Pub Date : 2024-03-23DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-2-477-496
V. Motrevich, V. Mamyachenkov
The article examines the dynamics of livestock production in the individual and collective sectors in the Bashkir ASSR during the first postwar five-year period (1946-1950). Archival data is introduced into scientific circulation. Emphasis is placed on the fact that throughout the studied period, the recovery of livestock farming in the republic faced significant challenges. Information is provided on the production of main types of livestock products during the fourth five-year plan by specific categories in natural and monetary terms. It is noted that the pre-war level of production volume was never reached in various indicators: the number of cattle, sheep, goats, and horses, gross production of eggs, wool, honey, etc. Among the socio-economic reasons hindering the development of livestock farming in the republic are cited: consequences of World War II; low state investment in agriculture; low level of livestock technologies; deliberate policy by authorities viewing agriculture as an appendage to industry; low living standards of rural residents. The contribution of Bashkiria to the country’s food balance is determined. The conclusion is drawn that the individual sector of livestock farming, despite extremely unfavorable conditions and resistance from government authorities in the first post-war five-year period, overall maintained its positions and produced over 2/3 of the livestock products in the republic.
{"title":"Livestock Farming in Bashkiria in 1946-1950: Dynamics of Production of Main Types of Products","authors":"V. Motrevich, V. Mamyachenkov","doi":"10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-2-477-496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-2-477-496","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the dynamics of livestock production in the individual and collective sectors in the Bashkir ASSR during the first postwar five-year period (1946-1950). Archival data is introduced into scientific circulation. Emphasis is placed on the fact that throughout the studied period, the recovery of livestock farming in the republic faced significant challenges. Information is provided on the production of main types of livestock products during the fourth five-year plan by specific categories in natural and monetary terms. It is noted that the pre-war level of production volume was never reached in various indicators: the number of cattle, sheep, goats, and horses, gross production of eggs, wool, honey, etc. Among the socio-economic reasons hindering the development of livestock farming in the republic are cited: consequences of World War II; low state investment in agriculture; low level of livestock technologies; deliberate policy by authorities viewing agriculture as an appendage to industry; low living standards of rural residents. The contribution of Bashkiria to the country’s food balance is determined. The conclusion is drawn that the individual sector of livestock farming, despite extremely unfavorable conditions and resistance from government authorities in the first post-war five-year period, overall maintained its positions and produced over 2/3 of the livestock products in the republic.","PeriodicalId":43602,"journal":{"name":"Nauchnyi Dialog","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140386708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-23DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-2-364-380
E. V. Bodrova, V. V. Kalinov
The relevance of the study is determined by the critical importance for the Russian Federation in complex geopolitical conditions of the need to make a technological leap and ensure sovereignty, as well as the significance of studying Soviet experience in the implementation of state scientific, technical, and industrial policies. Based on declassified archival documents, issues related to the evolution of state policy in the development and production of computer technology in the late 1960s are examined. The novelty of the research lies in identifying the main trends and factors that led to both the USSR’s lag behind leading countries in this field and attempts to implement mechanisms to overcome it. A significant number of previously unpublished documents are introduced into scholarly circulation, including appeals from representatives of the scientific community to the central authorities highlighting the alarming situation. It is proven that these reports played a significant role in changing the government’s course regarding computer technology development, influencing decision-making speed and the choice of a previously tested mechanism for overcoming technological lag — borrowing. A conclusion is formulated that many recommendations from the scientific community representatives were ignored by the authorities. A departmental approach played a significant role. The decision made had far-reaching and generally negative consequences.
