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Nizhny Novgorod City Widows’ Home at End of 19th — Early 20th Century: Activities in Education and Healthcare 19世纪末至20世纪初下诺夫哥罗德市寡妇之家:教育和保健活动
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-10-07 DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-7-506-524
A. V. Tikhovodova
This article examines the activities of the Nizhny Novgorod City Public Widows’ Home named after Blinovy and Bugrovy at the end of the 19th — early 20th century. The relevance of the study is determined by the increasing entrepreneurial activity and private initiative in the field of charity in modern Russia, the emergence of numerous charitable organizations and foundations, and the need to familiarize oneself with historical experience. An overview of various directions of activity of the Nizhny Novgorod City Public Widows’ Home is provided, based on its charter and reports. The educational activities of primary and vocational schools opened at the Widows’ Home are examined, along with the quantitative, social, and age composition of students, as well as the sources of material assistance provided to them. The article extensively covers the allocation of funds for education, sources and forms of donations. The medical services provided to the residents are characterized, including the number of visits by paramedics and doctors, types of diseases, levels, and causes of child and adult mortality. The article highlights the universality of the institution’s work, which combines various areas of activity within its framework. The author concludes that the second half of the 19th — early 20th century was a period of private initiative in social security with significant support from local self-government bodies.
本文考察了下诺夫哥罗德市以布林诺维和布格罗维命名的公共寡妇之家在19世纪末至20世纪初的活动。该研究的相关性是由现代俄罗斯慈善领域不断增加的企业家活动和私人主动性,众多慈善组织和基金会的出现以及熟悉历史经验的需要决定的。根据下诺夫哥罗德市公共寡妇之家的章程和报告,概述了其各种活动方向。审查了寡妇之家开办的小学和职业学校的教育活动,以及学生的数量、社会和年龄构成,以及向他们提供物质援助的来源。这篇文章广泛地介绍了教育经费的分配、捐赠的来源和形式。向居民提供的医疗服务有特点,包括护理人员和医生的就诊次数、疾病类型、程度以及儿童和成人死亡率的原因。这篇文章强调了该机构工作的普遍性,它在其框架内结合了各种活动领域。作者的结论是,19世纪下半叶至20世纪初是一个私人主动参与社会保障的时期,并得到了地方自治机构的大力支持。
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引用次数: 0
Expenditures on Pensions and Benefits in State Budget of Russian Empire in 19th to Early 20th Century 19至20世纪初俄罗斯帝国国家预算中的养老金和福利支出
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-10-07 DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-7-450-466
D. I. Raskin, A. A. Solnyshkin
The article deals with the issue of the place of expenditures for the payment of pensions and benefits in the structure of public expenditures of the Russian Empire. It is shown that the amount of expenditures on pensions in absolute terms constantly increased (from 1741 to 1913 by more than 13 times). Since the amount of pensions paid, determined by the Pension statute of 1827, remained unchanged until 1917, this growth was determined by a constant increase in the number of pension recipients. This increase was due to an increase in the number of civil servants. At the same time, the share of expenditures on pensions and benefits in the expenditure part of the budget of the Russian Empire (“ordinary expenses”) fluctuated, reaching a maximum (5.1%) in 1871 and a minimum (2.3%) in 1903-1904. These fluctuations were determined by changes in the amount of the expenditure part of the empire’s budget, which increased noticeably by the beginning of the 20th century. On the whole, expenditures on pension provision accounted for a significant part of budget expenditures, exceeding such significant expenditure items as, for example, the expenditures of the Ministry of Public Education or the Ministry of State Property (Ministry of Agriculture and State Property, Main Directorate of Land Management and Agriculture), although they were inferior to the expenditures of the Military Department. The insufficiency of the size of pensions, due to their invariability, was combined with the burdensomeness of pension expenditures for the state, but a radical reform of the pension system did not take place.
