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Pilgrimage to Holy Places in History of Vyatka Province (Second Half of 19th — Early 20th Centuries) 维亚特卡州历史上的圣地朝圣(19 世纪下半叶至 20 世纪初)
IF 0.1 Pub Date : 2024-01-30 DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-1-466-484
M. Polovnikova, E. N. Nemchaninova
The article analyzes the reasons for the growing interest in holy places, primarily Palestine, associated with Russia’s state policy, based on published sources. It also examines the forms and methods of educational work. In 1894, the Vyatka department of the Imperial Orthodox Palestinian Society was established in the Vyatka province to disseminate information about the Holy Land and support Russia’s activities in the Middle East. The department raised funds for the society’s work in the Holy Land and organized lectures on the history and activities of the society. Significant results were achieved through this educational work, including an increase in the number of members in the Vyatka department, particularly at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, and a growing interest in the Holy Land. Additionally, in the second half of the 19th century, some representatives of secular and spiritual society in the Vyatka province visited Orthodox holy sites, primarily the Holy Land and Mount Athos, and left memoirs about their pilgrimage experiences. Thus, the remote Vyatka province became spiritually closer to the Holy Land in the second half of the 19th century.
文章根据公开发表的资料,分析了与俄罗斯国家政策相关的人们对圣地(主要是巴勒斯坦)日益增长的兴趣的原因。文章还探讨了教育工作的形式和方法。1894 年,帝国东正教巴勒斯坦协会维亚特卡分会在维亚特卡省成立,旨在传播有关圣地的信息并支持俄罗斯在中东的活动。该部门为协会在圣地的工作筹集资金,并组织关于协会历史和活动的讲座。这项教育工作取得了显著成果,包括维亚特卡部门成员人数的增加(尤其是在 19 世纪和 20 世纪之交),以及人们对圣地的兴趣日益浓厚。此外,在 19 世纪下半叶,维亚特卡省的一些世俗和精神社会的代表访问了东正教圣地,主要是圣地和阿托斯山,并留下了关于他们朝圣经历的回忆录。因此,偏远的维亚特卡省在 19 世纪下半叶在精神上更加接近圣地。
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引用次数: 0
External Factors’ Influence on Course of the April 25, 1974 Revolution in Portugal 外部因素对葡萄牙 1974 年 4 月 25 日革命进程的影响
IF 0.1 Pub Date : 2024-01-30 DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-1-354-373
D. N. Ermolovich
The article examines the Portuguese Revolution of 1974 from 1974 to 1976, focusing on the influence of external forces. The analysis extensively utilizes documentary materials published by the U.S. State Department during the period under consideration, as well as memoirs by Portuguese and foreign authors. The study explores the process of shaping the United States' new foreign policy towards Portugal after the revolution, comparing American and European approaches to the events in Portugal. The role of the USSR and other socialist countries is also examined. The research findings indicate that the revolution caught the American leadership off guard. Initially, the U.S. response was restrained, but their attitude changed after members of the Communist Party joined the government. The U.S. adopted a policy of exerting political and economic pressure on the Portuguese leadership to exclude communists from the government, supporting all opposition left-wing parties, and exploiting divisions within left-wing forces. The Soviet Union provided relatively modest support to Portuguese communists, while socialist bloc countries showed significantly greater involvement and enthusiasm. U.S. allies in Europe took more moderate positions. European diplomacy made significant efforts to avoid direct confrontation between the U.S. and the USSR, with the greatest challenge being to prevent the U.S. from demonstrating its power on the European continent. 