{"title":"Shift in Government Policy Regarding Computer Technology Development in USSR in Late 1960s","authors":"E. V. Bodrova, V. V. Kalinov","doi":"10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-2-364-380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-2-364-380","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of the study is determined by the critical importance for the Russian Federation in complex geopolitical conditions of the need to make a technological leap and ensure sovereignty, as well as the significance of studying Soviet experience in the implementation of state scientific, technical, and industrial policies. Based on declassified archival documents, issues related to the evolution of state policy in the development and production of computer technology in the late 1960s are examined. The novelty of the research lies in identifying the main trends and factors that led to both the USSR’s lag behind leading countries in this field and attempts to implement mechanisms to overcome it. A significant number of previously unpublished documents are introduced into scholarly circulation, including appeals from representatives of the scientific community to the central authorities highlighting the alarming situation. It is proven that these reports played a significant role in changing the government’s course regarding computer technology development, influencing decision-making speed and the choice of a previously tested mechanism for overcoming technological lag — borrowing. A conclusion is formulated that many recommendations from the scientific community representatives were ignored by the authorities. A departmental approach played a significant role. The decision made had far-reaching and generally negative consequences.","PeriodicalId":43602,"journal":{"name":"Nauchnyi Dialog","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140386767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-23DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-2-381-394
N. I. Burnasheva, I. Kovlekov
This study explores the history of the emergence of the gold mining sector in the mining industry of Yakutia during the early stages of the Soviet-style economy. Despite the longstanding presence of artisanal gold mining in Yakutia, the industrial development of gold in the republic was not considered until the mid1922. The establishment of the Yakut ASSR played a crucial role in shaping the real prospects for gold mining development. The management structure, including the People’s Commissariat of Trade and Industry under the republican government with industrial and mining departments, successfully coordinated activities such as organizing expeditions to survey deposits, developing work plans, recruiting personnel, and addressing supply issues in mining areas. It is concluded that through the coordinated efforts of the Yakut ASSR government, the state trust “Aldanzoloto” of local significance was established within a short period, showcasing the competence of the autonomous republic in organizing the creation of the foundations of mining production. Valuable experience accumulated over three years laid the groundwork for the seamless integration of Yakutia’s gold mining industry into the unified economic system of the USSR.
{"title":"Development of Gold Mining Industry in Yakutia in 1920s","authors":"N. I. Burnasheva, I. Kovlekov","doi":"10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-2-381-394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-2-381-394","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the history of the emergence of the gold mining sector in the mining industry of Yakutia during the early stages of the Soviet-style economy. Despite the longstanding presence of artisanal gold mining in Yakutia, the industrial development of gold in the republic was not considered until the mid1922. The establishment of the Yakut ASSR played a crucial role in shaping the real prospects for gold mining development. The management structure, including the People’s Commissariat of Trade and Industry under the republican government with industrial and mining departments, successfully coordinated activities such as organizing expeditions to survey deposits, developing work plans, recruiting personnel, and addressing supply issues in mining areas. It is concluded that through the coordinated efforts of the Yakut ASSR government, the state trust “Aldanzoloto” of local significance was established within a short period, showcasing the competence of the autonomous republic in organizing the creation of the foundations of mining production. Valuable experience accumulated over three years laid the groundwork for the seamless integration of Yakutia’s gold mining industry into the unified economic system of the USSR.","PeriodicalId":43602,"journal":{"name":"Nauchnyi Dialog","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140386274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-23DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-2-522-538
N. A. Sedelnikova
This article examines the process of settlement and development of the Middle Irtysh territories. Special attention is given to the northern regions of the Omsk region, characterized by their remoteness and natural-geographical location features. The focus is on the Russian settlers’ colonization of the region. The author highlights the nature and extent of administrative influence by various state authorities on the settlement and development process during the pre-revolutionary period. The author discusses the model of relationships between the Russian population and indigenous inhabitants. It is demonstrated that state policy had a corrective influence on the resettlement and development process. The formation of a settlement network was largely determined by the policy of relocating Russians from less fertile lands of the country’s regions. Favorable geographical and climatic conditions, along with the presence of river arteries, made the Middle Irtysh territory convenient for settlers who established their own settlements or resettled in indigenous villages. The stages of settlement in the Middle Irtysh are identified, and archival data are introduced into scholarly discourse.
