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Professional training in modern adult education 现代成人教育专业培训
IF 0.2 Q4 MATHEMATICS Pub Date : 2023-06-29 DOI: 10.35750/2071-8284-2023-2-193-200
M. Ilakavichus
Introduction. Under the conditions of dehumanization of the social sphere, collapse of intergenerational links, loss of culturally appropriate meanings of self-realisation in professional activity, the content of the concept «professional training» requires rethinking. The correlation between its teaching and educating components is to be realized. Following the logic of passport specialty 5.8.7 «Methodology and Technology of Professional Education», it is necessary to make an «anthropological turn» in professional training, the conceptual description of which today is reduced to the extremely practice-oriented process of equipping a student with knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for a particular work activity. A humanistic-anthropological methodology is proposed by the author of this article as the basis for this process. Research methods: analysis of scientific and pedagogical literature, conceptual analysis, historical and pedagogical analysis, hermeneutic procedure. Research results. The historical and pedagogical analysis made it possible to identify the value constant of the national culture of understanding of labor and professional activity. It consists in the adult taking personal and professional position based on the awareness of the inseparability of personal and social significance of his own work. This tradition was interrupted in the post-perestroika period, when the utilitarian and material approach to the choice and implementation of professional activity prevailed. This was particularly detrimental to the professions dedicated to serving the community (teachers, doctors, the military, including the police). The humanitarian-anthropological approach allows designing the professional training as a support of human potential of a student by creating conditions for the development of his subjectivity in the educational environment of the eventful professional community through reflective practices. The methodological logic of designing a particular subject-specific professional training programme on the basis of the structure of interactive training cycle proposed by M.V. Clarin is described.
介绍。在社会领域非人化、代际联系崩溃、职业活动中自我实现的文化适当意义丧失的条件下,“职业培训”概念的内容需要重新思考。其教学成分与教育成分之间的关联有待实现。按照护照专业5.8.7“专业教育的方法论和技术”的逻辑,有必要在专业培训中进行“人类学转向”,今天对专业培训的概念描述被简化为以实践为导向的过程,即为学生提供特定工作活动所需的知识、技能和能力。本文提出了一种人文人类学方法论,作为这一过程的基础。研究方法:科学和教学文献分析、概念分析、历史和教学分析、解释学程序。研究的结果。通过历史和教学分析,可以确定对劳动和专业活动的理解的民族文化的价值常数。它包括成年人在意识到他自己的工作的个人意义和社会意义不可分割的基础上采取个人和职业立场。这一传统在改革后时期被打断,当时选择和执行专业活动的功利主义和物质方法占了上风。这对致力于为社区服务的职业(教师、医生、军人,包括警察)尤其有害。人道主义-人类学方法允许通过反思性实践,在多事的专业社区的教育环境中为学生的主体性发展创造条件,从而将专业培训设计为对学生人类潜能的支持。描述了在克拉林提出的互动式培训周期结构基础上设计特定学科专业培训方案的方法逻辑。
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引用次数: 0
Correlation between constitutional and statutory norms of federal and regional legislation, regulating the status of the subjects of the Russian Federation 联邦和地区立法的宪法和法定规范之间的相互关系,规范俄罗斯联邦主体的地位
IF 0.2 Q4 MATHEMATICS Pub Date : 2023-06-29 DOI: 10.35750/2071-8284-2023-2-71-78
Arsen Magomedov
The article is devoted to the research of a number of actual problems connected with the implementation of normative provisions of parts 1 and 2 of article 66 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The aim of the research is to develop theoretical foundations and to form scientific ideas about the constitutional and statutory regulation of the status of the subjects of the Russian Federation as a developing institute of modern constitutional law, which is to be considered in the dynamics of its genesis and taking into account the retrospective aspect. Research methods.In the process of research, the author successfully applied such methods as theoretical, general philosophical analysis (dialectics, systematic method, analysis, analogy, synthesis, observation and modelling). The legal methods (formal-logical), as well as sociological methods (statistical and expert evaluations) were taken as the basis for the author’s conclusions. The author pays special attention to the genesis of the essence and content of such concepts as «federal legislation» and «regional legislation». In order to assess the category of «federalism», the author uses the analysis specific to the assessment of cognitive and socio-economic characteristics of «federal relations», which, unfortunately, are often differentiated and sometimes even opposed. Research results. The relevance of the author’s research theme is proved by the need to guarantee the autonomy of the subjects of the Russian Federation in determining their status through constitutional and statutory regulation of social relations, applied simultaneously with the institutions of exclusively federal sovereignty, prohibition of secession and the possibility of federal intervention in extraordinary circumstances. It creates a constitutional balance between centralisation and decentralisation in federal relations based on the concept of «cooperative federalism» that is perspective for modern Russia. The author’s opinion on the correlation between the norms of federal and regional legislation of the subjects of the Russian Federation is substantiated and conclusions are drawn regarding the prospects for the development of the institution of federalism in Russia.