文章从 1974 年到 1976 年对葡萄牙 1974 年革命进行了研究,重点关注外部力量的影响。分析广泛采用了美国国务院在此期间出版的文献资料以及葡萄牙和外国作家的回忆录。研究探讨了革命后美国对葡萄牙新外交政策的形成过程,比较了美国和欧洲对葡萄牙事件的处理方式。研究还探讨了苏联和其他社会主义国家的作用。研究结果表明,革命让美国领导人措手不及。起初,美国的反应是克制的,但在共产党员加入政府后,他们的态度发生了变化。美国采取的政策是向葡萄牙领导层施加政治和经济压力,将共产党员排除在政府之外,支持所有左翼反对党,并利用左翼势力内部的分裂。苏联为葡萄牙共产党提供的支持相对较少,而社会主义集团国家的参与和热情则要高得多。美国在欧洲的盟友则采取了较为温和的立场。欧洲外交为避免美国与苏联直接对抗做出了巨大努力,其中最大的挑战是防止美国在欧洲大陆展示其实力。
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引用次数: 0
Russian Religious Reformation Process of Early 20th Century through Prism of Ideological Quests of Fr. Mikhail (Semenov) 从米哈伊尔(谢苗诺夫)神父的思想追求看 20 世纪初俄罗斯宗教改革进程
IF 0.1 Pub Date : 2024-01-30 DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-1-275-296
D. A. Golovushkin
The article examines the development of views on the reform of Russian Orthodoxy in the early 20th century by one of the prominent and unconventional religious thinkers of that time, Father Mikhail (Pavel Vasilievich Semenov, 1873-1916). It traces his journey from official Orthodoxy to the movement for religious renewal, and then to the Belokrinitskaya (or Austrian) Old Believer hierarchy, after which he becomes the main ideologist of “Golgotha Christianity” — a unique religious-reformist movement advocating for the revival of social and moral ideals of the early Christian community. As contemporaries noted, these “oscillations” of Father Mikhail (Semenov) became a natural expression of his intense quest for the kerygma of Christianity, capable of overturning the social ontology of the Orthodox Church — finding an Orthodox formula for individualizing faith and making the world the goal of salvation. The author concludes that the life path and ideological quests of Father Mikhail (Semenov) reflect an important regularity of the Russian reformation process. This regularity lies in the fact that the search for “foundations” of faith, theological foundations of doctrine, or religious foundations of culture and society is simultaneously associated with the actualization of a fundamentalist impulse in religion and to some extent with the modernization of the religious complex (this is a kind of religious swing: “fundamentalism — modernism,” “Old Believers — religious renewal,” etc.).
这篇文章探讨了当时杰出的非传统宗教思想家米哈伊尔神父(Pavel Vasilievich Semenov,1873-1916 年)对 20 世纪初俄罗斯东正教改革观点的发展。该书追溯了他从官方东正教到宗教复兴运动,再到 Belokrinitskaya(或奥地利)老信徒等级制度的历程,之后他成为了 "各各他基督教 "的主要思想家--这是一场独特的宗教改革运动,主张复兴早期基督教团体的社会和道德理想。正如同时代的人所指出的那样,米哈伊尔(谢苗诺夫)神父的这些 "摇摆 "是他对基督教圣谕的强烈追求的自然表现,这种追求能够颠覆东正教会的社会本体论--找到一种将信仰个人化并将世界作为救赎目标的东正教公式。作者的结论是,米哈伊尔(谢苗诺夫)神父的人生道路和思想追求反映了俄罗斯改革进程的一个重要规律性。这种规律性在于,对信仰的 "基础"、教义的神学基础或文化和社会的宗教基础的探索,同时与宗教中原教旨主义冲动的实现以及在某种程度上与宗教综合体的现代化联系在一起(这是一种宗教摇摆:"原教旨主义--现代主义"、"旧信徒--宗教革新 "等)。
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引用次数: 0
A British Colonizer in Pages of ‘Le Petit Journal’ Newspaper 小报》上的英国殖民者
IF 0.1 Pub Date : 2024-01-30 DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-1-316-331
T. Demicheva
The article is dedicated to the study of the image of the “Other” colonizer, the British, who were rivals of France in the colonial race. The methodology proposed by Edward Said is used. For the first time in the history of the study of colonial empires, research is based on the construction and analysis of the image of the rival in colonial expansion, based on materials from the French press. One of the most popular newspapers of the Third Republic of the late 19th century, “Le Petit Journal”, served as material for the study. Notes devoted to British presence in India, the Anglo-Egyptian War of 1882, the Fashoda Crisis, the Anglo-Boer Wars, the “Great Game”, influence in China, and others are considered. The  concepts that formed the image of the “Other” colonizer for France are analyzed. The article describes the notions of “exploitation” and “cruelty of colonization”, the image of the “noble savage”, opposition “civilization — barbarism”, subjectivity, as well as personal qualities of the “Other” colonizer, such as British rejection of human rights and private property, which formed the construct of the “Other” colonizer. In conclusion, it is concluded that creating this image of the “Other” colonizer contributed to promoting France’s own ideas of colonization. 
