Abstract This paper explores both comparable and translation data from the fiction part of the English-Norwegian Parallel Corpus (ENPC) in a new way. Rather than studying fiction as a unified register, we investigate to what extent fiction can be seen to contain (at least) two distinct registers – dialogue and narrative – and to what extent this may have implications for contrastive studies based on a corpus such as the ENPC. Token counts show that, although the texts are predominantly narrative in nature, the Norwegian texts are even more so than the English ones. On the basis of word lists, two items proportionally more frequent in dialogue and that had previously been studied on the basis of the fiction texts in the ENPC were identified and chosen for further scrutiny: there and see. Results from these two case studies uncover some differences in the use of there and see in dialogue vs. narrative, most conspicuously for see where its preferred use in dialogue is the cognition sense and in narrative the perception sense. For there, a noticeable difference is the choice of verb in the Norwegian translations of existential there-clauses in dialogue and narrative. In narrative, verbs other than verbs of existence are sometimes chosen, while this is never the case in dialogue.
摘要本文以一种全新的方式对英-挪威语平行语料库(ENPC)小说部分的可比数据和翻译数据进行了研究。我们不是将小说作为一个统一的语域来研究，而是研究小说在多大程度上可以被视为包含(至少)两种不同的语域——对话和叙事——以及这在多大程度上可能对基于语料库(如ENPC)的对比研究产生影响。象征性的计数表明，尽管文本在本质上主要是叙事性的，挪威文本甚至比英语文本更多。在单词列表的基础上，在对话中出现频率更高的两个词被识别出来，并被选中进行进一步的审查:there和see。这两个案例研究的结果揭示了there and see在对话和叙事中的使用存在一些差异，其中最明显的是对话中更倾向于认知意义，而叙事中更倾向于感知意义。在挪威语中，对话和叙事中存在性there从句的动词选择是一个明显的差异。在叙述中，有时会选择存在动词以外的动词，而在对话中则不会这样。
{"title":"Dialogue vs. narrative in fiction","authors":"S. O. Ebeling, J. Ebeling","doi":"10.1075/lic.00019.oks","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lic.00019.oks","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper explores both comparable and translation data from the fiction part of the English-Norwegian Parallel Corpus (ENPC) in a new way. Rather than studying fiction as a unified register, we investigate to what extent fiction can be seen to contain (at least) two distinct registers – dialogue and narrative – and to what extent this may have implications for contrastive studies based on a corpus such as the ENPC. Token counts show that, although the texts are predominantly narrative in nature, the Norwegian texts are even more so than the English ones. On the basis of word lists, two items proportionally more frequent in dialogue and that had previously been studied on the basis of the fiction texts in the ENPC were identified and chosen for further scrutiny: there and see. Results from these two case studies uncover some differences in the use of there and see in dialogue vs. narrative, most conspicuously for see where its preferred use in dialogue is the cognition sense and in narrative the perception sense. For there, a noticeable difference is the choice of verb in the Norwegian translations of existential there-clauses in dialogue and narrative. In narrative, verbs other than verbs of existence are sometimes chosen, while this is never the case in dialogue.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78445224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Complementary Contribution of Comparable and Parallel Corpora to Crosslinguistic Studies","authors":"","doi":"10.1075/lic.20.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lic.20.2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75902626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aims of this paper are to analyse differences in the degree of lexical variation (type/token ratio and hapax/token ratio) of reporting verbs in reporting clauses placed medially or in postposition in English, French and Czech fiction and to evaluate their consequences in translation, especially in regard to explicitation/implicitation. We expect that, in translations from a language with a low degree of lexical variation of reporting verbs into a language with a high degree of lexical variation, the frequency and the degree of explicitation will be higher than in translations involving languages less different with respect to lexical variation. The analysis, relying on data extracted from the InterCorp multilingual corpus, proposes a classification of reporting verbs based on the type and amount of information conveyed, which allows evaluating the degree of explicitation operated in translations. The results show that most shifts involve only the neutral reporting verb say/dire, replaced by a stylistically more specific synonym or by a verb explicitating information obvious from the context. This suggests that modifications of reporting verbs in translation are motivated primarily by respect for the stylistic norm of the target language and the degree of acceptability of the repetition of the neutral reporting verb.