这篇文章专门研究与执行《俄罗斯联邦宪法》第66条第1和第2部分的规范性规定有关的一些实际问题。这项研究的目的是发展理论基础,形成关于俄罗斯联邦主体地位的宪法和法律规定的科学观点,俄罗斯联邦主体地位是一个发展中的现代宪法机构,这将在其起源的动态中加以考虑,并考虑到追溯的方面。研究方法。在研究过程中,作者成功地运用了理论分析、一般哲学分析(辩证法、系统法、分析、类比、综合、观察、建模)等方法。法律方法(形式逻辑)和社会学方法(统计和专家评价)是作者得出结论的基础。作者特别关注“联邦立法”和“区域立法”等概念的本质和内容的起源。为了评估“联邦制”的范畴,作者使用了专门用于评估“联邦关系”的认知和社会经济特征的分析,不幸的是,这些特征经常被区分开来,有时甚至是对立的。研究的结果。作者的研究主题的相关性得到了证明,即需要通过对社会关系的宪法和法律规定来保证俄罗斯联邦主体在确定其地位方面的自主权,同时适用于完全联邦主权、禁止分离和联邦在特殊情况下进行干预的可能性等制度。它在“合作联邦制”概念的基础上,在联邦关系中创造了中央集权和分权之间的宪法平衡,这是现代俄罗斯的观点。作者对俄罗斯联邦主体的联邦和地区立法规范之间的相互关系的看法得到了证实,并对俄罗斯联邦制度的发展前景作出了结论。
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引用次数: 0
Cadet’s involvement in the profession during training as the main reserve for increasing the effectiveness of modern police 学员在训练过程中对专业的参与,作为提高现代警察效能的主要储备
IF 0.2 Q4 MATHEMATICS Pub Date : 2023-06-29 DOI: 10.35750/2071-8284-2023-2-170-175
Igor Bantyukov, Valeriy Trabo
Introduction. The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that professionally oriented training as a factor in the adaptation of cadets of educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia to their future professional activities as a specialist in the departments of internal affairs bodies is the most essential basis for professional reliability of a future specialist and significantly affects the effectiveness of his performance. One of the important aspects of specialists training is the early involvement of cadets in the profession. This circumstance determined the purpose of the present work – to study the dynamics of cadets’ involvement in professional activities, motivation for training. In accordance with the intended goal, the following objectives have been set – identifying problems in the organization of training, enhancing cadets’ cognitive activity, and individualizing training process. Methods. The study applied the following methods: theoretical (modeling, analysis and synthesis); empirical (observation, comparison, testing); mathematical (statistical). Results. The ultimate goal of all pedagogical approaches is not cadets’ involvement in itself, but the effectiveness of training and the application of the results of mastering new knowledge in real professional activities. The organization of this process requires a modern educator to be able to use various operating systems, electronic libraries and programs, as well as interactive network communication technologies in his activities.
