Pub Date : 2021-12-30DOI: 10.15388/litera.2021.3.4
H. Vella
Malta, Gozo and Comino, the Thrinacia of Homer and the Melitē, Phoebe and Lampas of Scylax, form an archipelago in the centre of the Mediterranean Sea inhabited by both Phoenicians and Greeks before the coming of the Romans to those islands. Many geographers mention them, but other authors refer to their importance as places of production of textiles and other natural goods like oil and honey. Of particular importance was the site of the temple of Juno and Hercules known to Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans as well as to Numidians. Malta and Gozo were also praised for their good harbors and stone. The Grand Harbour itself served as an important Byzantine base with its tower and inner harbour, both places bearing Greek names. Malta was converted to Christianity in AD 60 following St Paul’s shipwreck there, where he spent three winter months. The aim of this article is to scrutinize the information about Malta and Gozo in numerous Greek, Roman and Christian sources.
{"title":"The Islands of Malta and Gozo in Greek and Roman History and Literature","authors":"H. Vella","doi":"10.15388/litera.2021.3.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/litera.2021.3.4","url":null,"abstract":"Malta, Gozo and Comino, the Thrinacia of Homer and the Melitē, Phoebe and Lampas of Scylax, form an archipelago in the centre of the Mediterranean Sea inhabited by both Phoenicians and Greeks before the coming of the Romans to those islands. Many geographers mention them, but other authors refer to their importance as places of production of textiles and other natural goods like oil and honey. Of particular importance was the site of the temple of Juno and Hercules known to Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans as well as to Numidians. Malta and Gozo were also praised for their good harbors and stone. The Grand Harbour itself served as an important Byzantine base with its tower and inner harbour, both places bearing Greek names. Malta was converted to Christianity in AD 60 following St Paul’s shipwreck there, where he spent three winter months. The aim of this article is to scrutinize the information about Malta and Gozo in numerous Greek, Roman and Christian sources.","PeriodicalId":432201,"journal":{"name":"Literatūra","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129594846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-30DOI: 10.15388/litera.2021.3.3
Tomas Riklius
This paper discusses the unusual reference to Homer in Federico Borromeo’s De pictura sacra in which Homer is quoted as an authoritative aesthetic and historical source to justify the depiction of wingless angels by Michelangelo. It is said that the great Greek poet represented the gods without wings as if they could move with their feet joined together. The first part of the article examines this relatively obscure remark and its possible sources. One of the reasons for such a quotation is the general Renaissance attitude towards Classical texts to provide a historical perspective and establish an authoritative argumentation. However, a closer analysis discloses that Borromeo refers to Homer not simply as an aesthetic and historical but as a quasi-theological source of God-inspired wisdom.
{"title":"Wingless Angels: Homer as an Authoritative Historical and Aesthetic Source in Early Modern Period","authors":"Tomas Riklius","doi":"10.15388/litera.2021.3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/litera.2021.3.3","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the unusual reference to Homer in Federico Borromeo’s De pictura sacra in which Homer is quoted as an authoritative aesthetic and historical source to justify the depiction of wingless angels by Michelangelo. It is said that the great Greek poet represented the gods without wings as if they could move with their feet joined together. The first part of the article examines this relatively obscure remark and its possible sources. One of the reasons for such a quotation is the general Renaissance attitude towards Classical texts to provide a historical perspective and establish an authoritative argumentation. However, a closer analysis discloses that Borromeo refers to Homer not simply as an aesthetic and historical but as a quasi-theological source of God-inspired wisdom.","PeriodicalId":432201,"journal":{"name":"Literatūra","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128117474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-30DOI: 10.15388/litera.2021.3.1
Mantas Tamošaitis
The article examines the problems of history and historical narrative in St. Augustine’s De civitate Dei. The author seeks to reveal the problematic nature of Augustine’s conception of history in the opposition of cyclical and linear conceptions of time. Augustine’s reflection on the phenomenon of history from the perspective of Christian philosophy creates the basis for a modern linear conception of time and history. It is argued that Augustine should be seen as a philosopher-theologian of history, whose thinking on the subject is based on teleological principles and his philosophy of time. It is argued that Augustine’s thinking about history is based on the concept of historia sacra and must be evaluated in the light of the constant distinction between historia sacra and what might be called historia profana or historia saecularis. Since the objectives of historia sacra cannot be realised in earthly life, political transformations in secular history have no eschatological significance. However, Augustine’s conception of history is not cyclical, but has a clear beginning, end, direction and purpose (meaning), which distinguishes its premises from the Greco-Roman conception of history, and it is thus close to the modern conception of history. For Augustine, the coming of Christ is a new and singular event in history, negating any cyclical nature of history and defining the time in which Augustine lived.