这篇文章讨论了在俄罗斯帝国的公共支出结构中支付养恤金和福利的支出地点问题。报告显示,养恤金开支的绝对数额不断增加(从1741年到1913年增加了13倍以上)。由于1827年《养恤金条例》所规定的支付养恤金数额直到1917年都保持不变,因此这一增长是由养恤金领取者人数不断增加决定的。增加的原因是公务员人数增加。与此同时,养老金和福利支出在俄罗斯帝国预算支出部分(“普通支出”)中所占的份额有所波动,1871年达到最大值(5.1%),1903-1904年达到最低值(2.3%)。这些波动是由帝国预算支出部分的变化决定的,到20世纪初,这部分支出显著增加。总的来说,养恤金支出占预算支出的很大一部分,超过了诸如公共教育部或国家财产部(农业和国家财产部、土地管理和农业总局)的支出等重要支出项目,尽管它们不如军事部的支出。由于养老金的不变性,养老金数额不足,再加上国家的养老金支出负担过重,但养老金制度并没有进行彻底的改革。
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引用次数: 0
Pharmaceutical Gardens of Tobolsk Province in 18th — Early 20th Centuries 18世纪至20世纪初托博尔斯克省的药园
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-10-07 DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-7-467-485
E. F. Sadykova, G. A. Sulkarnaeva, T. A. Miryugina
The historical aspects of the development of pharmacy gardens and vegetable gardens, which were intended for growing medicinal plants, are considered. A review of literary sources on the history of creating pharmacy gardens, their joint organizational activities with pharmacies and medical institutions in Russia, was conducted. Archival documents, current scientific publications, materials from official websites dedicated to the history of creating pharmacy gardens in the 18 th to early 20 th centuries in the Tobolsk province were analyzed. The novelty of the research lies in identifying the reasons for the lack of information about the creator of the pharmacy garden in the city of Tobolsk, revealing facts about the different ownership of this object, its sale, subsequent transfer, donation of a share of the plot for the construction of a military hospital. The heyday of the Tobolsk pharmacy garden is marked as a stage in the functioning of an experimental agricultural institution in Western Siberia. The role of pharmacist A. I. Daudel and his widow in the subsequent development of the Tyumen pharmacy garden is determined. Memories of the scale of implementation of medicinal preparations made from raw materials from the local pharmacy garden and its subsequent fate as a territory for a homeless shelter and a city hospital are presented. The reasons for the decline in interest in pharmacy gardens are identified.
药房花园和菜园的发展的历史方面,这是为了种植药用植物,被认为。审查了关于创建药房花园的历史的文献资料,以及它们与俄罗斯药房和医疗机构的联合组织活动。档案文件,当前的科学出版物,从官方网站的材料,致力于18世纪至20世纪初在托博尔斯克省创建药房花园的历史进行了分析。这项研究的新颖之处在于确定了缺乏关于托博尔斯克市药房花园创建者的信息的原因,揭示了该物品的不同所有权,其出售,随后的转让,捐赠一部分土地用于建设军事医院的事实。托博尔斯克药房花园的鼎盛时期标志着西西伯利亚实验农业机构运作的一个阶段。药剂师a.i.道德尔和他的遗孀在秋明药房花园的后续发展中的作用是确定的。从当地药房花园的原料制成的药物制剂的实施规模的记忆,以及它后来作为无家可归者收容所和城市医院的命运。确定了对药房花园兴趣下降的原因。
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引用次数: 0
Integration Policy in Northwestern Region of Russian Empire in Second Half of 19th — Early 20th Centuries 19世纪下半叶至20世纪初俄罗斯帝国西北地区的一体化政策
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-10-07 DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-7-374-392
M. N. Krot, O. O. Zavyalova
The article examines the commemorative practices implemented by the Russian authorities in the Northwestern region at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, which were a key element of the integrative strategy of ‘soft power’. The formation of a memorial concept based on the idea of the ‘original Russian identity’ of the region and the ‘restoration’ of the lost unity with the core of Russia is analyzed. The article provides a detailed examination of the complex of memorial events associated with the commemoration of Saints Cyril and Methodius, Empress Catherine II, and Vilnius Governor-General M. N. Muravyov, whose activities were linked to the region’s integration into the Russian cultural and civilizational space. Special attention is given to the ideological foundations and intellectual support of anniversary celebrations aimed at asserting the dominant values of Russian political culture in the public sphere. It is concluded that these commemorative practices served as a significant element of symbolic politics by the authorities, aimed at affirming Russia’s moral right to govern and acculturate these territories based on Russian civilizational principles. It is noted that these events, which were part of the overall state memorial policy, were aimed at maintaining the official discourse in the Northwestern provinces, with the idea of ‘Russian cultural primacy’ as its foundation.