本文致力于研究 "他者 "殖民者--英国人--的形象,他们是法国在殖民竞赛中的对手。文章采用了爱德华-萨义德(Edward Said)提出的方法论。在殖民帝国研究史上,这是第一次以法国报刊资料为基础,对殖民扩张中对手形象的构建和分析进行研究。19 世纪末第三共和国最受欢迎的报纸之一《小报》是研究的素材。研究对象包括英国在印度的存在、1882 年英埃战争、法索达危机、英布战争、"大博弈"、对中国的影响等。文章分析了形成法国 "他者 "殖民者形象的概念。文章描述了 "剥削 "和 "殖民的残酷性 "的概念、"高贵的野蛮人 "的形象、"文明-野蛮 "的对立、主观性以及 "他者 "殖民者的个人特质,如英国人对人权和私有财产的拒绝,这些形成了 "他者 "殖民者的建构。总之,塑造 "他者 "殖民者形象有助于宣传法国自己的殖民思想。
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引用次数: 0
Urban Election System in Russia at End of 19th Century: Criticism in Provincial Periodicals 19 世纪末俄罗斯的城市选举制度:省级期刊中的评论
IF 0.1 Pub Date : 2024-01-30 DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-1-507-525
A. A. Sorokin
The article provides a first-time examination of the evaluations of the urban election system in the Russian Empire during the period of 1890-1892, when the preparation and implementation of the new City Regulations were taking place. The study is based on materials from private provincial periodicals. The author highlights the essence and content of the criticism of the provincial press towards the institution of urban elections. The article presents the attitudes towards the issue of social composition of urban self-government bodies as revealed in the periodical press. Positions on the issue of suffrage and proposals for its expansion through tax and educational qualifications are identified. The analysis includes assessments of the national composition of city councils and urban administrations on the outskirts and within Jewish settlements. It demonstrates how the formation of parties based on national identity in urban self-government bodies was covered in the periodicals. Discussions on the merger of powers between the heads of administrative and executive bodies of urban self-government are examined. Satirical poems, which characterize the recorded attitude towards council members and provincial assemblies in pre-revolutionary Russia, who dishonestly perform their duties and disrupt city council meetings, are introduced into scholarly circulation. Satire targeting corrupt intentions of council members is also discussed.