{"title":"The Premises of Historical Narrative in Augustine’s De civitate Dei","authors":"Mantas Tamošaitis","doi":"10.15388/litera.2021.3.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/litera.2021.3.1","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the problems of history and historical narrative in St. Augustine’s De civitate Dei. The author seeks to reveal the problematic nature of Augustine’s conception of history in the opposition of cyclical and linear conceptions of time. Augustine’s reflection on the phenomenon of history from the perspective of Christian philosophy creates the basis for a modern linear conception of time and history. It is argued that Augustine should be seen as a philosopher-theologian of history, whose thinking on the subject is based on teleological principles and his philosophy of time. It is argued that Augustine’s thinking about history is based on the concept of historia sacra and must be evaluated in the light of the constant distinction between historia sacra and what might be called historia profana or historia saecularis. Since the objectives of historia sacra cannot be realised in earthly life, political transformations in secular history have no eschatological significance. However, Augustine’s conception of history is not cyclical, but has a clear beginning, end, direction and purpose (meaning), which distinguishes its premises from the Greco-Roman conception of history, and it is thus close to the modern conception of history. For Augustine, the coming of Christ is a new and singular event in history, negating any cyclical nature of history and defining the time in which Augustine lived.","PeriodicalId":432201,"journal":{"name":"Literatūra","volume":"47 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132237102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-22DOI: 10.15388/litera.2021.63.2.14
Birutė Meržvinskaitė
The article discusses the peculiarities of the representation of history in Sigitas Parulskis’s essay collection Eternity does not move me (2018). The essay as genre in this book unites subjectivity, critical and ironic mode of narration and the conventional categories of historiographical analysis (the state, religion, society, collective identity, culture). Explanation on the ambivalent sense and relationship between literary imagination and historical facticity is done to prove the New Historicism slogan “the historicity of texts and the textuality of history”.
{"title":"Interpretation of History in the Contemporary Lithuanian Essayistics","authors":"Birutė Meržvinskaitė","doi":"10.15388/litera.2021.63.2.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/litera.2021.63.2.14","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the peculiarities of the representation of history in Sigitas Parulskis’s essay collection Eternity does not move me (2018). The essay as genre in this book unites subjectivity, critical and ironic mode of narration and the conventional categories of historiographical analysis (the state, religion, society, collective identity, culture). Explanation on the ambivalent sense and relationship between literary imagination and historical facticity is done to prove the New Historicism slogan “the historicity of texts and the textuality of history”.","PeriodicalId":432201,"journal":{"name":"Literatūra","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132600068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-22DOI: 10.15388/litera.2021.63.2.7
V. Kotelevskaya, M. Matrosova
The article suggests a comparative analysis of the modernist writing and apprenticeship topics in German and Russian fiction of the twentieth and twenty-first century. Writing is considered to be calligraphy, a writer’s craft, the character’s existence as a scriptor, a form of escapism, a (neo)mythological ritual of destruction and renewal of language and the world. Apprenticeship is explored in its connection with rhetorical culture of imitation and forms of rebellion against it, be it rebellion against the bourgeois society (R. Walser, H. Hesse, T. Bernhard) or the Soviet school and Social Realism (S. Sokolov, M. Shishkin). The literary tradition serves here as an object of imitation and/or deconstruction. This ambivalent attitude takes the form of irony, buffoonery, foolishness, schizophrenia and is rather often represented in the doppelganger motif. The study uses cultural-historical, comparative, narratological methods, leitmotif analysis, etc. The authors identifies new typological links between German and Russian literature.