{"title":"Differences in the lexical variation of reporting verbs in French, English and Czech fiction and their impact on\u0000 translation","authors":"Olga Nádvorníková","doi":"10.1075/lic.00016.nad","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lic.00016.nad","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The aims of this paper are to analyse differences in the degree of lexical variation (type/token ratio and\u0000 hapax/token ratio) of reporting verbs in reporting clauses placed medially or in postposition in English, French and Czech fiction\u0000 and to evaluate their consequences in translation, especially in regard to explicitation/implicitation. We expect that, in\u0000 translations from a language with a low degree of lexical variation of reporting verbs into a language with a high degree of\u0000 lexical variation, the frequency and the degree of explicitation will be higher than in translations involving languages less\u0000 different with respect to lexical variation. The analysis, relying on data extracted from the InterCorp multilingual corpus,\u0000 proposes a classification of reporting verbs based on the type and amount of information conveyed, which allows evaluating the\u0000 degree of explicitation operated in translations. The results show that most shifts involve only the neutral reporting verb\u0000 say/dire, replaced by a stylistically more specific synonym or by a verb explicitating information obvious\u0000 from the context. This suggests that modifications of reporting verbs in translation are motivated primarily by respect for the\u0000 stylistic norm of the target language and the degree of acceptability of the repetition of the neutral reporting verb.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89979661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents a contrastive analysis of the English copular subschema [become + past participle] and the equivalent copular subschema [devenir + past participle] in French, based on web data. It is shown that both patterns are almost equally productive at the subject complement level. Furthermore, a more in-depth analysis demonstrates that, in the segment of participles with a high adjectival potential, devenir accumulates more participle tokens than become. Conversely, the reverse holds true for participles with a high verbal potential, in which case become is characterized by more participle tokens than devenir. This high amount of combinations between become and eventive participles also suggests a higher degree of passivity for become. However, in the segment of participles with an intermediate verbal potential, devenir is slightly more type frequent than become, which hints at an emerging productivity in this area for devenir as well.
{"title":"The copular subschema[become/devenir + past participle]in English and French","authors":"Niek Van Wettere","doi":"10.1075/lic.19013.van","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lic.19013.van","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article presents a contrastive analysis of the English copular subschema [become + past\u0000 participle] and the equivalent copular subschema [devenir + past participle] in French, based on web data. It is\u0000 shown that both patterns are almost equally productive at the subject complement level. Furthermore, a more in-depth analysis\u0000 demonstrates that, in the segment of participles with a high adjectival potential, devenir accumulates more\u0000 participle tokens than become. Conversely, the reverse holds true for participles with a high verbal potential,\u0000 in which case become is characterized by more participle tokens than devenir. This high amount\u0000 of combinations between become and eventive participles also suggests a higher degree of passivity for\u0000 become. However, in the segment of participles with an intermediate verbal potential,\u0000 devenir is slightly more type frequent than become, which hints at an emerging productivity\u0000 in this area for devenir as well.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75222616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Cross-linguistically, there are different patterns for denominal verb formation and languages show preferences for certain patterns (cf. McIntyre, 2015 ). In this paper, I focus on denominal verb formation in English and Modern Greek. The analyzed data come from the TenTen corpora (Sketch Engine, Kilgariff et al., 2014 ). The first aim is to quantify the use of the patterns of denominal verb formations in both languages. The results of the analysis corroborate the findings of previous analyses, such as the strong preference for conversion for denominal verb formation in English and for suffixation in Modern Greek. However, the present paper aims to go a step further. The second aim is to discuss why English and Modern Greek show these preferences. I propose that the preferences can be explained if we correlate the parameters of inflectional marking, word order/configurationality, system of lexical category assignment and boundary permeability.