{"title":"Russian Settlement and Development of Middle Irtysh Territories in 17th-19th Centuries","authors":"N. A. Sedelnikova","doi":"10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-2-522-538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-2-522-538","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the process of settlement and development of the Middle Irtysh territories. Special attention is given to the northern regions of the Omsk region, characterized by their remoteness and natural-geographical location features. The focus is on the Russian settlers’ colonization of the region. The author highlights the nature and extent of administrative influence by various state authorities on the settlement and development process during the pre-revolutionary period. The author discusses the model of relationships between the Russian population and indigenous inhabitants. It is demonstrated that state policy had a corrective influence on the resettlement and development process. The formation of a settlement network was largely determined by the policy of relocating Russians from less fertile lands of the country’s regions. Favorable geographical and climatic conditions, along with the presence of river arteries, made the Middle Irtysh territory convenient for settlers who established their own settlements or resettled in indigenous villages. The stages of settlement in the Middle Irtysh are identified, and archival data are introduced into scholarly discourse. ","PeriodicalId":43602,"journal":{"name":"Nauchnyi Dialog","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140386859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-23DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-2-395-410
S. N. Gavrilov, M. A. Mukhin
The article analyzes documents related to the sheriff court in Selkirkshire from 1799 to 1832. It investigates the extent to which legal proceedings were based on legal mechanisms. It is noted that although court materials were not meticulously filled out by the sheriff, Walter Scott, he aimed to adhere to the legal “spirit.” It is pointed out that the sheriff did not exceed the bounds of judicial jurisdiction. The punishments handed down by Walter Scott did not violate legal rules. There is no evidence that the sheriff sought to strengthen his judicial authority. It is suggested that Walter Scott did not use judicial power to cater to the most influential individuals in Selkirkshire, even though he became sheriff at their behest. In the published documents, the most authoritative figures (the third Duke of Buccleuch, the fourth Duke of Buccleuch, the fifth Duke of Buccleuch) are rarely mentioned, and legal cases only involved them in isolated instances. It is revealed that in the early 19th century, there were few individuals with legal education in Selkirkshire. Society did not demand thorough documentation from local judicial institutions, did not train an adequate number of qualified lawyers, and only marginally encouraged its representatives to formalize contracts, while providing the sheriff with insufficient salary.
{"title":"Features of Sheriff Court in Scotland in Early 19th Century (Exemplified by Selkirkshire County)","authors":"S. N. Gavrilov, M. A. Mukhin","doi":"10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-2-395-410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-2-395-410","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes documents related to the sheriff court in Selkirkshire from 1799 to 1832. It investigates the extent to which legal proceedings were based on legal mechanisms. It is noted that although court materials were not meticulously filled out by the sheriff, Walter Scott, he aimed to adhere to the legal “spirit.” It is pointed out that the sheriff did not exceed the bounds of judicial jurisdiction. The punishments handed down by Walter Scott did not violate legal rules. There is no evidence that the sheriff sought to strengthen his judicial authority. It is suggested that Walter Scott did not use judicial power to cater to the most influential individuals in Selkirkshire, even though he became sheriff at their behest. In the published documents, the most authoritative figures (the third Duke of Buccleuch, the fourth Duke of Buccleuch, the fifth Duke of Buccleuch) are rarely mentioned, and legal cases only involved them in isolated instances. It is revealed that in the early 19th century, there were few individuals with legal education in Selkirkshire. Society did not demand thorough documentation from local judicial institutions, did not train an adequate number of qualified lawyers, and only marginally encouraged its representatives to formalize contracts, while providing the sheriff with insufficient salary.","PeriodicalId":43602,"journal":{"name":"Nauchnyi Dialog","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140386405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-23DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-2-430-448
S. Mikhalchenko, E. V. Tkachenko, Ju. N. Ustinova
The article characterizes the activities and legacy of Russian legal historians who found themselves in emigration in European academic centers in the 1920s. Among these researchers are mentioned M. N. Yassinsky, G. V. Demchenko, F. V. Taranovsky, A. V. Soloviev, and M. V. Shakhmatov. It is shown that prior to the revolution, these scholars taught at various universities in Russia, and in emigration they occupied chairs at higher educational institutions in Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. The sources of the study include published works by the scholars, memoirs of emigrants, as well as archival materials of various types from storage facilities in Russia and Slovenia, which are being introduced into scholarly circulation for the first time. The analysis of sources revealed that their establishment in emigration was associated with certain difficulties. On the other hand, the experience gained in Russian universities in studying and teaching the history of Russian and Slavic law helped them integrate into the local academic environment. Only Taranovsky and Shakhmatov to some extent adhered to their previous themes in their scholarly activities, while other scholars changed theirs. It is concluded that this was due to a lack of access to sources and the demands of the courses being taught. At the same time, it is emphasized that there was ideological-methodological unity and awareness of belonging to a particular scientific community. The conclusion is drawn that pre-revolutionary schools of legal history continued to exist in the conditions of European emigration.