文章首次对 1890-1892 年期间俄罗斯帝国城市选举制度的评价进行了研究,当时正在筹备和实施新的《城市条例》。研究以省级私人期刊的资料为基础。作者强调了省级报刊对城市选举制度批评的实质和内容。文章介绍了期刊媒体对城市自治机构社会构成问题的态度。确定了对选举权问题的立场以及通过税收和教育资格扩大选举权的建议。分析包括对郊区和犹太人定居点的市议会和城市管理机构的民族构成的评估。它展示了期刊是如何报道城市自治机构中基于民族身份组建政党的。研究还探讨了城市自治政府行政和执行机构负责人之间的权力合并问题。在学术界流传的讽刺诗描述了革命前俄国对不诚实履行职责和破坏市议会会议的议员和省议会的记录态度。此外,还讨论了针对议员腐败意图的讽刺诗。
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引用次数: 0
Rumors and Conspiracy Theories in Bulgarian Social Media During COVID-19 Pandemic COVID-19 大流行期间保加利亚社交媒体上的谣言和阴谋论
IF 0.1 Pub Date : 2024-01-30 DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-1-177-203
D. Petkova
This study examines the socio-psychological phenomenon of rumors during the global pandemic of 2020-2022, focusing on the case of Bulgaria. Messages from a closed online group (254 participants) with a thematic profile related to traditional remedies were analyzed. Content analysis revealed the most prevalent beliefs about the COVID-19 pandemic, such as “10% of vaccinated individuals will die within 5 years” and “the pandemic is aimed at destroying small businesses,” among others. It is argued that rumors and conspiracy theories thrive during times of social crisis and uncertainty. Moreover, it is highlighted that individuals often tend to hold onto false beliefs even when presented with evidence that contradicts them. The study concludes that four factors play a significant role in maintaining misconceptions: (1) the need to reduce stress, (2) low levels of education, (3) cultural memory and traumatic past experiences that shape present judgments, and (4) the phenomenon of mental schemas, making it harder for individuals to change their established beliefs and opinions. These four factors contribute to people’s resistance to accepting new information that contradicts their familiar mental schemas. By providing accurate information and facilitating open discussions about existing misconceptions, communication specialists can help counter conspiracy theories that undermine the efforts of governments and public institutions.
本研究以保加利亚为例,探讨了 2020-2022 年全球流行病期间谣言的社会心理现象。研究分析了一个封闭在线群组(254 名参与者)中的信息,该群组的主题概况与传统疗法有关。内容分析揭示了关于 COVID-19 大流行病的最普遍看法,如 "10% 的接种者将在 5 年内死亡 "和 "该流行病旨在摧毁小企业 "等。研究认为,在社会危机和不确定时期,谣言和阴谋论盛行。此外,研究还强调,即使有与之相悖的证据,个人也往往倾向于坚持错误的信念。研究得出结论,有四个因素在维持错误观念方面发挥了重要作用:(1)减压需求,(2)教育水平低,(3)文化记忆和过去的创伤经历影响了现在的判断,以及(4)心理图式现象使个人更难改变其既定的信念和观点。这四个因素导致人们抗拒接受与其熟悉的心理模式相矛盾的新信息。通过提供准确的信息和促进对现有错误观念的公开讨论,传播专家可以帮助抵制破坏政府和公共机构工作的阴谋论。
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引用次数: 0
Conflict Prevention in Internet during Spread of Coronavirus Infection (Survey Results) 冠状病毒感染传播期间的互联网冲突预防(调查结果)
IF 0.1 Pub Date : 2024-01-30 DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-1-141-158
O. Gukosyants
The article presents the results of a survey of respondents, one of the tasks of which was to propose a response to a conflict-provoking message in such a way as to avoid escalation of the conflict and continue communication with the aggressor. The survey participants were 115 respondents (22% male and 78% female) aged 20 to 35, with incomplete higher or higher education. The respondents were presented with 15 texts, which were real comments on posts in LiveJournal, containing markers of conflict-provoking intention by the sender and published during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study of the respondents’ responses was conducted using methods of linguostylistic, contextual, and statistical analysis. Data analysis identified four speech strategies used by the respondents to prevent conflictual interaction, as well as tactics through which these strategies were implemented: self-defense strategy (distancing tactic, pluralism accentuation tactic, topic change tactic), politeness strategy (gratitude tactic, advice tactic, apology tactic, offer of help tactic), submission strategy (concession tactic, reinforcement of aggressor’s authority tactic), persuasion strategy (reasoning tactic, argumentation tactic).