从跨语言的角度来看，名动词的形成有不同的模式，语言对某些模式有偏好(cf. McIntyre, 2015)。本文主要研究英语和现代希腊语中名动词的构成。分析的数据来自tenen语料库(Sketch Engine, Kilgariff et al.， 2014)。第一个目的是量化两种语言中名动词构成模式的使用。分析结果证实了先前分析的发现，例如英语中对动词名形形式的转换和现代希腊语中对后缀形式的转换的强烈偏好。然而，本文的目的是更进一步。第二个目的是讨论为什么英语和现代希腊语表现出这些偏好。我提出，如果我们将屈折标记、词序/配置性、词汇类别分配系统和边界渗透性等参数联系起来，就可以解释这种偏好。
{"title":"Denominal verb formationin English and Modern Greek","authors":"Nikos Koutsoukos","doi":"10.1075/lic.19020.kou","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lic.19020.kou","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Cross-linguistically, there are different patterns for denominal verb formation and languages show preferences for certain patterns (cf. McIntyre, 2015 ). In this paper, I focus on denominal verb formation in English and Modern Greek. The analyzed data come from the TenTen corpora (Sketch Engine, Kilgariff et al., 2014 ). The first aim is to quantify the use of the patterns of denominal verb formations in both languages. The results of the analysis corroborate the findings of previous analyses, such as the strong preference for conversion for denominal verb formation in English and for suffixation in Modern Greek. However, the present paper aims to go a step further. The second aim is to discuss why English and Modern Greek show these preferences. I propose that the preferences can be explained if we correlate the parameters of inflectional marking, word order/configurationality, system of lexical category assignment and boundary permeability.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91304885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study focuses on French and English abstract nouns denoting properties that can be ascribed to humans, such as beauty, carefulness and anger. Previous research showed that some but not all of these nouns are licensed in both locative existentials (e.g., There’s an intense anger in Isabella) and possessive existentials (e.g., Isabella has an intense anger). What remains unclear is how these and other patterns correlate among themselves depending on how easily they host such nouns. We here use speaker ratings of these nouns in different constructional environments. A principal component analysis suggests that the main dimension underlying native speakers’ ratings of these abstract nouns in six different patterns is temporal limitability. This gradable distinction, strongly correlated with the locative existential, holds for both the French and English data and outweighs any French-English contrastive differences in how acceptable human property nouns are considered to be in the patterns studied.
{"title":"Temperaments, tempers, and temporality","authors":"B. Cappelle, Vassil Mostrov, Fayssal Tayalati","doi":"10.1075/lic.19006.cap","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lic.19006.cap","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study focuses on French and English abstract nouns denoting properties that can be ascribed to humans, such\u0000 as beauty, carefulness and anger. Previous research showed that some but not all of these nouns are licensed in both locative\u0000 existentials (e.g., There’s an intense anger in Isabella) and possessive existentials (e.g., Isabella has an intense anger). What\u0000 remains unclear is how these and other patterns correlate among themselves depending on how easily they host such nouns. We here\u0000 use speaker ratings of these nouns in different constructional environments. A principal component analysis suggests that the main\u0000 dimension underlying native speakers’ ratings of these abstract nouns in six different patterns is temporal limitability. This\u0000 gradable distinction, strongly correlated with the locative existential, holds for both the French and English data and outweighs\u0000 any French-English contrastive differences in how acceptable human property nouns are considered to be in the patterns\u0000 studied.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87665162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper provides the first contrastive analysis of a coherence relation (viz. addition) and its connectives across a sign language (French Belgian Sign Language) and a spoken language (French), both used in the same geographical area. The analysis examines the frequency and types of connectives that can express an additive relation, in order to contrast its “markedness” in the two languages, that is, whether addition is marked by dedicated connectives or by ambiguous, polyfunctional ones. Furthermore, we investigate the functions of the most frequent additive connective in each language (namely et and the sign SAME), starting from the observation that most connectives are highly polyfunctional. This analysis intends to show which functions are compatible with the meaning of addition in spoken and signed discourse. Despite a common core of shared discourse functions, the equivalence between et and SAME is only partial and relates to a difference in their semantics.
{"title":"Coherence relations across speech and sign language","authors":"Ludivine Crible, Sílvia Gabarró-López","doi":"10.1075/LIC.19010.CRI","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LIC.19010.CRI","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper provides the first contrastive analysis of a coherence relation (viz. addition) and its connectives across a\u0000 sign language (French Belgian Sign Language) and a spoken language (French), both used in the same geographical area. The analysis examines\u0000 the frequency and types of connectives that can express an additive relation, in order to contrast its “markedness” in the two languages,\u0000 that is, whether addition is marked by dedicated connectives or by ambiguous, polyfunctional ones. Furthermore, we investigate the functions\u0000 of the most frequent additive connective in each language (namely et and the sign SAME), starting from the observation that\u0000 most connectives are highly polyfunctional. This analysis intends to show which functions are compatible with the meaning of addition in\u0000 spoken and signed discourse. Despite a common core of shared discourse functions, the equivalence between et and SAME is\u0000 only partial and relates to a difference in their semantics.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87797087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The main aim of the present paper is to compare the realization patterns of directive speech acts produced by the Speaker of the House of Representatives of New Zealand and the Speaker of the House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The paper focuses on head acts only, disregarding modification. Head acts are analyzed and compared in terms of their explicitness and implicitness, as defined in the framework proposed by Vine ( 2004a , 2004b ). Overall results show that explicit head acts were dominant in both data sets. Furthermore, significant differences were noticed in terms of the findings for certain sub-forms of the explicit head acts, such as the imperative form, which is more frequent in parliamentary directives in Serbian, as are performative verbs. Modal verbs were typical of the parliamentary directives in English. The results are discussed in the context of the findings of previous relevant studies.