本文考察了19世纪末20世纪初俄罗斯当局在西北地区实施的纪念活动,这些活动是“软实力”综合战略的关键要素。分析了基于该地区“原始俄罗斯身份”理念的纪念概念的形成以及与俄罗斯核心失去的统一的“恢复”。这篇文章详细考察了与纪念圣徒西里尔和梅多迪乌斯、凯瑟琳二世皇后和维尔纽斯总督穆拉维约夫有关的纪念活动,他们的活动与该地区融入俄罗斯文化和文明空间有关。特别注意旨在维护俄罗斯政治文化在公共领域的主导价值的周年庆典的意识形态基础和智力支持。结论是,这些纪念活动是当局象征性政治的一个重要组成部分,旨在肯定俄罗斯在道德上有权根据俄罗斯文明原则管理和适应这些领土。值得注意的是,这些活动是整个国家纪念政策的一部分,旨在维持西北省份的官方话语,以“俄罗斯文化至上”的理念为基础。
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引用次数: 0
History of International Relations of Cities of Arkhangelsk Region in 1990s — 2010s: Transition from Social-Humanitarian to Trade-Economic Cooperation 20世纪90年代至2010年代阿尔汉格尔斯克地区城市国际关系史:从社会人道主义到经贸合作的过渡
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-10-07 DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-7-254-287
S. Yu. Boldyreva, R. Yu. Boldyreva, A. Yu. Cherednikova
The article discusses the development of international sister city relations in the 1990s — 2010s using the example of the Arkhangelsk region. The authors provide an overview of existing approaches in historiography to analyzing municipal-level international partnership relations in different regions of Russia and the world. Based on a wide range of sources, including international agreements, federal and regional regulatory acts, and reporting documentation over the past 30 years, the article pays particular attention to the region’s attempts in the 2000s — 2010s to move from exclusively social-humanitarian cooperation to developing economic ties with partner cities and regions. The real impact of sister city relations on the development of external economic ties in the region is analyzed in detail, as well as changes in the share of countries with which partner relations were established in the overall external trade turnover of the Arkhangelsk region. The authors conclude that there is currently no state regulation of the institution of sister city relations at the federal and regional levels. Such a situation creates serious difficulties for further development of this institution of public diplomacy, expanding the external economic activities of Russian regions, and spreading Russia’s “soft power” in the world.