本文对20世纪和21世纪德国和俄罗斯小说中的现代主义写作和学徒主题进行了比较分析。写作被认为是书法，是作家的技艺，是人物作为编剧的存在，是逃避现实的一种形式，是语言和世界毁灭与更新的一种(新)神话仪式。学徒制探讨了它与模仿修辞文化的联系以及对它的反叛形式，无论是对资产阶级社会的反叛(R. Walser, H. Hesse, T. Bernhard)还是苏联学派和社会现实主义(S. Sokolov, M. Shishkin)。文学传统在这里成为模仿和/或解构的对象。这种矛盾的态度以讽刺、滑稽、愚蠢、精神分裂的形式表现出来，并经常在二重身主题中表现出来。该研究采用了文化历史、比较、叙事学、主题分析等方法。作者确定了德国和俄罗斯文学之间新的类型学联系。
{"title":"In Modernist “School for Fools”: The Topics of Writing and Apprenticeship in German and Russian Fiction of the Twentieth and Twenty-First Century","authors":"V. Kotelevskaya, M. Matrosova","doi":"10.15388/litera.2021.63.2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/litera.2021.63.2.7","url":null,"abstract":"The article suggests a comparative analysis of the modernist writing and apprenticeship topics in German and Russian fiction of the twentieth and twenty-first century. Writing is considered to be calligraphy, a writer’s craft, the character’s existence as a scriptor, a form of escapism, a (neo)mythological ritual of destruction and renewal of language and the world. Apprenticeship is explored in its connection with rhetorical culture of imitation and forms of rebellion against it, be it rebellion against the bourgeois society (R. Walser, H. Hesse, T. Bernhard) or the Soviet school and Social Realism (S. Sokolov, M. Shishkin). The literary tradition serves here as an object of imitation and/or deconstruction. This ambivalent attitude takes the form of irony, buffoonery, foolishness, schizophrenia and is rather often represented in the doppelganger motif. The study uses cultural-historical, comparative, narratological methods, leitmotif analysis, etc. The authors identifies new typological links between German and Russian literature.","PeriodicalId":432201,"journal":{"name":"Literatūra","volume":"72 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132679760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-22DOI: 10.15388/litera.2021.63.2.12
Polina Poberezkina
The tragedy Prologue written in 1960s is analyzed in the broad context of the history of its creation, Anna Akhmatova’s biographical myth and world culture. The article mentions the problems of academic publication of the text and presents materials for scientific commentary on it. The incompleteness of the play is viewed in connection with its heterogeneous character combining lyrics, drama and epos, verses and prose, tragic and comic, ancient and modern, East and West, national and global, culture and everyday life, written and oral styles.
{"title":"“There is No End”: Anna Akhmatova’s Unfinished Tragedy Prologue","authors":"Polina Poberezkina","doi":"10.15388/litera.2021.63.2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/litera.2021.63.2.12","url":null,"abstract":"The tragedy Prologue written in 1960s is analyzed in the broad context of the history of its creation, Anna Akhmatova’s biographical myth and world culture. The article mentions the problems of academic publication of the text and presents materials for scientific commentary on it. The incompleteness of the play is viewed in connection with its heterogeneous character combining lyrics, drama and epos, verses and prose, tragic and comic, ancient and modern, East and West, national and global, culture and everyday life, written and oral styles.","PeriodicalId":432201,"journal":{"name":"Literatūra","volume":"27 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124436524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-22DOI: 10.15388/litera.2021.63.2.8
T. Avtukhovich
The article examines the dialogue in A. Slapovsky’s works of the late 1990s–2000s with F. Dostoevsky. The article highlights forms and functions of this dialogue: the mention of the writer's name, the reinterpretation of his works perform the function of an ironic, often parodic, reflection on the changed status of the author, the nature of the readership, the perception of literature during a crisis of literary centrism; the value deformations occurring in society are emphasized with the help of a literary prism. “Dostoevsky's context” reflects the writer's reflection on his own work and allows us to judge the direction of Slapovsky's creative evolution.
