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Image of Russian Pan-Slavism in German Official Press at End of 19th Century 19 世纪末德国官方报刊中的俄罗斯泛斯拉夫主义形象
IF 0.1 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-12-23 DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-10-326-343
N. A. Vlasov
The aim of the research is to reconstruct the image of Russian Pan-Slavism in the German official press during the Bismarck era. The study examines the characteristic features of this image and its evolution over time, with particular attention given to the relationship between the image of Russian Pan-Slavism and the development of Russiangerman relations. The key source for this research is official newspapers, which were used by the German government to influence public opinion within the country and to transmit unofficial messages to ruling circles in other European states. The relevance of this research lies in the significant impact that historically established images and perceptions have on international relations in the modern world. The study concludes that the official press referred to the stereotypical image of Russian Pan-Slavism as a dangerous threat to the European world, which existed in German society, and contributed to its further strengthening. This image was widely used in the second half of the 1880s during a serious crisis in Russiangerman relations.
本研究旨在重塑俾斯麦时代德国官方报刊中的俄罗斯泛斯拉夫主义形象。研究探讨了这一形象的特征及其随时间的演变,尤其关注了俄罗斯泛斯拉夫主义形象与俄德关系发展之间的关系。这项研究的主要资料来源是官方报纸,德国政府利用这些报纸影响国内舆论,并向其他欧洲国家的统治集团传递非官方信息。这项研究的意义在于,历史上形成的形象和观念对现代世界的国际关系具有重大影响。研究得出的结论是,官方媒体将德国社会中存在的俄罗斯泛斯拉夫主义的刻板形象视为对欧洲世界的危险威胁,并促使其进一步强化。这一形象在 19 世纪 80 年代后半期俄德关系出现严重危机时被广泛使用。
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引用次数: 0
Innovation Policy in OECD Activities: A Historical Reconstruction on Neo-Gramscian Foundations 经合组织活动中的创新政策:新葛兰西主义基础上的历史重构
IF 0.1 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-12-23 DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-10-265-287
E. A. Antuykhova, D. A. Talagaeva
The article offers a historical analysis of the formation and development of the concept of “innovation” in the discourse of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The theoretical and methodological foundation of the analysis is based on contemporary international political economy, which posits the necessity of considering international institutions as expressions of certain group interests. A characteristic feature of this approach is its reliance on the views of A. Gramsci, who argued that contrary to the original tenets of historical materialism, social processes do not arise as a direct realization of the interests of the ruling class but reflect compromises reached between it and other groups in society. Accordingly, examining the development of ideas about innovation from this perspective demonstrates that this process operates as a reflection of the converging interests of the scientific community, financial capital, and the electronics industry, forming a “historic bloc” that holds a stable position in Western society. Taking OECD documents as the subject of research, which acts as an influential center for policy development with characteristic features of both a political and scientific organization, allows for discerning traces of the historical bloc’s construction and its ideological shaping within these documents. The article traces the prehistory of the emergence of this bloc, the formation of compromises that bind its participants, and the construction of innovation policy as a way to express interests that have come to the forefront as a result of these compromises.
文章对经济合作与发展组织(OECD)话语中 "创新 "概念的形成和发展进行了历史分析。分析的理论和方法论基础是当代国际政治经济学,认为有必要将国际机构视为某些集团利益的表达。葛兰西认为,与历史唯物主义的原始信条相反,社会进程的产生并不是统治阶级利益的直接实现,而是反映了统治阶级与社会其他群体之间达成的妥协。因此,从这一视角审视创新思想的发展,就会发现这一过程的运作反映了科学界、金融资本和电子工业的利益趋同,形成了一个在西方社会占据稳定地位的 "历史集团"。经济合作与发展组织(OECD)是一个有影响力的政策制定中心,具有政治组织和科学组织的双重特征,以该组织的文件为研究对象,可以在这些文件中发现历史集团的构建及其意识形态塑造的痕迹。文章追溯了这一集团出现的前史、约束其参与者的妥协的形成,以及创新政策作为表达利益的一种方式的构建,而这些利益正是这些妥协的结果。
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引用次数: 0
Counterintelligence Activities of Gendarmerie Railway Police before and during World War I 第一次世界大战之前和期间宪兵铁路警察的反间谍活动
IF 0.1 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-12-23 DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-10-360-377
P. A. Kolpakov, R. Arslanov
The article analyzes the role of the gendarmerie railway police in the system of counterintelligence agencies in the Russian Empire before and during World War I. Based on documentary materials, the goals of enemy espionage on railways are revealed. Measures taken by the gendarmerie to restrict photography of railway infrastructure are examined. Through analysis of secret correspondence between gendarmerie leaders and railway department heads, categories of individuals most actively recruited by German and Austro-Hungarian intelligence for espionage are identified: prisoners of war, foreign nationals not involved in combat, and children. The organization of surveillance of foreign officials’ railway transport movements within the Russian Empire is also explored. The conclusion is drawn that the gendarmerie railway police’s ability to carry out counterintelligence tasks was complicated by their simultaneous duties as general and political police, as well as the scale of the infrastructure they were tasked with protecting.