文章介绍了 20 世纪 20 年代移民欧洲学术中心的俄罗斯法律史学家的活动和遗产。这些研究人员包括 M. N. Yassinsky、G. V. Demchenko、F. V. Taranovsky、A. V. Soloviev 和 M. V. Shakhmatov。研究表明，革命前，这些学者在俄罗斯多所大学任教，移民后，他们在南斯拉夫和捷克斯洛伐克的高等教育机构担任教职。研究的资料来源包括这些学者出版的著作、移民回忆录以及俄罗斯和斯洛文尼亚存储设施中的各类档案资料，这些资料是首次进入学术界流通。对资料来源的分析表明，建立移民档案存在一定的困难。另一方面，在俄罗斯大学学习和教授俄罗斯和斯拉夫法律史时积累的经验帮助他们融入了当地的学术环境。只有塔拉诺夫斯基和沙赫马托夫在一定程度上坚持了他们以前的学术活动主题，而其他学者则改变了他们的主题。结论是，这是由于缺乏资料来源和所授课程的要求造成的。同时，还强调了意识形态和方法论的统一，以及对属于特定科学共同体的认识。结论是，革命前的法律史流派在欧洲移民的条件下继续存在。
{"title":"Legal Historians of Russian Diaspora in 1920s—1930s","authors":"S. Mikhalchenko, E. V. Tkachenko, Ju. N. Ustinova","doi":"10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-2-430-448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-2-430-448","url":null,"abstract":"The article characterizes the activities and legacy of Russian legal historians who found themselves in emigration in European academic centers in the 1920s. Among these researchers are mentioned M. N. Yassinsky, G. V. Demchenko, F. V. Taranovsky, A. V. Soloviev, and M. V. Shakhmatov. It is shown that prior to the revolution, these scholars taught at various universities in Russia, and in emigration they occupied chairs at higher educational institutions in Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. The sources of the study include published works by the scholars, memoirs of emigrants, as well as archival materials of various types from storage facilities in Russia and Slovenia, which are being introduced into scholarly circulation for the first time. The analysis of sources revealed that their establishment in emigration was associated with certain difficulties. On the other hand, the experience gained in Russian universities in studying and teaching the history of Russian and Slavic law helped them integrate into the local academic environment. Only Taranovsky and Shakhmatov to some extent adhered to their previous themes in their scholarly activities, while other scholars changed theirs. It is concluded that this was due to a lack of access to sources and the demands of the courses being taught. At the same time, it is emphasized that there was ideological-methodological unity and awareness of belonging to a particular scientific community. The conclusion is drawn that pre-revolutionary schools of legal history continued to exist in the conditions of European emigration. ","PeriodicalId":43602,"journal":{"name":"Nauchnyi Dialog","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140386496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-23DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-2-411-429
A. K. Dudaiti
The article examines the issues of Iran’s regional strategy in the South Caucasus and its relationship with Russia in the post-Soviet period. The important role played by these countries in the region, considering their geopolitical position and resources, is revealed. The novelty of the work stems from the upto-date analysis of events in the South Caucasus, including political and economic aspects. In light of the rapidly changing situation in the region, special attention is also given to highlighting new regional strategies and dynamics of interaction between countries. The study is conducted using methods of critical analysis of sources, a systemic approach, and comparative-historical analysis. The main facts and events related to Iran-Russia cooperation in the field of regional security, partnership relations in the energy and trade sectors are examined. When analyzing official documents, the historical context is taken into account, and regional events are considered in a logical sequence. The research results reveal the forms and methods of Iran’s policy implementation in the South Caucasus, as well as its interaction with Russia. These findings also allow for an assessment of the influence of both countries on complex political and economic processes in this region.