{"title":"Alexey Slapovsky vs Fyodor Dostoyevsky, or Life Without Being","authors":"T. Avtukhovich","doi":"10.15388/litera.2021.63.2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/litera.2021.63.2.8","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the dialogue in A. Slapovsky’s works of the late 1990s–2000s with F. Dostoevsky. The article highlights forms and functions of this dialogue: the mention of the writer's name, the reinterpretation of his works perform the function of an ironic, often parodic, reflection on the changed status of the author, the nature of the readership, the perception of literature during a crisis of literary centrism; the value deformations occurring in society are emphasized with the help of a literary prism. “Dostoevsky's context” reflects the writer's reflection on his own work and allows us to judge the direction of Slapovsky's creative evolution.","PeriodicalId":432201,"journal":{"name":"Literatūra","volume":"58 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131717229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-22DOI: 10.15388/litera.2021.63.2.13
A. Markov
The article examines the polygraphic prerequisites for social reflection of the late Soviet and post-Soviet intellectuals and the connection between the autonomy of intellectual work and the autonomy of the publishing cycle. Based on a comparison of changes in publishing technologies and procedures for preparing manuscripts for printing, the change of large paradigms in the perestroika era is reconstructed as derivatives of the cult of reading and the system of institutions that support it. It is argued that although intellectuals upheld the classical canon, the very ways of canonizing works of the past were deformed by changing publishing procedures. The crisis in publishing planning coincided with a new understanding of the intellectual's mission, which meant the establishment of new types of reading as dominant. Thus, the thought of autonomous culture and the simultaneous reconceptualization of world literature contributed to the understanding of publishing procedures as autonomously significant. The disintegration of the disciplinary order of the Soviet publishing sphere and independent scientific book publishing made it possible to complete the project of describing literature as a place of production of norms for the reception of culture that cast doubt on the previous state of literature, thereby approving the program of post-Soviet cultural studies.
{"title":"Meanings of Culture and Books. From “Marriage of Convenience” to Signs of “First Love”","authors":"A. Markov","doi":"10.15388/litera.2021.63.2.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/litera.2021.63.2.13","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the polygraphic prerequisites for social reflection of the late Soviet and post-Soviet intellectuals and the connection between the autonomy of intellectual work and the autonomy of the publishing cycle. Based on a comparison of changes in publishing technologies and procedures for preparing manuscripts for printing, the change of large paradigms in the perestroika era is reconstructed as derivatives of the cult of reading and the system of institutions that support it. It is argued that although intellectuals upheld the classical canon, the very ways of canonizing works of the past were deformed by changing publishing procedures. The crisis in publishing planning coincided with a new understanding of the intellectual's mission, which meant the establishment of new types of reading as dominant. Thus, the thought of autonomous culture and the simultaneous reconceptualization of world literature contributed to the understanding of publishing procedures as autonomously significant. The disintegration of the disciplinary order of the Soviet publishing sphere and independent scientific book publishing made it possible to complete the project of describing literature as a place of production of norms for the reception of culture that cast doubt on the previous state of literature, thereby approving the program of post-Soviet cultural studies.","PeriodicalId":432201,"journal":{"name":"Literatūra","volume":"626 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133181101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-22DOI: 10.15388/litera.2022.63.2.16
D. Beržaitė
{"title":"Searching for Chekhov and the Others. A Novel by M. Stepnova “The Garden” (2020) (Dagnė Beržaitė)","authors":"D. Beržaitė","doi":"10.15388/litera.2022.63.2.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/litera.2022.63.2.16","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":432201,"journal":{"name":"Literatūra","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122688240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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