文章分析了第一次世界大战之前和期间宪兵铁路警察在俄罗斯帝国反间谍机构系统中的作用。研究了宪兵为限制铁路基础设施摄影而采取的措施。通过分析宪兵队领导人与铁路部门负责人之间的秘密通信,确定了德国和奥匈帝国情报部门最积极招募从事间谍活动的人员类别:战俘、未参战的外国公民和儿童。此外,还探讨了在俄罗斯帝国境内监视外国官员铁路运输活动的组织情况。得出的结论是,宪兵铁路警察执行反间谍任务的能力因其同时担任普通警察和政治警察的职责以及他们负责保护的基础设施的规模而变得复杂。
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引用次数: 0
Russian Tea Trade in Hankou during Second Half of 19th Century: Production of Brick Tea 19 世纪下半叶汉口的俄罗斯茶叶贸易:砖茶生产
IF 0.1 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-12-23 DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-10-512-528
I. R. Khamzin, R. Ganiev
This article addresses the issue of producing the socalled “brick tea” in China at Russian factories during the second half of the 19th century. Compressed teas constituted the second largest group after looseleaf teas highlighted in prerevolutionary Russian literature, sources, and statistics among Chinese teas exported to the Russian market. The study explores aspects of brick tea production that have been least covered in previous historiography. These include issues related to the procurement of raw materials for further pressing at Russian factories, pricing strategies for this product, and the accompanying competition. The experience of utilizing hydraulic presses for more efficient tea production, as well as the dynamics and volumes of brick tea production, are examined. The research revealed that in the latter half of the 19th century, Russian entrepreneurs in Hankou successfully organized the process of fabricating pressed teas, thereby contributing to the strengthening and further development of Russo-Chinese relations. Documents from central Russian archives were utilized in this study, enabling the unveiling of many previously unexplored aspects of the history of Russo-Chinese trade.
本文探讨了 19 世纪下半叶俄国工厂在中国生产所谓 "砖茶 "的问题。在革命前俄国的文献、资料和统计中,压制茶是继散装茶之后,出口到俄国市场的中国茶叶的第二大类。本研究探讨了砖茶生产的一些方面,而这些方面在以往的历史研究中涉及得最少。这些方面包括俄罗斯工厂为进一步压制而采购原材料的相关问题、该产品的定价策略以及随之而来的竞争。研究还探讨了利用液压机提高茶叶生产效率的经验,以及砖茶生产的动态和数量。研究显示,19 世纪后半叶,汉口的俄罗斯企业家成功地组织了压制茶叶的生产过程,从而为加强和进一步发展中俄关系做出了贡献。本研究利用了俄罗斯中央档案馆的文件,从而揭示了中俄贸易史中许多以前未曾探索过的方面。
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引用次数: 0
Limits of Possibility: Practices of Administrative Sanctions Against Russian Periodical Press at Beginning of 20th Century 可能性的限制:20 世纪初对俄罗斯期刊媒体的行政处罚做法
IF 0.1 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-12-23 DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-10-248-264
I. V. Alferova, V. F. Blokhin
The study examines the mechanisms of censorship restrictions on Russian periodical press that had become widespread by the beginning of the 20th century. It explores the history of the development of censorship during the post-reform era and the stages of reorganization of the censorship apparatus in the context of changing Russian realities in the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. The issue of legislative initiatives regulating the coverage of domestic political events in the pages of Russian periodicals is addressed. Special attention is given to the practice of using administrative resources in the form of mandatory decrees by governors to establish control over local press. The documents for analysis were extracted by the authors from the archives of the Police Department of the State Archive of the Russian Federation. They contain information about specific instances of administrative penalties and fines imposed by governors on newspaper editors. Comparing this information with the content of articles subjected to penalties allowed for the identification of "the limits of possibility" for periodical press that existed locally in the perceptions of administrators. The review conducted led to the conclusion that mandatory decrees provided provincial administrations with the right, based on their own biases and convictions, to censor political content in print publications, thereby influencing public opinion.