{"title":"Iran in South Caucasus: Foreign Policy Strategy and Regional Relations with Russia (1991—2021)","authors":"A. K. Dudaiti","doi":"10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-2-411-429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-2-411-429","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the issues of Iran’s regional strategy in the South Caucasus and its relationship with Russia in the post-Soviet period. The important role played by these countries in the region, considering their geopolitical position and resources, is revealed. The novelty of the work stems from the upto-date analysis of events in the South Caucasus, including political and economic aspects. In light of the rapidly changing situation in the region, special attention is also given to highlighting new regional strategies and dynamics of interaction between countries. The study is conducted using methods of critical analysis of sources, a systemic approach, and comparative-historical analysis. The main facts and events related to Iran-Russia cooperation in the field of regional security, partnership relations in the energy and trade sectors are examined. When analyzing official documents, the historical context is taken into account, and regional events are considered in a logical sequence. The research results reveal the forms and methods of Iran’s policy implementation in the South Caucasus, as well as its interaction with Russia. These findings also allow for an assessment of the influence of both countries on complex political and economic processes in this region.","PeriodicalId":43602,"journal":{"name":"Nauchnyi Dialog","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140386498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-23DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-2-539-561
Z. Tychinskikh
This study explores the stages of interaction in the 15th-16th centuries between two Turkic post-Golden Horde states: the Siberian Khanate and the Kazakh Khanate. The role of the Kazakh factor in the ethnic history of the Siberian Tatars is examined. Primary sources such as chronicles, charters, treaties, and other published documents are utilized for analysis. It is demonstrated that the common tribal composition of these states is linked to the maintenance of close relations between their polities and institutional mechanisms inherited from the previous Golden Horde period. However, the formation of political entities (the Kazakh and Siberian Khanates) in the mid to late 15th century initiated processes leading to the emergence of distinct ethnic communities (Kazakhs and Siberian Tatars) within these states. The traditional belief in historical literature that Kuchum was a ‘Kazakh prince’ is challenged. The author disputes the position of Kazakh colleagues regarding the significant role of the ‘Kazakh’ factor, including Sultan Urus-Muhammad, in the later period of the Siberian Khanate. The nature of Siberian-Kazakh relations in the 16th century was influenced not only by the interests of the khanates’ rulers but also by external challenges posed by the emergence of new powerful political centers and leaders. The research's relevance stems from the limited exploration of the topic and conflicting approaches to the history of the formation of the Siberian Khanate and the ethnic community of Siberian Tatars in modern historiography.
{"title":"Relations between Siberian and Kazakh Khanates in 15th-16th Centuries","authors":"Z. Tychinskikh","doi":"10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-2-539-561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-2-539-561","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the stages of interaction in the 15th-16th centuries between two Turkic post-Golden Horde states: the Siberian Khanate and the Kazakh Khanate. The role of the Kazakh factor in the ethnic history of the Siberian Tatars is examined. Primary sources such as chronicles, charters, treaties, and other published documents are utilized for analysis. It is demonstrated that the common tribal composition of these states is linked to the maintenance of close relations between their polities and institutional mechanisms inherited from the previous Golden Horde period. However, the formation of political entities (the Kazakh and Siberian Khanates) in the mid to late 15th century initiated processes leading to the emergence of distinct ethnic communities (Kazakhs and Siberian Tatars) within these states. The traditional belief in historical literature that Kuchum was a ‘Kazakh prince’ is challenged. The author disputes the position of Kazakh colleagues regarding the significant role of the ‘Kazakh’ factor, including Sultan Urus-Muhammad, in the later period of the Siberian Khanate. The nature of Siberian-Kazakh relations in the 16th century was influenced not only by the interests of the khanates’ rulers but also by external challenges posed by the emergence of new powerful political centers and leaders. The research's relevance stems from the limited exploration of the topic and conflicting approaches to the history of the formation of the Siberian Khanate and the ethnic community of Siberian Tatars in modern historiography.","PeriodicalId":43602,"journal":{"name":"Nauchnyi Dialog","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140386281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-23DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-2-449-476
V. A. Mozebakh, R. Reinhardt
This article examines the evolution of Japan’s policy towards the community of Japanese researchers working abroad, tentatively referred to as the scientific diaspora. It traces the formation characteristics of this community in the 21st century and questions the legitimacy of recognizing it as a ‘scientific diaspora’. The article presents a periodization of Japan’s course towards the ‘scientific diaspora’, encompassing four stages. To verify the collected data, an interview with a representative of the Japanese ‘scientific diaspora’ in Russia was conducted. Among the main motives for the emigration of Japanese researchers abroad, underfunding and bureaucratization of science in Japan, an excess of non-research-related tasks, and a general decline in the international prestige of national science were identified. The authors conclude that Japan’s policy towards the ‘scientific diaspora’ until the second half of the 2010s was overshadowed by general diaspora policies. Currently, the largest organization of Japanese scientists abroad, UJAW, is under close government scrutiny. The analysis confirms the status of communities of Japanese scientists abroad as a scientific diaspora. It is established that decision-makers in scientific policy consider that scientific workers do not completely sever ties with their homeland and can contribute to achieving Japan’s strategic development goals.