本文以阿尔汉格尔斯克地区为例,探讨了20世纪90年代至2010年代国际友好城市关系的发展。作者概述了现有的史学方法来分析俄罗斯和世界不同地区的市级国际伙伴关系。基于广泛的资料来源,包括过去30年的国际协议、联邦和地区监管法案以及报告文件,本文特别关注了该地区在2000年至2010年期间从纯粹的社会人道主义合作转向与伙伴城市和地区发展经济联系的尝试。详细分析了姊妹城市关系对该地区对外经济联系发展的实际影响,以及与之建立伙伴关系的国家在阿尔汉格尔斯克地区整体对外贸易额中所占份额的变化。作者得出的结论是,目前在联邦和地区一级没有州对姐妹城市关系制度的规定。这种情况给这一公共外交机构的进一步发展、扩大俄罗斯地区的对外经济活动以及在世界上传播俄罗斯的“软实力”造成了严重困难。
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引用次数: 0
Russian-French Agreements of 1891-1893 in International Relations at Turn of 19th and 20th Centuries 19、20世纪之交国际关系中的1891-1893年俄法协议
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-10-07 DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-7-203-217
V. N. Azarov, A. G. Nesterov
The article is dedicated to Russia’s European policy from the formation of the German Empire in 1871 to the beginning of World War I. It examines the historical conditions, reasons, and nature of the Russo-French military-political alliance of 1891-1893. The role of Emperor Alexander III in the political rapprochement between Russia and France on an anti-German and anti-Austrian basis is demonstrated. The existence of mutual interest between Russia and France in forming a military-political alliance is revealed. The Bierk Treaty of 1905 between Emperors Wilhelm II and Nicholas II is analyzed, showing that this treaty fundamentally contradicted the development of military-political cooperation between Russia and France and therefore was not implemented. The conclusion is drawn regarding the significance of the Russo-French alliance of the early 1890s for the foreign policy and historical destiny of the Russian Empire. Germany's interest in strengthening its influence on the foreign policy of the Russian Empire is shown. It is proven that Germany’s attempts to attract Russia to its side did not succeed, and Russia maintained its alliance with France, which was more significant for it during the period under consideration, despite the fact that ultimately this alliance led to the involvement of the Russian Empire in a world war.
这篇文章致力于从1871年德意志帝国的形成到第一次世界大战的开始,俄罗斯的欧洲政策。它考察了1891-1893年俄法军事政治联盟的历史条件、原因和性质。皇帝亚历山大三世在俄罗斯和法国之间的政治和解在反德和反奥的基础上证明的作用。俄罗斯和法国在建立军事政治联盟方面存在共同利益。分析了1905年威廉二世与尼古拉二世签订的《比尔克条约》,认为该条约从根本上与俄法军事政治合作的发展相矛盾,因此没有得到实施。结论是关于19世纪90年代初的俄法联盟对俄罗斯帝国的外交政策和历史命运的意义。德国有意加强其对俄罗斯帝国外交政策的影响。事实证明,德国试图拉拢俄罗斯的努力没有成功,俄罗斯维持了与法国的联盟,这在本文所述期间对它来说更为重要,尽管这一联盟最终导致了俄罗斯帝国卷入世界大战。
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引用次数: 0
Investigation of Prince M. P. Gagarin’s Case in Context of Development of State Control System in First Quarter of 18th Century 18世纪上半叶国家控制制度发展背景下的加加林亲王案考察
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-10-07 DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-7-346-373
E. V. Kostetskaya, L. N. Suslova, V. A. Aksenova
The article investigates the activities of Prince Matvey Petrovich Gagarin as the first governor of Siberia. The materials of his investigation case are examined in the context of the development of the state control system over the actions of government authorities during the reign of Peter I. The process of creating legislation and special controlling and judicial bodies aimed at regulating the limits of powers of civil servants, identifying and preventing their violations, is characterized. The study is based on the analysis of legislative sources regulating the organization of new administrative-territorial divisions. A number of documentary sources from the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts are analyzed, including cases from the Siberian Office, orders from Governor M. P. Gagarin, reports from commanders of Siberian cities, petitions from various individuals, and other materials. It is shown that the organization of investigative measures and the criminal case process against Prince M. P. Gagarin were under the personal control of Peter I. The conclusion is drawn that Prince M. P. Gagarin was an active participant in many reforms initiated by the reformist tsar. At the same time, it is demonstrated that Prince Gagarin’s biography is a vivid example of the collision between the widespread practice of enrichment by aristocratic clans and Peter I’s principles and views on the essence and place of official service in his “regular” police state.