本研究探讨了 20 世纪初普遍存在的俄罗斯期刊新闻审查限制机制。研究探讨了后改革时代新闻检查制度的发展历史,以及 19 世纪下半叶和 20 世纪初俄罗斯现实变化背景下新闻检查机构的重组阶段。还探讨了规范俄罗斯期刊对国内政治事件报道的立法举措问题。特别关注的是以省长强制性法令的形式利用行政资源对地方报刊进行控制的做法。用于分析的文件由作者从俄罗斯联邦国家档案局警察部的档案中提取。其中包含州长对报刊编辑实施行政处罚和罚款的具体案例信息。将这些信息与受到处罚的文章内容进行比较,可以确定当地行政人员对期刊报刊的 "可 能限制"。审查得出的结论是,强制性法令为省级行政部门提供了根据自己的偏见和信念对印刷出版物中的政治内容进行审查的权利,从而影响公众舆论。
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引用次数: 0
TV Series in a Big City: Geo-Poetics of Telenovelas 1980s—2020s 大城市中的电视剧:1980 年代至 2020 年代电视小说的地理诗学
IF 0.1 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-12-23 DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-10-166-191
L. Kislova, T. N. Ratsen, S. O. Dracheva
The article explores the influence of toponymic images on the aesthetics of popular foreign and Russian television Series. The television series is a specific artistic model, the transformation and functioning of which is the result of significant television influence on the audience. Its uniqueness lies in the fact that, being a key genre of contemporary mass culture on one hand, and a multimedia text on the other, the series allows visual content to displace verbal content and constructs a certain reality in the minds of viewers. Within the framework of the geopoetic approach, the authors of the article examine the image of the city in television projects from different years, analyze the functions of urban signs and symbols, and identify various artistic techniques used to characterize characters and represent national-cultural spaces. Special attention is given to the role of the city as a setting and a tool for plot development in TV shows. The result of the study is the identification of the dynamics of the city image in television projects from the 1980s to the 2020s, which allows us to characterize television Series not only as a source of entertainment, but also as a social and national project that claims one of the dominant positions in contemporary culture.
文章探讨了地名图像对外国和俄罗斯流行电视剧美学的影响。电视剧是一种特殊的艺术模式,它的转变和运作是电视对观众产生重大影响的结果。它的独特性在于,一方面作为当代大众文化的重要体裁,另一方面作为多媒体文本,电视剧允许视觉内容取代语言内容,并在观众心中构建某种现实。文章作者在地舆学方法的框架内,研究了不同年代电视项目中的城市形象,分析了城市标志和符号的功能,并确定了用于塑造人物形象和表现民族文化空间的各种艺术手法。文章特别关注了城市在电视节目中作为情节发展的背景和工具的作用。研究的成果是确定了 20 世纪 80 年代至 2020 年代电视项目中城市形象的动态,这使我们能够将《电视连续剧》的特点描述为不仅是一种娱乐来源,而且也是一种在当代文化中占据主导地位的社会和国家项目。
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引用次数: 0
Tyumen District in 1920s: Settlement Numbers and Development Features 二十世纪二十年代的秋明区居民点数量和发展特点
IF 0.1 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-12-23 DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-10-288-304
A. A. Valitov, V. S. Sulimov
The subject of this study is the rural settlements of the Tyumen district in the first quarter of the 20th century. It is noted that during this period, the Tyumen district was situated at the heart of the Tyumen region, ranking first in terms of population size (44,545 people) and the area of territory covered (5.4 thousand square kilometers). The paper examines changes in the number and typology of settlements within the Tyumen district through the lens of its rural localities. It has been established that the district’s settlement network consisted of 177 localities, falling into 11 types, with villages making up a significant proportion — over 50%. This fact indicates that in long-settled regions, settlement networks have existed in virtually unchanged forms despite various external and internal factors. Fifteen villages were identified as creating the framework of the Tyumen district’s settlement network, demonstrating resilience and successfully adapting to new conditions. For instance, data from 1912 and 1926 show that population numbers in these localities were growing, especially in those settlements occupying advantageous (central) positions within the existing network. Many villages in the Tyumen district attained this status during the Soviet period, even though at the beginning of the 20th century they were mere villages. Successful new connections between settlements were facilitated by transportation factors (the presence of railways, tract roads, and a navigable water artery — the Tura River).