文章介绍了对受访者进行调查的结果,其中一项任务是针对引发冲突的信息提出对策,以避免冲突升级并继续与侵犯者沟通。参与调查的 115 名受访者(22% 为男性,78% 为女性)年龄在 20 至 35 岁之间,未完成高等教育或高等教育。调查向受访者展示了 15 篇文本,这些文本是对 LiveJournal 上帖子的真实评论,其中包含发件人引发冲突意图的标记,并且是在 COVID-19 大流行期间发布的。对受访者回复的研究采用了语言风格、语境和统计分析方法。数据分析确定了受访者用于防止冲突性互动的四种语言策略,以及实施这些策略的策略:自卫策略(拉开距离策略、多元化强调策略、话题转换策略)、礼貌策略(感谢策略、建议策略、道歉策略、提供帮助策略)、服从策略(让步策略、加强攻击者权威策略)、说服策略(推理策略、论证策略)。
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引用次数: 0
Leisure and Festive Activities in Russian Army on Frontlines of World War I 第一次世界大战前线俄军的休闲和节日活动
IF 0.1 Pub Date : 2024-01-30 DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-1-415-430
V. V. Kanischev, A. N. Pluzhnikov
The need to restore lost data on the last major war of the Russian Empire implies a comprehensive coverage of events during those years, including their non-combat component. Based on the study of the “Journals of Military Actions” of combat units, which reflect little-researched stories of non-combat realities of front-line life, the authors offer a new perspective on the military everyday life of the Russian Imperial Army. The article focuses on the “pleasant” and unexpected nuances of the daily lives of soldiers and officers during the difficult years of war. Researchers have turned to such facts of military reality during the specified period as the organization of the award procedure for the command staff and lower ranks, the organization of prayers as integral components of festive events, the conduct of state (imperial) and religious holidays, as well as recreational activities. This work provides an opportunity to obtain an objective understanding of the multifaceted life and everyday life of people in wartime conditions: when circumstances allowed, performances, games, and sports events were organized and held. Without theoretical knowledge in the field of psychology and stress management techniques, the command of the Russian army organized and encouraged activities aimed at alleviating the negative consequences of combat stress.
需要恢复俄罗斯帝国最后一场大规模战争的遗失资料,这意味着需要全面报道那些年发生的事件,包括其非战斗部分。作战部队的 "军事行动日志 "反映了前线生活中鲜有研究的非战斗现实故事,作者在研究这些日志的基础上,为俄罗斯帝国军队的军事日常生活提供了一个新的视角。文章重点介绍了在艰难的战争岁月里官兵日常生活中 "令人愉快 "和意想不到的细微差别。研究人员将目光投向了特定时期的军事现实,如组织指挥人员和下级人员的奖励程序、组织作为节日活动组成部分的祈祷活动、举行国家(帝国)和宗教节日以及娱乐活动。这部作品提供了一个客观了解战时人们多方面生活和日常生活的机会:在条件允许的情况下,组织和举办表演、游戏和体育活动。在没有心理学理论知识和压力管理技术的情况下,俄军指挥部组织并鼓励开展旨在减轻战斗压力负面影响的活动。
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引用次数: 0
Reflection of Political Struggle in Italy in Documents of Communist International (1919—1923) 共产国际文件对意大利政治斗争的反映(1919-1923 年)
IF 0.1 Pub Date : 2024-01-30 DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-1-332-353
E. N. Emelyanova
The article examines the events that unfolded in Italy between 1919 and 1923. Based on a large number of documents, archival sources, and literature, it explores the fierce struggle between socialists, communists, on one side, and fascists on the other, which culminated in Benito Mussolini’s victory in 1922. The article analyzes the theoretical understanding of fascism as a phenomenon by the communists, as well as the development of methods to combat it, which were reflected in the congresses of the Communist International and the plenums of its Executive Committee from 1919 to 1923. The novelty of the research lies in addressing the issue of confrontation between left and far-right parties after World War I, during the formation of a new world order. The author concludes that the intensification of the struggle between the Communist Party of Italy, the Socialist Party of Italy, and fascism reflected a political crisis in Italian society and an attempt by radical forces to find a way out of it. Fascism, with its idea of a third way representing something between capitalism and socialism, came to power in Italy. The realization of their mistakes ultimately allowed the left parties to unite with all anti-fascist forces in the Resistance movement and defeat Nazism during World War II.
