Anna-Maria De Cesare, A. Albom, Doriana Cimmino, M. Spagnolo
This article examines the functional category of domain adverbials (DAs), which arose fairly recently in the European languages and is claimed to occur frequently in the written press. In order to better understand this category, we investigate the form, use and meaning of DAs in English, German, French, Italian and Spanish and highlight important intra- and cross-linguistic differences by means of a qualitative and quantitative empirical study based on a corpus of journalistic texts drawn from online daily newspapers. Our results show that cross-linguistically DAs are mainly realized as adverbs formed through a standard word-formation rule. Our results also point to important cross-linguistic differences in the frequency and types of domain adverbs used in the five languages. We explain these differences by taking into account grammatical, sociolinguistic and discourse-related parameters.
{"title":"Domain adverbials in the news","authors":"Anna-Maria De Cesare, A. Albom, Doriana Cimmino, M. Spagnolo","doi":"10.1075/LIC.17005.DEC","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LIC.17005.DEC","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the functional category of domain adverbials (DAs), which arose fairly recently in the European languages and is claimed to occur frequently in the written press. In order to better understand this category, we investigate the form, use and meaning of DAs in English, German, French, Italian and Spanish and highlight important intra- and cross-linguistic differences by means of a qualitative and quantitative empirical study based on a corpus of journalistic texts drawn from online daily newspapers. Our results show that cross-linguistically DAs are mainly realized as adverbs formed through a standard word-formation rule. Our results also point to important cross-linguistic differences in the frequency and types of domain adverbs used in the five languages. We explain these differences by taking into account grammatical, sociolinguistic and discourse-related parameters.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80004257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study compares the Italian suffix -ista with its English counterpart -ist in terms of productivity. While in English -ist is often used to designate a person who devotes himself to some science or branch of knowledge (linguist), or refers to an adherent of some creed, doctrine, or art (idealist), Italian -ista has extended its use to new meanings (e.g. supporter of a politician, an artist, etc.), and possible bases, from roots to phrases. Moreover, -ista has also extended its applicability to recent loan words and abbreviations, thus becoming more frequent than -ist and often corresponding to the -er suffix (e.g. shampooer vs. shampista) or nominal compounds (e.g. taxi driver vs. tassista) in the formation of agent nouns. The present contrastive (corpus-based and dictionary-based) analyses confirm that -ista is more productive than -ist in terms of possible bases and varied meanings, which have entered the Italian lexicon and are available for the formation of neologisms.
{"title":"On the productivity of the Italian suffix -ista and the English -ist","authors":"Elisa Mattiello","doi":"10.1075/LIC.18003.MAT","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LIC.18003.MAT","url":null,"abstract":"This study compares the Italian suffix -ista with its English counterpart -ist in terms of productivity. While in English -ist is often used to designate a person who devotes himself to some science or branch of knowledge (linguist), or refers to an adherent of some creed, doctrine, or art (idealist), Italian -ista has extended its use to new meanings (e.g. supporter of a politician, an artist, etc.), and possible bases, from roots to phrases. Moreover, -ista has also extended its applicability to recent loan words and abbreviations, thus becoming more frequent than -ist and often corresponding to the -er suffix (e.g. shampooer vs. shampista) or nominal compounds (e.g. taxi driver vs. tassista) in the formation of agent nouns. The present contrastive (corpus-based and dictionary-based) analyses confirm that -ista is more productive than -ist in terms of possible bases and varied meanings, which have entered the Italian lexicon and are available for the formation of neologisms.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86622905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent research on deictic elements has made extensive use of translation corpora to demonstrate that asymmetries between translational paradigms signal subtle contrasts from a systemic and pragmatic perspective. The purpose of the present study is to identify translation correspondences of the English spatial demonstrative this in Lithuanian and to discuss the contrastive features within the analytical framework of translational explicitation and implicitation. The results indicate that in the prototypical situational usage there is a high degree of correspondence between this and its Lithuanian translation, while textual uses demonstrate low formal equivalence. A tendency to implicitate stems from the null subject construction and object ellipsis in Lithuanian and is also a result of the availability of facultative deictic words in Lithuanian. The apparent systemic difference between the deictic systems of English and Lithuanian indicates a tendency towards optional implicitation and stylistic variation in literary translation.