本研究的主题是20世纪第一季度秋明地区的农村居民点。在这一时期,秋明区位于秋明地区的中心,在人口数量(44545 人)和领土面积(540 万平方公里)方面都位居第一。本文通过秋明区农村地区的视角,研究了秋明区内居民点数量和类型的变化。研究发现,秋明区的居民点网络由 177 个居民点组成,分为 11 种类型,其中村庄占了很大比例,超过 50%。这一事实表明,在长期定居的地区,尽管存在各种外部和内部因素,但聚落网络的存在形式几乎没有改变。有 15 个村庄被确定为秋明地区聚落网络框架的建立者,它们表现出了顽强的生命力,并成功地适应了新的条件。例如,1912 年和 1926 年的数据显示,这些地区的人口数量不断增长,尤其是在现有网络中占据有利(中心)位置的定居点。在苏联时期,秋明地区的许多村庄都获得了这种地位,尽管在 20 世纪初它们还只是村庄。交通因素(铁路、公路和图拉河)促进了居民点之间成功的新联系。
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引用次数: 0
Legal Debates on ‘Ex Officio’ Procedure in Late 16th Century England: Robert Bill’s Position 16 世纪晚期英国关于 "职权 "程序的法律辩论:罗伯特-比尔的立场
IF 0.1 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-12-23 DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-10-378-394
D. S. Mityureva
The article examines the origins of the modern right to remain silent and not testify against oneself, which was established in legal discussions among English jurists in the sixteenth century and in the practice of English courts in the seventeenth century. The aim of the article is to analyze the conflict between common and civil law jurists in the late sixteenth century regarding the procedure of ex officio oath-taking, that is, taking an oath due to the prosecutor’s official position. The legal context of the 1580s-1590s, when there was a dispute over the activities of the High Commission, is reviewed. The legal texts under consideration demonstrate a struggle between inquisitorial practices and attempts to make the judicial process (including the church) “properly organized.” Special attention is paid to the position of Robert Bill, a clerk of the Privy Council. The author delves into the arguments Bill presents against ex officio oaths. The analysis of the legal debate allows for a broader understanding of several conflicts: the relationship between church and common law in England after the Reformation and the balance of power between authorities and subjects’ rights.
本文探讨了现代保持沉默和不做不利于自己的证言的权利的起源,这一权利是在十六世纪英国法学家的法律讨论和十七世纪英国法院的实践中确立的。本文旨在分析十六世纪末普通法法学家和大陆法法学家在依职权宣誓(即因检察官的官方身份而宣誓)程序方面的冲突。本文对 1580-1590 年代的法律背景进行了回顾,当时对高级委员会的活动存在争议。所研究的法律文本显示了宗教裁判所做法与试图使司法程序(包括教会)"适当组织 "之间的斗争。作者特别关注枢密院书记官罗伯特-比尔的立场。作者深入探讨了比尔反对依职权宣誓的论点。通过对法律辩论的分析,我们可以更广泛地理解几种冲突:宗教改革后英格兰教会与普通法之间的关系,以及权力机构与臣民权利之间的权力平衡。
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引用次数: 0
Functional Potential of Multilingual Text in Urban Space: a Linguistic-Semiotic Perspective 城市空间中多语言文本的功能潜力:语言学--符号学视角
IF 0.1 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-12-23 DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-10-142-165
O. Alimuradov, M. A. Gorbunova
This article analyzes the functional potential of multilingual texts within urban spaces from a linguistic-semiotic perspective. The study uses a sample of 1590 multilingual texts, consisting of photographs of graffiti objects found in four cities in Southern Russia: Nalchik, the Novorossiysk agglomeration (Novorossiysk and Myskhako), Pyatigorsk, and Rostov-on-Don. The methods used include continuous sampling of multilingual texts, content analysis of their verbal elements, semiotic analysis of their graphic elements, comparative and contrastive methods, and quantitative data processing techniques. The phenomenon of graffiti is analyzed from linguistic and linguo-semiotic perspectives, with a distinction made between graffiti and street art. The authors describe the ontology of graffiti in the urban environment through a series of important dichotomies: visibility / invisibility, performance / risk / art, and sanction/unsanction. The functions of graffiti are also examined in detail, including their integrative-identifying function, self-presentation function, protest function, subversive function, and advertising / propaganda function. The study concludes that multilingual texts, represented in the form of graffiti within urban spaces, have significant functional potential.