本文考察了马特维·彼得罗维奇·加加林亲王作为第一任西伯利亚总督的活动。他的调查案件的材料是在彼得一世统治时期国家对政府当局行为的控制体系发展的背景下进行审查的,其特点是建立立法和专门的控制和司法机构,旨在规范公务员的权力限制,识别和防止他们的违法行为。这项研究是基于对新行政区域划分组织的立法来源的分析。本文分析了来自俄罗斯国家古代行为档案的大量文献资料,包括西伯利亚办事处的案例、州长M. P. Gagarin的命令、西伯利亚城市指挥官的报告、不同个人的请愿书和其他材料。研究表明,对加加林亲王的调查措施的组织和刑事案件的审理过程都是由彼得一世亲自控制的。结论是,加加林亲王是改革派沙皇发起的许多改革的积极参与者。与此同时,加加林亲王的传记是一个生动的例子,它反映了贵族氏族普遍的致富做法与彼得一世在他的“正规”警察国家中对公职的本质和地位的原则和观点之间的冲突。
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引用次数: 0
Monasteries of First Jebtsundamba Khutukhtu Zanabazar (1635—1723): Shankhyn-khiid, Tuvkhun-khiid, Erdene-khambyn-khiid (2022 Expedition) 第一任热布松丹巴-呼图克图-扎那巴扎尔(1635-1723 年)的寺院:香辛基德、图甫坤基德、额尔德尼-汉宾基德(2022 年远征)。
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-10-07 DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-7-288-311
T. P. Vanchikova, N. D. Tsyrenova, I. D. Van
The article discusses the brief history and current state of three early monasteries of the first Jebtsundamba Khutukhtu Zanabazar (1635—1723): Shankhyn-khiid, Tuvkhun-khiid, and Erdene-khambyn-khiid (Högnö-khan's-khiid), located in the Uvurkhangai and Bulgan aimags of Mongolia. The material for the article is based on the results of field research conducted by the authors in 2022. Documents and various published sources in Mongolian language, including interviews, were also used. The role of the traditional Buddhist monastery system, which played a significant role in the life of Mongolia and its people, is shown in historical retrospect. Modern processes of restoring social functions of monasteries in society are analyzed. Three monasteries belonging to the category of gegen or khutukhtu’s, founded by Undur-gegen, are studied. Methods of historical and topographical analysis of sacred objects of monasteries included observation, comparative historical, historical and biographical, as well as source studies methods. The authors conclude that the most complete history is that of the Barun-khure monastery since it was not only the residence of Undur-gegen and a religious object but also a large cultural, educational, and socio-economic center. It is claimed that partial reconstruction of monasteries is currently underway, and Buddhist traditions are being revived in accordance with modern realities.
本文讨论了第一杰布尊丹巴Khutukhtu Zanabazar(1635-1723)的三个早期寺院的简史和现状:Shankhyn-khiid, Tuvkhun-khiid和Erdene-khambyn-khiid (Högnö-khan's-khiid),位于蒙古的Uvurkhangai和Bulgan地区。这篇文章的材料是基于作者在2022年进行的实地调查结果。还使用了蒙古文的文件和各种出版资料,包括采访。通过历史的回顾,揭示了传统佛教寺院制度在蒙古及其人民生活中所起的重要作用。分析了近代寺院在社会中恢复社会功能的过程。本文研究了由Undur-gegen建立的三个属于gegen或khutukhtu类别的寺院。寺院圣物的历史和地形分析方法包括观察法、比较历史法、历史和传记法以及资料研究法。作者的结论是,最完整的历史是barun - kure寺,因为它不仅是Undur-gegen的住所和宗教对象,而且还是一个大型的文化,教育和社会经济中心。据称,目前正在对部分寺院进行重建,并根据现代现实恢复佛教传统。
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引用次数: 0
Rumors and Conversations in Kazakh Village (Aul) on Eve of Famine (1927—1931) 饥荒前夕哈萨克村(乌尔)的谣言与对话(1927-1931)
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-10-06 DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-7-180-202
N. N. Ablazhey, A. S. Zhanbossinova, E. E. Sailaubay
The social phenomenon of “rumors and gossip” in a Kazakh village during the 1920s-1930s is analyzed in this study. It is emphasized that rumors are an integral part of traditional society. It is asserted that the massive surge of rumors in Soviet Russia was a reaction of traditional society to forceful modernization. The goal of the article is to demonstrate the dichotomy of the content and form of rumors during the collectivization period in relation to the Kazakh village (aul). It is noted that the analytical materials of the OGPU are the most important source for studying the mood of the population of the USSR in the 1920s — early 1930s, which found reflection in rumors. It is shown that accelerated Sovietization generated a high level of anxiety in Kazakh society, reflected in the rise of apocalyptic moods and the actualization of mythology. The authors conclude that the idea of kiyamat was a form of deep protest of the village (aul), not an ideology of resistance. The form of active resistance in the republic is presented as mass migrations to China, which was due to the desire to “wait out” unstable times, so rumors about migrations were widely circulated in the borderlands. It is emphasized that rumors were an alternative view of Soviet reality, they slowed down the destruction of the village (aul) as a rural community and ensured the stability of traditional society.