介绍。研究课题的相关性在于,专业导向培训作为俄罗斯内务部教育机构学员适应其未来作为内务机构部门专家的专业活动的一个因素,是未来专家专业可靠性的最重要基础,并显著影响其绩效的有效性。专家培训的一个重要方面是让学员尽早参与到专业中来。这种情况决定了本研究的目的——研究学员参与专业活动的动态、培训动机。根据预期目标,确定了培训组织中存在的问题,提高学员的认知活动,使培训过程个性化。方法。本研究采用了以下方法:理论(建模、分析和综合);经验性(观察、比较、检验);数学(统计学)。结果。所有教学方法的最终目标不是学员本身的参与,而是培训的有效性和掌握新知识的结果在实际的专业活动中的应用。这一过程的组织要求现代教育工作者能够在其活动中使用各种操作系统、电子图书馆和程序以及交互式网络通信技术。
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引用次数: 0
The constitutional right to freedom of conscience as an object of the criminal law’s protection 宪法赋予良心自由权作为刑法保护的对象
IF 0.2 Q4 MATHEMATICS Pub Date : 2023-06-29 DOI: 10.35750/2071-8284-2023-2-97-102
Anna Nikitina
Introduction: The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the state guarantees equality of human rights and freedoms regardless of attitude to religion. To this end, the State prohibits insulting beliefs related to the expression of religious preferences by a person, as well as agitation based on religious hatred or enmity, as well as the creation of public associations, including religious ones based on the principles of religious superiority or intolerance. The growing complexity of social relations, the increasing role of religion in the life of society requires the state to pay close attention to compliance with legislation in the field of the freedom of conscience. The purpose of the study is to identify the features and problems of protecting the constitutional right to freedom of conscience through criminal law legislation. The object is the public relations protected by criminal law norms that arise in the field of preventing crimes that infringe the freedom of conscience. The subject of the study is the peculiarities of constitutional and criminal law protection and protection of the right to freedom of conscience. Research methods: analysis, synthesis, generalization, classification. Results. The author analyzes the current problems of criminal law legislation guaranteeing the implementation of the constitutional right to freedom of conscience. The author comes to the conclusion that the current criminal law guarantees protecting freedom of conscience in Russia do not fully comply with the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The study also proposed a definition of the concept of «crimes against freedom of conscience»; the author’s classification of types of crimes infringing the freedom of conscience is presented. It is concluded that the criminal law legislation in the area under study requires adjustment.
导言:这项研究的意义在于,根据俄罗斯联邦宪法,国家保障人权和自由的平等,无论对宗教的态度如何。为此目的,国家禁止一个人侮辱与表达宗教偏好有关的信仰,以及基于宗教仇恨或敌意的煽动,以及建立公共协会,包括基于宗教优越或不容忍原则的宗教协会。社会关系日益复杂,宗教在社会生活中的作用越来越大,这要求国家密切关注良心自由领域的立法遵守情况。研究的目的是找出良心自由宪法权利在刑法立法中保护的特点和问题。其对象是在防止侵犯良心自由的犯罪领域中产生的刑法规范所保护的公共关系。研究的主题是宪法和刑法对良心自由权的保护和保护的特殊性。研究方法:分析、综合、概括、分类。结果。作者分析了保障宪法规定的良心自由权实施的刑法立法存在的问题。提交人得出的结论是,俄罗斯现行保障良心自由的刑法并不完全符合《俄罗斯联邦宪法》。该研究还提出了“危害良心自由罪”概念的定义;作者对侵犯良心自由罪的类型进行了分类。结论是,研究地区的刑法立法需要调整。
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引用次数: 0
On the correlation of legality and enforceability as legal categories: the problem of theoretical and methodological differentiation 论合法性与可执行性作为法律范畴的相关性:理论与方法的辨析问题
IF 0.2 Q4 MATHEMATICS Pub Date : 2023-06-29 DOI: 10.35750/2071-8284-2023-2-44-50
Andrey I. Kaplunov, Vitaly Balahonsky
In everyday forms of legal consciousness or popularised interpretations of law in the field of law enforcement there is often a tendency to identify the categories of «legality» and «enforceability». This practice can be produced both by extra-scientific forms of determination, consisting in the effort to form in the legal culture of the population the image of the unity of law and right and trivial substitution of concepts that creates a serious methodological problem of scientific understanding of the phenomenon of law itself. The authors therefore set the objective of this research - to analyse the mentioned categories. The article outlines the author’s position in understanding the correlation between the categories of «legality» and «enforceability», which is fundamentally important for the methodology of legal science, and theoretically analyses the practical forms of representation of this correlation on the example of firearms use by police officers. The theoretical basis of the research are the studies of national and foreign academics. Methodology. In the process of working with the material the systematic method, as well as methods of comparative legal, historical and legal analysis and formal logic were used. Results. The authors find out that the definition of the correlation between the concepts of «legality» and «enforceability» is reasonable to conduct on the methodological basis of differentiation of the concepts of «right» and «law», which makes it possible to consider enforceability as a broader concept that includes elements of situational discretion. The justification for this conclusion is that the concept «enforceability» means the compliance of certain social phenomena to law, which can be understood not only as the norms of law, but also the system of natural rights of social subjects, determined by socio-cultural and moral norms of social life.