本文从语言符号学的角度分析了多语言文本在城市空间中的功能潜力。研究使用了 1590 个多语言文本样本,包括在俄罗斯南部四个城市发现的涂鸦对象照片:这四个城市是:纳尔奇克、新罗西斯克城市群(新罗西斯克和梅斯卡科)、皮亚季戈尔斯克和顿河边罗斯托夫。所使用的方法包括对多语言文本进行连续取样、对其语言要素进行内容分析、对其图形要素进行符号学分析、比较和对比方法以及定量数据处理技术。作者从语言学和语言符号学的角度分析了涂鸦现象,并对涂鸦和街头艺术进行了区分。作者通过一系列重要的二分法描述了城市环境中涂鸦的本体:可见性/不可见性、表演/风险/艺术以及制裁/不制裁。研究还详细探讨了涂鸦的功能,包括综合识别功能、自我展示功能、抗议功能、颠覆功能和广告/宣传功能。研究得出结论,在城市空间中以涂鸦形式表现的多语言文本具有巨大的功能潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Models of Dissertation Defense: From Post-Reform University to Soviet Era (Case of Saint Petersburg University) 论文答辩模式:从改革后大学到苏联时代(以圣彼得堡大学为例)
IF 0.1 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-12-23 DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-10-452-472
E. Rostovtsev, I. V. Sidorchuk
This study explores the issue of obtaining academic degrees in prerevolutionary Russia, a process that was an integral part of scientific initiation, allowing individuals to enter the ranks of the country’s intellectual elite. The aim of this paper is to determine the interplay between socio-political, corporate, and scientific elements in shaping the discourse of academic disputation. The analysis presented herein draws upon data primarily concerning Saint Petersburg University, which was a leading center for Russian scholarly activity. Specifically, this research utilizes unpublished materials from the minutes of the University Council meetings, journals of public assemblies of various faculties, and archives managed by the Saint Petersburg educational district, containing information on planned disputes. The authors conclude that there were eight formal obstacles a candidate had to overcome in the pursuit of a degree. The key hurdle was access to the public defense, which was a closed affair, being an internal corporate matter that excluded not only the degree candidate but also external authorities and society at large. The public defense of a thesis served more as a socially significant rite of corporate initiation, demonstrating the public importance of the corporation.
本研究探讨了在革命前的俄罗斯获得学位的问题,这一过程是科学启蒙的一个组成部分,使个人能够进入国家知识精英的行列。本文旨在确定社会政治、企业和科学因素在形成学术争论话语方面的相互作用。本文的分析主要借鉴了与圣彼得堡大学有关的数据,该大学是俄罗斯学术活动的主要中心。具体而言,本研究利用了未出版的大学理事会会议记录、各院系公共集会日志以及圣彼得堡教育区管理的档案等资料,这些资料包含了计划中的争议信息。作者得出结论,考生在申请学位时必须克服八个正式障碍。其中最主要的障碍是参加公开答辩。公开答辩是一件封闭的事情,属于企业内部事务,不仅学位候选人不能参加,而且外部机构和整个社会也不能参加。论文的公开答辩更像是一种具有社会意义的企业入职仪式,表明企业对公众的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
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Nauchnyi Dialog
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