文章探讨了 1919 年至 1923 年在意大利发生的事件。文章以大量文件、档案资料和文献为基础,探讨了以社会主义者、共产主义者为一方与以法西斯主义者为另一方之间的激烈斗争,这场斗争最终导致贝尼托-墨索里尼于 1922 年取得胜利。文章分析了共产党人对法西斯主义这一现象的理论认识,以及反法西斯方法的发展,这些都反映在 1919 年至 1923 年的共产国际代表大会及其执行委员会全体会议上。研究的新颖之处在于探讨了第一次世界大战后世界新秩序形成期间左翼政党和极右翼政党之间的对抗问题。作者的结论是,意大利共产党、意大利社会党和法西斯主义之间斗争的加剧反映了意大利社会的政治危机,以及激进力量试图寻找出路的尝试。法西斯主义以其代表介于资本主义和社会主义之间的第三条道路的思想在意大利掌权。由于认识到自己的错误,左翼政党最终在抵抗运动中与所有反法西斯力量联合起来,在第二次世界大战期间打败了纳粹主义。
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引用次数: 0
Category of Addressee in New Apostolic Prayer: Categorical-Textual and Axiological Aspects 新使徒祷文中的收信人类别:分类-文本和公理方面
IF 0.1 Pub Date : 2024-01-30 DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-1-26-44
A. I. Keler
The study examines the realization of the addressee category in Protestant — New Apostolic prayers. The object of analysis is prayer as a genre of religious functional style, and the subject is the addressee category. The aim of the work is to describe the ways of explication of the addressee category in a corpus of 220 public prayers of New Apostolic Christians. The textual material was collected through participant observation and consists of transcribed audio recordings of prayers — non-reproducible texts spontaneously created by both churchgoers and clergy in various communicative situations, both religious and non-religious. The methodology of constructing thematic nomination chains is applied on a categorical-textual basis to describe the addressee category. It has been revealed that the addressee is denoted using personal pronouns ‘we’, possessive pronoun ‘our’, and nouns ‘community’, ‘brothers and sisters’, ‘children’, ‘sinners’. The results of the analysis show that these nominations are included in positively colored contexts, including the nomination ‘sinners’, which is conditioned by the specificity of the doctrine: the praying individuals are focused not on repentance but on gratitude for forgiveness. The listed ways of nominating the addressee and the description of evaluative contexts allow us to conclude about the reflection of ‘we axiological’ in the texts of New Apostolic Christians.
本研究探讨了新教-新使徒祈祷文中收信人类别的实现。分析对象是作为宗教功能风格体裁的祈祷文,研究对象是收信人类别。该著作的目的是描述新使徒派基督徒 220 篇公开祈祷文中收信人类别的阐释方式。文本材料是通过参与式观察收集的,由祈祷文的录音转录组成,祈祷文是教会信徒和神职人员在宗教和非宗教的各种交流场合自发创作的不可再现文本。在分类文本的基础上,采用了构建主题提名链的方法来描述收信人类别。结果发现,收信人是用人称代词 "我们"、物主代词 "我们的 "和名词 "社区"、"兄弟姐妹"、"孩子"、"罪人 "来表示的。分析结果表明,这些提名都包含在积极色彩的语境中,包括提名 "罪人",这是由教义的特殊性决定的:祈祷者的重点不是悔改,而是对宽恕的感激。通过列举提名对象的方式和对评价语境的描述,我们可以得出结论:"我们公理 "在新使徒派基督徒的文本中得到了反映。
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引用次数: 0
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Nauchnyi Dialog
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