在法律意识的日常形式或执法领域对法律的普及解释中,往往倾向于确定“合法性”和“可执行性”的类别。这种实践既可以通过非科学的决定形式产生,包括努力在人民的法律文化中形成法律和权利统一的形象,也可以通过琐碎的概念替代产生严重的科学理解法律现象本身的方法论问题。因此,作者设定了这项研究的目标——分析上述类别。本文概述了作者在理解“合法性”和“可执行性”范畴之间的相关性方面的立场,这对法学方法论至关重要,并以警察使用枪支为例,从理论上分析了这种相关性的实际表现形式。本研究的理论基础是国内外学者的研究成果。方法。在对材料进行处理的过程中,运用了系统的方法,以及比较法、历史法分析和形式逻辑的方法。结果。笔者认为,在区分“权利”与“法律”概念的方法论基础上,界定“合法性”与“可执行性”概念之间的相关性是合理的,这使得可以将可执行性作为一个包含情境自由裁量要素的更广泛的概念来考虑。这一结论的理由是,“可执行性”概念意味着某些社会现象对法律的遵从,这不仅可以理解为法律规范,而且可以理解为社会主体的自然权利体系,由社会生活的社会文化和道德规范决定。
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引用次数: 0
Temporal features and personnel risks of police officers during the period of adaptation to official activities 警务人员适应公务活动的时间特征与人员风险
IF 0.2 Q4 MATHEMATICS Pub Date : 2023-06-29 DOI: 10.35750/2071-8284-2023-2-221-227
S. Dukhnovsky
The temporal features of police officers, on the one hand, are one of the means of successfully passing through the adaptation period and, on the other hand, can actualise their personnel risks. The purpose of the research is to identify differences in attitude to time and its functional significance for police officers in daily life and in official activities, as well as to show that differences in attitude to and functional significance of time are conditions that activate personnel risks. Research methods. The respondents were 107 police officers with 3 to 6 months of professional work experience after graduation. Psychodiagnostic methods included the questionnaire «Scale of subjective attitude to time», the questionnaire «Personality temporality». Results. It was proved that employees have different attitudes to time and its functional significance in everyday life and during the period of adaptation to official activity. It was found that the dominant type of attitude to time in employees’ daily life is temporal plasticity, where time has a stimulating function for a subject, whereas in the period of adaptation the leading type of attitude to service time is temporal dependence, where time, on the one hand, mobilises, and, on the other, – suppresses activity of a subject to achieve the desired and / or necessary goals. The author reveals that temporal conflicts - the contradictions between the dominant attitude to time in its functional meaning in everyday life and official activity - can appear in professional activity; the successful adaptation to service will also depend on resolving these contradictions. An increase in temporal conflict and time dependency can lead to personnel risks.
警务人员的时代性特征,一方面是警务人员顺利度过适应期的手段之一,另一方面也是警务人员人身风险的具体化因素。本研究的目的是识别警察在日常生活和公务活动中的时间态度差异及其功能意义,并表明时间态度差异及其功能意义是激活人员风险的条件。研究方法。受访者为107名毕业后有3至6个月专业工作经验的警务人员。心理诊断方法包括“主观时间态度量表”问卷、“人格时间性”问卷。结果。研究证明,员工在日常生活和适应公务活动的过程中,对时间及其功能意义的态度是不同的。研究发现,在员工的日常生活中,时间态度的主要类型是时间可塑性,其中时间对一个主体具有刺激作用,而在适应时期,对服务时间态度的主要类型是时间依赖性,其中时间一方面调动,另一方面抑制一个主体的活动,以实现期望和/或必要的目标。时间冲突——在日常生活中对时间的功能意义的支配态度与官方活动之间的矛盾——可以出现在专业活动中;能否成功地适应服务,也取决于能否解决这些矛盾。时间冲突和时间依赖性的增加可能导致人员风险。
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引用次数: 0
Classification of the types of criminal acts constituting non-fulfillment of the responsibilities for the upbringing of a minor 不履行抚养未成年人责任的犯罪行为类型的分类
IF 0.2 Q4 MATHEMATICS Pub Date : 2023-06-29 DOI: 10.35750/2071-8284-2023-2-124-130
Elvira Vlasenkova
Introduction: at the present stage of the development of criminal law science in the works of the scientists and in law enforcement sources, there are facts of mixing the concepts of «types», «forms» and «methods» in relation to the events of crimes and in the process of describing the corresponding criminal acts. This practice often leads to confusion of related categories and substitution of concepts, significantly complicating the procedure for the qualification of crimes and making it difficult to establish the actual degree and nature of their public danger. The crimes provided for in Article 156 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation are no exception. In this connection, it is necessary to formulate and substantiate scientifically based conclusions allowing to resolve the described problem situation. Research methods: carrying out the author’s large-scale generalisation of materials of investigative and judicial practice in cases of non-fulfillment of duties for the upbringing of minors connected with abuse; analysis of the provisions of the current legislation, comparison of the empirical data obtained. Results: the forms of committing crimes provided by article 156 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation are indicated; the author’s classification of the types of acts within each of the forms is presented; the statement that the specific type of committed acts is the main criterion of public danger of the crimes under consideration is substantiated.