{"title":"Parliamentary directives in New Zealand and Bosnia and Herzegovina","authors":"Olja Baker","doi":"10.1075/lic.19001.bak","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lic.19001.bak","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The main aim of the present paper is to compare the realization patterns of directive speech acts produced by the Speaker of the House of Representatives of New Zealand and the Speaker of the House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The paper focuses on head acts only, disregarding modification. Head acts are analyzed and compared in terms of their explicitness and implicitness, as defined in the framework proposed by Vine ( 2004a , 2004b ). Overall results show that explicit head acts were dominant in both data sets. Furthermore, significant differences were noticed in terms of the findings for certain sub-forms of the explicit head acts, such as the imperative form, which is more frequent in parliamentary directives in Serbian, as are performative verbs. Modal verbs were typical of the parliamentary directives in English. The results are discussed in the context of the findings of previous relevant studies.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72399819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper focuses on the translation of Manner-of-motion in comics, a genre in which information is conveyed in both verbal and visual language. The study draws on Slobin’s Thinking-for-translating hypothesis, according to which translators tend to distance themselves from the source text in order to conform to the rhetorical style of the target language. Special attention is devoted to the role of visual language within this framework, with the ultimate aim of identifying translation techniques adapted to the issue of translating Manner-of-motion in comics, in both inter- and intratypological translation scenarios. This paper analyses a corpus that includes a selection from the Belgian comic series Les aventures de Tintin and its translation into two satellite-framed languages (English and German) and two verb-framed languages (Spanish and Catalan). Overall, the results highlight the key role of visual language in the translation of Manner-of-motion in comics, since this can compensate for alterations in the verbal code of target texts, by comparison with originals, and thus minimize the consequences of Thinking-for-translating. Moreover, the (limited) space in the balloons and the respective stylistic conventions of comic books in each language are shown to constrain translation to some extent.
{"title":"On the translation of Manner-of-motion in comics","authors":"Teresa Molés-Cases","doi":"10.1075/lic.19007.mol","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lic.19007.mol","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This paper focuses on the translation of Manner-of-motion in comics, a genre in which information is conveyed in both verbal and visual language. The study draws on Slobin’s Thinking-for-translating hypothesis, according to which translators tend to distance themselves from the source text in order to conform to the rhetorical style of the target language. Special attention is devoted to the role of visual language within this framework, with the ultimate aim of identifying translation techniques adapted to the issue of translating Manner-of-motion in comics, in both inter- and intratypological translation scenarios. This paper analyses a corpus that includes a selection from the Belgian comic series Les aventures de Tintin and its translation into two satellite-framed languages (English and German) and two verb-framed languages (Spanish and Catalan). Overall, the results highlight the key role of visual language in the translation of Manner-of-motion in comics, since this can compensate for alterations in the verbal code of target texts, by comparison with originals, and thus minimize the consequences of Thinking-for-translating. Moreover, the (limited) space in the balloons and the respective stylistic conventions of comic books in each language are shown to constrain translation to some extent.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88177119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present paper investigates similarities and differences between Czech and Spanish regarding the (non-)expression of pronominal subjects (PS). The nature of this comparative study is qualitative, and its central question is whether Czech and Spanish use the same strategies for omission and expression of PS. Previous research describes both Czech and Spanish as consistent pro-drop languages, and at first glance their strategies for (non-) expression of PS are identical. However, in certain structures, Czech allows overt pragmatic as well as grammatical expletives, a feature which – in combination with several further structural properties – substantially distinguishes it from Spanish. The differences that may emerge when comparing two languages leads automatically to a discussion of the typology of pro-drop languages.
{"title":"Slavic and Romance pro-drop in contrast","authors":"A. Pešková","doi":"10.1075/LIC.17011.PES","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LIC.17011.PES","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The present paper investigates similarities and differences between Czech and Spanish regarding the\u0000 (non-)expression of pronominal subjects (PS). The nature of this comparative study is qualitative, and its central question is\u0000 whether Czech and Spanish use the same strategies for omission and expression of PS. Previous research describes both Czech and\u0000 Spanish as consistent pro-drop languages, and at first glance their strategies for (non-) expression of PS are identical. However,\u0000 in certain structures, Czech allows overt pragmatic as well as grammatical expletives, a feature which – in combination with\u0000 several further structural properties – substantially distinguishes it from Spanish. The differences that may emerge when\u0000 comparing two languages leads automatically to a discussion of the typology of pro-drop languages.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83287041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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