{"title":"Spatial deictics in translation","authors":"Darija Bartkutė, Daiva Verikaitė-Gaigalienė","doi":"10.1075/LIC.18007.BAR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LIC.18007.BAR","url":null,"abstract":"Recent research on deictic elements has made extensive use of translation corpora to demonstrate that asymmetries between translational paradigms signal subtle contrasts from a systemic and pragmatic perspective. The purpose of the present study is to identify translation correspondences of the English spatial demonstrative this in Lithuanian and to discuss the contrastive features within the analytical framework of translational explicitation and implicitation. The results indicate that in the prototypical situational usage there is a high degree of correspondence between this and its Lithuanian translation, while textual uses demonstrate low formal equivalence. A tendency to implicitate stems from the null subject construction and object ellipsis in Lithuanian and is also a result of the availability of facultative deictic words in Lithuanian. The apparent systemic difference between the deictic systems of English and Lithuanian indicates a tendency towards optional implicitation and stylistic variation in literary translation.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80694541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A set of phraseological units that convey disagreement in Spanish, English and Norwegian teenage language are observed from three perspectives in this paper: the phraseological, the pragmatic-discursive and the contrastive perspective. The underlying assumption of the analysis is that the expression of disagreement in these terms among young people takes on certain pragmatic nuances. The Madrid Oral Corpus of Teenage Talk (COLAm), the COLT-corpus (Corpus of London Teenage Talk) and the UNO-corpus of Young Norwegian speakers (Ungdomsspråk i Norden, Oslo) enable a comparison of the use of these phraseological units expressing disagreement among teenagers across these three languages.
本文从语用学、语用-语篇学和对比学三个角度观察了西班牙语、英语和挪威语中表达歧义的一组词汇单位。该分析的基本假设是，年轻人在这些术语中表达不同意见的方式具有某些实用的细微差别。马德里青少年口语语料库(COLAm)、colt语料库(伦敦青少年口语语料库)和uno青年挪威语语料库(ungdomsspramatk i Norden, Oslo)可以比较这三种语言的青少年对表达不同意见的这些短语单位的使用情况。
{"title":"Phraseology in teenage language in Spanish, English and Norwegian","authors":"A. Jørgensen, I. Olza","doi":"10.1075/LIC.17013.JOR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LIC.17013.JOR","url":null,"abstract":"A set of phraseological units that convey disagreement in Spanish, English and Norwegian teenage language are observed from three perspectives in this paper: the phraseological, the pragmatic-discursive and the contrastive perspective. The underlying assumption of the analysis is that the expression of disagreement in these terms among young people takes on certain pragmatic nuances. The Madrid Oral Corpus of Teenage Talk (COLAm), the COLT-corpus (Corpus of London Teenage Talk) and the UNO-corpus of Young Norwegian speakers (Ungdomsspråk i Norden, Oslo) enable a comparison of the use of these phraseological units expressing disagreement among teenagers across these three languages.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88369819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this paper is to analyse introductory sections in Italian, British/Irish and American city audio guides from a contrastive perspective, in order to identify possible differences in the type and distribution of content. Three main content types and their corresponding subtypes were identified in the introductions of fifty professional city audio guides and were both quantitatively and qualitatively compared across the three groups. Differences between audio guides in Italian and in English are identified and discussed in reference to Hall’s ‘contexting’ theory (1983, 1990), and the findings are then compared to existing guidelines for audio guides production provided by scholars and professionals in the field. Finally, on the basis of the results, translation issues are addressed by providing a list of aspects that could be taken into account when producing English versions of Italian audio guides.
{"title":"Comparing introductory sections in city audio guides in Italian and English","authors":"M. E. Fina","doi":"10.1075/LIC.16017.FIN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LIC.16017.FIN","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The aim of this paper is to analyse introductory sections in Italian, British/Irish and American city audio guides\u0000 from a contrastive perspective, in order to identify possible differences in the type and distribution of content. Three main\u0000 content types and their corresponding subtypes were identified in the introductions of fifty professional city audio guides and\u0000 were both quantitatively and qualitatively compared across the three groups. Differences between audio guides in Italian and in\u0000 English are identified and discussed in reference to Hall’s ‘contexting’ theory (1983,\u0000 1990), and the findings are then compared to existing guidelines for audio guides\u0000 production provided by scholars and professionals in the field. Finally, on the basis of the results, translation issues are\u0000 addressed by providing a list of aspects that could be taken into account when producing English versions of Italian audio\u0000 guides.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83607624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents an analysis of the linguistic realization of discourse relations across and within English and German discourse, comparing the genres of newspaper editorial and personal narrative. It concentrates on Continuation, Narration and Contrast, and Elaboration, Explanation and Comment. Particular attention is given to (1) their overt realization with textual themes and pragmatic word order, and (2) the (non)adjacent positioning of discourse units realizing the relations. The methodological framework is an integrated one, supplementing Systemic Functional Grammar with Segmented Discourse Representation Theory. In the English and German narratives, there is a strong tendency to realize discourse relations overtly. The overall overt realization is significantly higher for narratives in both languages with editorials being significantly less overt. There are also significant differences in the overt realization of non-adjacently positioned units realizing discourse relations with significant distributions in all cases, although the distribution in the narratives is less significant.