导言:在刑法科学发展的现阶段,在科学家的工作和执法来源中,存在着与犯罪事件有关的“类型”,“形式”和“方法”概念混淆的事实,并在描述相应的犯罪行为的过程中。这种做法往往导致有关类别的混淆和概念的替代,使确定罪行资格的程序大大复杂化,并使确定其公共危险的实际程度和性质变得困难。《俄罗斯联邦刑法》第156条规定的罪行也不例外。在这方面,有必要制定和证实基于科学的结论,以解决所描述的问题情况。研究方法:执行作者对与虐待有关的未履行抚养未成年人义务案件的调查和司法实践材料的大规模概括;分析了现行立法的规定,比较了所得的经验数据。结果:指出了《俄罗斯联邦刑法》第156条规定的犯罪形式;作者对每种形式中的行为类型进行了分类;所犯行为的具体类型是构成犯罪公害的主要标准的说法得到了证实。
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引用次数: 0
Michel Foucault’s concept of “biopolitics” in the context of the events of the COVID-19 pandemic: theoretical and legal aspects 米歇尔·福柯在新冠肺炎大流行事件背景下的“生命政治”概念:理论和法律方面
IF 0.2 Q4 MATHEMATICS Pub Date : 2023-06-29 DOI: 10.35750/2071-8284-2023-2-19-25
L. Volokitina
Introduction. In the context of the recent COVID-19 pandemic events, Michel Foucault’s concept of “biopolitics” has received renewed attention. Its main idea is the desire to control not only and not so much the social, but also the biological side of human life – by a legitimate authority. The aim of the article is to try to update the Foucault concept from the perspective of the general theory and philosophy of law. The article raises the question of how the actions of power institutions in the context of implementation of “biopolitics” correlate to the theoretical and legal concept of “the limits of legal regulation”. Methods. In addition to general scientific methods of cognition (comparison, analogy, analysis, synthesis, abstraction; collectively – general logical methods), this study applies the following special methods of legal sciences: dogmatic method (formal-legal), interpretation and problem-theoretical reconstruction. Results. The article concludes that in the process of implementation of ”biopolitical” strategies the theoretical and legal construction of “the limits of legal regulation” undergoes significant changes. From this perspective, the actions of governing bodies do not exceed the permissible limits of legal regulation. Michel Foucault’s concept of ‘biopolitics’ allows analysing legal phenomena without distancing from the facts of social reality.
介绍。在最近新冠肺炎大流行事件的背景下,米歇尔·福柯的“生命政治”概念再次受到关注。它的主要思想是想要通过一个合法的权威来控制人类生活的社会方面和生物方面。本文的目的是试图从一般理论和法哲学的角度来更新福柯的概念。本文提出的问题是,在实施“生命政治”的背景下,权力机构的行为如何与“法律规制的限度”的理论和法律概念相关联。方法。除了一般的科学认知方法(比较、类比、分析、综合、抽象;本研究运用了以下法学的特殊方法:教条式方法(形式法)、解释和问题理论重构。结果。文章认为,在实施“生命政治”战略的过程中,“法律规制的限度”的理论和法律建构发生了重大变化。从这个角度来看,理事机构的行为没有超出法律规定的允许范围。米歇尔·福柯(Michel Foucault)的“生命政治”概念允许在不脱离社会现实事实的情况下分析法律现象。
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引用次数: 0
The possibility of taking into account the perpetrator’s repentance of a committed crime as a circumstance mitigating the punishment 将行为人悔罪作为减刑情节考虑的可能性
IF 0.2 Q4 MATHEMATICS Pub Date : 2023-06-29 DOI: 10.35750/2071-8284-2023-2-157-162
E.V. Shimanovich
Introduction: Through the study of 500 convictions handed down by various courts of first instance from 2016 to 2020, the author found that the mitigating circumstance “repentance for the deed”, applied by the courts on the basis of Part 2 of Art. 61 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is taken into account more often than those indicated in the list of Part 1 of Art. 61 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. In this regard, the article analyzes the history of occurrence of the considered mitigating circumstance in the regulatory legal acts of the pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods, raises the question of the possibility of its inclusion in the list of Part 1 of Art. 61 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, as well as of the