本研究分析了20世纪20 - 30年代哈萨克一个村庄的“谣言与八卦”社会现象。强调谣言是传统社会不可分割的一部分。认为苏俄谣言的大规模泛滥是传统社会对强力现代化的反应。这篇文章的目的是证明在哈萨克村庄(aul)的集体化时期谣言的内容和形式的二分法。值得注意的是,OGPU的分析材料是研究20世纪20年代至30年代初苏联人口情绪的最重要来源,这在谣言中得到了反映。研究表明,加速的苏维埃化在哈萨克社会中产生了高度的焦虑,反映在世界末日情绪的兴起和神话的实现上。作者的结论是,kiyamat的思想是一种对村庄(aul)的深刻抗议,而不是一种抵抗的意识形态。民国积极抵抗的形式表现为向中国的大规模移民,这是由于希望“等待”不稳定时期的到来,因此关于移民的谣言在边境地区广泛传播。强调谣言是对苏联现实的另一种看法,它们减缓了作为农村社区的村庄(aul)的毁灭,确保了传统社会的稳定。
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引用次数: 0
Popularization of Medical Knowledge in German Journal Discourse in Perspective of Language Code 语码视角下德语期刊语篇中的医学知识普及
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-10-06 DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-7-121-140
O. I. Tayupova, I. M. Tayupova
A study was conducted on the language code used in medical popular science texts in German journal discourse. Interviews, brief news texts, and articles on medical topics are used as empirical material. It is shown that the arsenal of modern German language resources is aimed at implementing communicative-pragmatic functions of popular science discourse texts as a whole. It is noted that the leading functions among them are informing, influencing, and persuading the target audience. It is established that verbal means of different linguistic levels, as well as a number of stylistic devices (inversion, parceling, allusion, metaphor, metonymy, personification), not only convey medical knowledge to wide segments of the population but also transmit information about the national-cultural specifics of Germany and its achievements in medicine, taking into account the age characteristics of the addressees, also performing an educational function and seeking to achieve emotional involvement of the reader in complex content. The relevance of the study is due to the growing interest of non-professional participants in media-medical communication in the processes of self-diagnosis and self-treatment, which require mastering various medical knowledge. The novelty of the research lies in determining the pragmatic potential of structural-compositional features, including clickable headlines, and linguistic means, thanks to which a special media-medical picture of the world is formed.
对德语期刊语篇中医学科普文本的语言代码进行了研究。访谈、简短的新闻文本和医学主题的文章被用作实证材料。研究表明,现代德语语言资源库旨在实现科普语篇的整体交际语用功能。值得注意的是,它们的主要功能是告知、影响和说服目标受众。可以确定的是,不同语言层次的语言手段以及一些文体手段(倒装、包裹、典故、隐喻、转喻、拟人)不仅向广大人群传达医学知识,而且考虑到收信人的年龄特点,还传递有关德国民族文化特点及其医学成就的信息。也具有教育功能,并寻求读者在复杂的内容中获得情感参与。研究的相关性是由于媒体-医疗传播的非专业参与者对自我诊断和自我治疗的过程越来越感兴趣,这需要掌握各种医学知识。该研究的新颖之处在于确定了结构-组成特征的语用潜力,包括可点击的标题和语言手段,从而形成了一幅特殊的媒体-医学世界图景。
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引用次数: 0
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Nauchnyi Dialog
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