{"title":"Discourse relations across genres and contexts","authors":"A. Fetzer, A. Speyer","doi":"10.1075/LIC.17006.FET","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LIC.17006.FET","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper presents an analysis of the linguistic realization of discourse relations across and within English and\u0000 German discourse, comparing the genres of newspaper editorial and personal narrative. It concentrates on Continuation, Narration\u0000 and Contrast, and Elaboration, Explanation and Comment. Particular attention is given to (1) their overt realization with textual\u0000 themes and pragmatic word order, and (2) the (non)adjacent positioning of discourse units realizing the relations. The\u0000 methodological framework is an integrated one, supplementing Systemic Functional Grammar with Segmented Discourse Representation\u0000 Theory. In the English and German narratives, there is a strong tendency to realize discourse relations overtly. The overall overt\u0000 realization is significantly higher for narratives in both languages with editorials being significantly less overt. There are\u0000 also significant differences in the overt realization of non-adjacently positioned units realizing discourse relations with\u0000 significant distributions in all cases, although the distribution in the narratives is less significant.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80763944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Belén López Arroyo, R. P. Roberts, Leticia Moreno Pérez
This paper analyzes the use of the -ing and -ndo forms in English and Spanish in sales contracts. More specifically, it aims to answer three questions: 1. Do the -ing and the -ndo forms occur more frequently in sales contracts than in general language? 2. Do English sales contracts contain more -ing forms used in more syntactic functions than the Spanish -ndo in Spanish sales contracts? 3. Are both the -ing forms and the -ndo forms found in all or most parts of the sales contracts retained for this study? Our study is based on two comparable corpora of English and Spanish: a legal corpus containing sales contracts, and a general corpus. Our corpora provide the following answers to the questions posed: 1. Both the -ing and the -ndo forms occur more frequently in sales contracts than in general language; 2. There are more -ing forms in English sales contracts than there are -ndo forms in Spanish sales contracts, but in both cases, they are used in a variety of syntactic functions; 3. Both the -ing forms and the -ndo forms are found in most parts of the sales contracts used in this study.
{"title":"The use of -ing and -ndo forms in sales contracts","authors":"Belén López Arroyo, R. P. Roberts, Leticia Moreno Pérez","doi":"10.1075/LIC.17009.LOP","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LIC.17009.LOP","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper analyzes the use of the -ing and -ndo forms in English and Spanish in sales contracts.\u0000 More specifically, it aims to answer three questions: 1. Do the -ing and the -ndo forms occur\u0000 more frequently in sales contracts than in general language? 2. Do English sales contracts contain more -ing\u0000 forms used in more syntactic functions than the Spanish -ndo in Spanish sales contracts? 3. Are both the\u0000 -ing forms and the -ndo forms found in all or most parts of the sales contracts retained for\u0000 this study? Our study is based on two comparable corpora of English and Spanish: a legal corpus containing sales contracts, and a\u0000 general corpus. Our corpora provide the following answers to the questions posed: 1. Both the -ing and the\u0000 -ndo forms occur more frequently in sales contracts than in general language; 2. There are more\u0000 -ing forms in English sales contracts than there are -ndo forms in Spanish sales contracts,\u0000 but in both cases, they are used in a variety of syntactic functions; 3. Both the -ing forms and the\u0000 -ndo forms are found in most parts of the sales contracts used in this study.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82366641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drawing upon recent insights into the role of Goal preference as reflector of cross-linguistic differences, this paper investigates the factors affecting the realization of Goals in motion event descriptions. In particular, it examines the interplay between the lexicalization pattern of a language, on the one hand, and grammatical viewpoint aspect, on the other – factors which have commonly been treated in isolation. In so doing, three typologically distinct languages were examined: English, German and Greek. The empirical basis of this paper includes: (a) a corpus study, in which we examined the distribution of Goals in a small set of verbs, and (b) an experimental verbalization study, from which we elicited descriptions of different motion event types. While the former does not give a clear picture concerning the cross-linguistic differences in Goal prominence, the latter indicates that lexicalization pattern assumes a more prominent role than grammatical viewpoint aspect in affecting Goal realization.
