度是莫桑比克独立后第一批在该国开设大使馆的国家之一。印度大使是1975年目睹葡萄牙国旗降下和莫桑比克新国旗升起这一历史性时刻的人之一。本文将试图追溯印度和莫桑比克过去的关系，并将提出两国之间进一步合作的重要领域。
{"title":"India and Mozambique: Evolving Relations","authors":"Sushmita Rajwar","doi":"10.1177/0975087819851319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0975087819851319","url":null,"abstract":"India and Mozambique both have a long history of friendly relations that have been built upon traditional linkages dating back to the pre-colonial period. There has been the exchange of Indian merchants and businessmen to Mozambique even before Vasco da Gama set sail for Africa and India. Due to the migration based on trading, the Indians have settled in Mozambique as traders. These ancient people-to-people contacts have been further built upon in modern times, to forge a strong bilateral relationship based on regular political contacts, ever-deepening economic engagement and well-integrated Indian community in Mozambique. India has a history of supporting African nations in their freedom struggle and it did support Mozambique too. In fact, India was amongst the first countries to open its embassy in Mozambique immediately after its independence. The Indian Ambassador was among those who witnessed the historic moment of the Portuguese flag coming down and new Mozambican flag going up in 1975. This article would try to trace the relationship between India and Mozambique in the past and will bring out the important areas for further co-operation between the two nations.","PeriodicalId":42199,"journal":{"name":"Insight on Africa","volume":"84 ","pages":"219 - 232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0975087819851319","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41283742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-29DOI: 10.1177/0975087819845197
Glen Segell
Africa is suffering from neo-colonialism for the same reasons that it suffered from colonialism. Neo-colonialism is the regressive impact of unregulated forms of aid, trade and foreign direct investment; and the collaboration of African leaders with foreign leaders to ensure that the interests of both are met with little concern for the development, sustainability and poverty reduction and wellbeing in African countries. The relationship is asymmetrical or at the cost of African states and their people, who are dependent rather that inter-dependent and do not profit through development or sustainability. They face destruction of their culture, religion and education through continued advancement of foreign culture, religion and language to supplant the African and growing radicalisation of the population. This is elaborated thematically under four headings: Africa the colonial dream, the emergence of neo-colonialism, the proponents of neo-colonialism and the element of religion. Evidence of Middle East states are shown as neo-colonialists in Africa discussed under the cases of Turkey and Iran. The motivation of the former is for the purposes of economics and the latter is for the purposes of religion. Both benefit also through status by projecting their influence as growing global actors. The breakdown of African nations rather than their positive construction and development is increasingly visible. The conclusions are that neo-colonialism is active.
{"title":"Neo-colonialism in Africa and the Cases of Turkey and Iran","authors":"Glen Segell","doi":"10.1177/0975087819845197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0975087819845197","url":null,"abstract":"Africa is suffering from neo-colonialism for the same reasons that it suffered from colonialism. Neo-colonialism is the regressive impact of unregulated forms of aid, trade and foreign direct investment; and the collaboration of African leaders with foreign leaders to ensure that the interests of both are met with little concern for the development, sustainability and poverty reduction and wellbeing in African countries. The relationship is asymmetrical or at the cost of African states and their people, who are dependent rather that inter-dependent and do not profit through development or sustainability. They face destruction of their culture, religion and education through continued advancement of foreign culture, religion and language to supplant the African and growing radicalisation of the population. This is elaborated thematically under four headings: Africa the colonial dream, the emergence of neo-colonialism, the proponents of neo-colonialism and the element of religion. Evidence of Middle East states are shown as neo-colonialists in Africa discussed under the cases of Turkey and Iran. The motivation of the former is for the purposes of economics and the latter is for the purposes of religion. Both benefit also through status by projecting their influence as growing global actors. The breakdown of African nations rather than their positive construction and development is increasingly visible. The conclusions are that neo-colonialism is active.","PeriodicalId":42199,"journal":{"name":"Insight on Africa","volume":"11 1","pages":"184 - 199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0975087819845197","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49345611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-29DOI: 10.1177/0975087819845205
O. Isaac
The study examined Kenya’s transport infrastructure by assessing strengths, opportunities, challenges and initiatives aimed at enhancing existing systems and mitigating gaps towards more connectivity, mobility and reduced costs. Specific objectives of the study included evaluating the current state of transport infrastructure in Kenya, examining milestones in Kenya’s transport infrastructure development in the last decade and determining whether planned transport infrastructure development projects in Kenya would enhance regional integration. This study was significant to policy handlers, development partners and scholars in the region as findings will inform targeted planning and programming for improved transport connectivity. Target population was 150 individuals drawn from the categories of related actors with a sample size of 75 individuals, which was arrived at exclusively and objectively by researcher. The study established that the transport structural gap was a serious handicap to growth and poverty reduction in eastern Africa and that transport connectivity had a direct link to any country’s competitiveness because it weighs on cost of doing business and living. The study recommended sector reforms and innovation towards optimum level of connectivity as a result of the upgraded transport system, with eastern Africa reaching greater regional integration. The study adopted descriptive approach in analysing quantitative and qualitative data as variables under investigation were described.
{"title":"Transport Infrastructure Development in Kenya: How Connectivity Impacts Eastern Africa Regional Integration","authors":"O. Isaac","doi":"10.1177/0975087819845205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0975087819845205","url":null,"abstract":"The study examined Kenya’s transport infrastructure by assessing strengths, opportunities, challenges and initiatives aimed at enhancing existing systems and mitigating gaps towards more connectivity, mobility and reduced costs. Specific objectives of the study included evaluating the current state of transport infrastructure in Kenya, examining milestones in Kenya’s transport infrastructure development in the last decade and determining whether planned transport infrastructure development projects in Kenya would enhance regional integration. This study was significant to policy handlers, development partners and scholars in the region as findings will inform targeted planning and programming for improved transport connectivity. Target population was 150 individuals drawn from the categories of related actors with a sample size of 75 individuals, which was arrived at exclusively and objectively by researcher. The study established that the transport structural gap was a serious handicap to growth and poverty reduction in eastern Africa and that transport connectivity had a direct link to any country’s competitiveness because it weighs on cost of doing business and living. The study recommended sector reforms and innovation towards optimum level of connectivity as a result of the upgraded transport system, with eastern Africa reaching greater regional integration. The study adopted descriptive approach in analysing quantitative and qualitative data as variables under investigation were described.","PeriodicalId":42199,"journal":{"name":"Insight on Africa","volume":"11 1","pages":"200 - 218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0975087819845205","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44086106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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