{"title":"Japanese ‘Scientific Diaspora’ in 21st Century: Features of Self-Organization and State Policy towards Japanese Researchers Overseas","authors":"V. A. Mozebakh, R. Reinhardt","doi":"10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-2-449-476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-2-449-476","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the evolution of Japan’s policy towards the community of Japanese researchers working abroad, tentatively referred to as the scientific diaspora. It traces the formation characteristics of this community in the 21st century and questions the legitimacy of recognizing it as a ‘scientific diaspora’. The article presents a periodization of Japan’s course towards the ‘scientific diaspora’, encompassing four stages. To verify the collected data, an interview with a representative of the Japanese ‘scientific diaspora’ in Russia was conducted. Among the main motives for the emigration of Japanese researchers abroad, underfunding and bureaucratization of science in Japan, an excess of non-research-related tasks, and a general decline in the international prestige of national science were identified. The authors conclude that Japan’s policy towards the ‘scientific diaspora’ until the second half of the 2010s was overshadowed by general diaspora policies. Currently, the largest organization of Japanese scientists abroad, UJAW, is under close government scrutiny. The analysis confirms the status of communities of Japanese scientists abroad as a scientific diaspora. It is established that decision-makers in scientific policy consider that scientific workers do not completely sever ties with their homeland and can contribute to achieving Japan’s strategic development goals.","PeriodicalId":43602,"journal":{"name":"Nauchnyi Dialog","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140387027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-23DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-2-346-363
I. Aktamov, N. B. Badmatsyrenova
The study focuses on analyzing the development of the Buryat-Mongolian language and writing system amidst socio-cultural transformations during the Soviet period. Textbooks, methodological guides, as well as ethnographic and sociolinguistic reports from the 1930s, serve as the research materials. Educational materials on teaching methods for the Buryat-Mongolian language and writing in general education institutions are of research interest for analyzing approaches to practical implementation of the educational process and material content. This historical period is marked by the transformation of societal structures resulting from extensive sociopolitical processes not only in our country but also in the Mongolian People’s Republic and the People’s Republic of China. The Soviet leadership reasonably paid special attention to eradicating illiteracy and implementing language policy in the country. It was revealed that education in the Buryat-Mongolian ASSR faced linguistic, methodological, and staffing contradictions. The process of studying the native language underwent systematic reforms within a relatively short historical period. The traditional Old Mongolian script was replaced by Latin in 1931 and then by Cyrillic in 1939, leading to a decline in educational quality. Such transitions were accompanied by restructuring educational and methodological aspects of the educational process.
{"title":"Implementation of Language Policy in USSR in 1930s (Buryat-Mongolian Language)","authors":"I. Aktamov, N. B. Badmatsyrenova","doi":"10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-2-346-363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-2-346-363","url":null,"abstract":"The study focuses on analyzing the development of the Buryat-Mongolian language and writing system amidst socio-cultural transformations during the Soviet period. Textbooks, methodological guides, as well as ethnographic and sociolinguistic reports from the 1930s, serve as the research materials. Educational materials on teaching methods for the Buryat-Mongolian language and writing in general education institutions are of research interest for analyzing approaches to practical implementation of the educational process and material content. This historical period is marked by the transformation of societal structures resulting from extensive sociopolitical processes not only in our country but also in the Mongolian People’s Republic and the People’s Republic of China. The Soviet leadership reasonably paid special attention to eradicating illiteracy and implementing language policy in the country. It was revealed that education in the Buryat-Mongolian ASSR faced linguistic, methodological, and staffing contradictions. The process of studying the native language underwent systematic reforms within a relatively short historical period. The traditional Old Mongolian script was replaced by Latin in 1931 and then by Cyrillic in 1939, leading to a decline in educational quality. Such transitions were accompanied by restructuring educational and methodological aspects of the educational process.","PeriodicalId":43602,"journal":{"name":"Nauchnyi Dialog","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140386660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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