{"title":"Goal realization","authors":"T. Georgakopoulos, Holden Härtl, Athina Sioupi","doi":"10.1075/LIC.17010.GEO","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LIC.17010.GEO","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Drawing upon recent insights into the role of Goal preference as reflector of cross-linguistic differences, this paper investigates the factors affecting the realization of Goals in motion event descriptions. In particular, it examines the interplay between the lexicalization pattern of a language, on the one hand, and grammatical viewpoint aspect, on the other – factors which have commonly been treated in isolation. In so doing, three typologically distinct languages were examined: English, German and Greek. The empirical basis of this paper includes: (a) a corpus study, in which we examined the distribution of Goals in a small set of verbs, and (b) an experimental verbalization study, from which we elicited descriptions of different motion event types. While the former does not give a clear picture concerning the cross-linguistic differences in Goal prominence, the latter indicates that lexicalization pattern assumes a more prominent role than grammatical viewpoint aspect in affecting Goal realization.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77347771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cross-cultural research is crucially important in the modern globalized world where different cultural notions clash and interact. This article sheds light on the notions “money” and “house”, which represent attitudes to property, in the perception of Russians and the Japanese. The research method is an association experiment that allows to explain the grounds for mutual understanding or possible misunderstanding in the instances of interethnic contacts. Analysis of association fields formed on the basis of two Russian and one Japanese sampling shows that modern Japanese tend to perceive money as beneficial, while modern Russians tend to perceive it as something evil and related to governance. 21st-century Japanese respondents and 21st-century Russian respondents proved to be more work-oriented than their early 1990s Russian counterparts. Regardless of cultural differences, both Russians and the Japanese admitted their need of money as an indispensable element of modern life. A house is understood in both cultures as a place to live in, but 1990s Russians found it less cozy and comfortable than 21st-century Russians and the Japanese.
{"title":"Notions of “money” and “house” in the language consciousness of Russians and the Japanese","authors":"A. Palkin","doi":"10.1075/LIC.17003.PAL","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LIC.17003.PAL","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Cross-cultural research is crucially important in the modern globalized world where different cultural notions clash and interact. This article sheds light on the notions “money” and “house”, which represent attitudes to property, in the perception of Russians and the Japanese. The research method is an association experiment that allows to explain the grounds for mutual understanding or possible misunderstanding in the instances of interethnic contacts. Analysis of association fields formed on the basis of two Russian and one Japanese sampling shows that modern Japanese tend to perceive money as beneficial, while modern Russians tend to perceive it as something evil and related to governance. 21st-century Japanese respondents and 21st-century Russian respondents proved to be more work-oriented than their early 1990s Russian counterparts. Regardless of cultural differences, both Russians and the Japanese admitted their need of money as an indispensable element of modern life. A house is understood in both cultures as a place to live in, but 1990s Russians found it less cozy and comfortable than 21st-century Russians and the Japanese.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78083851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the question of Chinese indirection as a result of the use of modality expressions, which is conventionally believed to be the hallmark of Chinese rhetoric (e.g. Young, 1994; Bond, 1991; Powers and Gong, 1994). The present research compares and contrasts the degree of assertiveness as reflected in the patterns of modality in two corpora of expert Chinese and English argumentative writing on the same controversial subject. Corpus evidence shows that contrary to expectations, the Chinese writers are significantly more assertive than the English in arguing their case. The frequency of use and distribution patterns of intensifiers present both quantitative and qualitative evidence for the rhetorical differences, which may be accounted for culturally.
本研究探讨了由于使用情态表达而导致的汉语间接性问题，情态表达通常被认为是汉语修辞的标志(例如Young, 1994;债券,1991;Powers and Gong, 1994)。本研究对同一争议话题的两种专家议论文语料库中语气模式所反映的自信程度进行了比较和对比。语料库证据显示，与预期相反，中国作家在论证自己的论点时明显比英国作家更自信。强化词的使用频率和分布模式为修辞差异提供了定量和定性的证据，这可能是文化上的原因。
{"title":"Chinese rhetoric","authors":"L. Yeung","doi":"10.1075/LIC.16022.YEU","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LIC.16022.YEU","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study investigates the question of Chinese indirection as a result of the use of modality expressions, which is conventionally believed to be the hallmark of Chinese rhetoric (e.g. Young, 1994; Bond, 1991; Powers and Gong, 1994). The present research compares and contrasts the degree of assertiveness as reflected in the patterns of modality in two corpora of expert Chinese and English argumentative writing on the same controversial subject. Corpus evidence shows that contrary to expectations, the Chinese writers are significantly more assertive than the English in arguing their case. The frequency of use and distribution patterns of intensifiers present both quantitative and qualitative evidence for the rhetorical differences, which may be accounted for culturally.","PeriodicalId":43502,"journal":{"name":"Languages in Contrast","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81345216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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