establishment of criteria for the application of this mitigating circumstance. Research methods: The article is based on general scientific (analysis, synthesis and formal-logical) and special (formal-legal, historical, statistical, questionnaire method) research methods. Research results: The author of the article comes to the conclusion that the mitigating circumstance «repentance for the deed» should be taken into account by the courts in cases where the perpetrator confirmed his repentance by positive post-criminal behavior, and only when he had not previously committed similar crimes (had not been convicted or released due to non-rehabilitating circumstances from criminal liability). In this case, there is no need to include this mitigating circumstance in the list of Part 1 of Art. 61 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
导言:通过对2016年至2020年各法院一审判决的500起定罪案件的研究,笔者发现,法院在《俄罗斯联邦刑法》第61条第2部分基础上适用的“悔罪”减刑情节,比《俄罗斯联邦刑法》第61条第1部分清单中所列的减刑情节考虑得更多。在这方面,本文分析了在革命前和苏联时期的管制法律行为中所考虑的减轻情节的发生历史,提出了将其列入《俄罗斯联邦刑法》第61条第1部分清单的可能性的问题,以及确定适用这种减轻情节的标准的问题。研究方法:本文采用一般科学(分析、综合、形式逻辑)和特殊(形式法律、历史、统计、问卷调查)的研究方法。研究结果:本文作者认为,只有在行为人以积极的犯罪后行为确认其悔罪的情况下,且行为人以前没有犯过类似的罪行(未因刑事责任未康复的情况而被定罪或释放),法院才应考虑“悔罪”的减刑情节。在这种情况下,没有必要在《俄罗斯联邦刑法》第61条第1部分的清单中列入这种减轻罪行的情况。
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引用次数: 0
Law-making crowdsourcing and its significance for establishing the limits of legal regulation 立法众包及其对确立法律规制界限的意义
IF 0.2 Q4 MATHEMATICS Pub Date : 2023-06-29 DOI: 10.35750/2071-8284-2023-2-36-43
E. Zaitseva
Abstract: the digitalisation of the processes of modern life contributes to the emergence of new lawmaking technologies aimed at defining the scope of legal regulation and establishing its limits. The use of crowdsourcing in law-making activities makes it possible to correlate the positions of society and the state regarding the possibility and necessity of regulating certain social relations. The purpose of the study: to reveal the essence of law-making crowdsourcing as an independent lawmaking technology, to determine its significance for establishing the limits of legal regulation. Research methods: general scientific methods and methods of cognition (systemic, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, generalisation, comparison, etc.) and special scientific methods (formal legal, comparative legal). Results: Law-making crowdsourcing is a new technology and one of the deliberative procedures aimed at optimising the establishment of the scope of legal regulation and fixing it as a subject of legal regulation. There are three main types of law-making crowdsourcing, depending on the objectives and content pursued: crowdsourcing of issues, crowdsourcing of ideas, and crowdsourcing of draft legislation. Certain conditions need to be taken into account in order for crowdsourcing to produce the desired results and improve the effectiveness of legal regulation, as well as problems and shortcomings due to both the specificity of the technology and peculiarities of the public consciousness.
摘要:现代生活过程的数字化促进了新的立法技术的出现,旨在界定法律监管的范围并确立其限制。在立法活动中使用众包,可以将社会和国家在调节某些社会关系的可能性和必要性方面的立场联系起来。研究目的:揭示众包立法作为一种独立立法技术的本质,确定其对于确立法律规制界限的意义。研究方法:一般科学方法和认知方法(系统、分析、综合、归纳、演绎、概括、比较等)和特殊科学方法(形式法学、比较法学)。结果:立法众包是一种新技术,也是一种旨在优化法律规制范围的确立,使其成为法律规制主体的审议程序之一。根据所追求的目标和内容,众包立法主要有三种类型:问题众包、思想众包和立法草案众包。众包要想达到预期的效果,提高法律规制的有效性,需要考虑一定的条件,也需要考虑由于技术的特殊性和公众意识的特殊性而存在的问题和不足。
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Vestnik St Petersburg University-Mathematics
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