Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31737/22212264_2023_1_172
G. B. Bulychev, A. Yakovlev
The article discusses the possible prospects for re-establishing economic and political cooperation between Russia and Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) in the current geopolitical situation. Despite the development of advanced cooperation between the USSR and the DPRK in historical retrospect, the change of the political regime in Russia led to a complete rupture of economic ties. In the new geopolitical reality and the challenge of Russia’s policy of "turning to the East", it is noteworthy that DPRK takes a radical pro-Russian position on the conflict in Ukraine, which can serve a basis for re-establishing political and economic relations between two countries. However, the prospects for the development of large- scale cooperation between the Russian Federation and the DPRK at the moment seem rather vague, since the North Korean economy remains isolated, the country’s borders are still closed and the country is under UN sanctions pressure and a wide range of bilateral restrictive measures from Western countries for a long time, which blocks almost all forms of economic cooperation. The DPRK’s adaptation to restrictions and the development of mechanisms to circumvent sanctions by creating the necessary financial and logistics infrastructure allow the country to generate income and purchase the necessary goods and resources. It is concluded that with the final loss of Western markets, the importance of DPRK as a trading partner for Russia may increase.
{"title":"The potential of Russia–DPRK cooperation: economic advantages and political disadvantages","authors":"G. B. Bulychev, A. Yakovlev","doi":"10.31737/22212264_2023_1_172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31737/22212264_2023_1_172","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the possible prospects for re-establishing economic and political cooperation between Russia and Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) in the current geopolitical situation. Despite the development of advanced cooperation between the USSR and the DPRK in historical retrospect, the change of the political regime in Russia led to a complete rupture of economic ties. In the new geopolitical reality and the challenge of Russia’s policy of \"turning to the East\", it is noteworthy that DPRK takes a radical pro-Russian position on the conflict in Ukraine, which can serve a basis for re-establishing political and economic relations between two countries. However, the prospects for the development of large- scale cooperation between the Russian Federation and the DPRK at the moment seem rather vague, since the North Korean economy remains isolated, the country’s borders are still closed and the country is under UN sanctions pressure and a wide range of bilateral restrictive measures from Western countries for a long time, which blocks almost all forms of economic cooperation. The DPRK’s adaptation to restrictions and the development of mechanisms to circumvent sanctions by creating the necessary financial and logistics infrastructure allow the country to generate income and purchase the necessary goods and resources. It is concluded that with the final loss of Western markets, the importance of DPRK as a trading partner for Russia may increase.","PeriodicalId":43676,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal Novaya Ekonomicheskaya Assotsiatsiya-Journal of the New Economic Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69807226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.31737/2221-2264-2022-53-1-1
E. L. Toroptsev, A. S. Marakhovskii
The purpose of this article is to publish the author’s method of the economy structural dynamics formalized analysis based on a dynamic model of input-output balance represented by a system of ordinary differential equations. The model is digitized based on the Rosstat data on the formation of the output of goods and services and elements of its own statistical research base. The methodological components of our work are the provisions of systemic, cross-sectoral and structural dynamic analysis. The presented theoretical and methodological statements, brought to a sequence of verified calculations, exploit the basic dynamic model of inputoutput balance, first published by V.V. Leontief in 1952. For many decades this model remained among so-called “purely theoretical constructions”, since it was never digitized. It was out of many computable models for two reasons: 1) degeneracy of the incremental capital capacities matrix (capital coefficients, as by V.V. Leontief) was believed to be indisputable; 2) the appearance of negative elements in the same matrix when attempting to digitize the model. The results of the work are as follows: the method to digitize the model; the method of numerical assessment of inertia and analysis of structural dynamics in macroeconomics. In a digitized form, the model is made up to solve the structural stability problem, to assess the impact of structural reforms on economic growth, and to analyze the internal / intrinsic dynamic properties of economic systems. This gives possibilities to use this model both independently corresponding to the application, and integrate into the advanced model complexes such as RIM — Russian Interindustry Model by IEF RAS (the Institute of Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences).
{"title":"Analysis of macrostructural dynamics framed by the “input–output” methodology","authors":"E. L. Toroptsev, A. S. Marakhovskii","doi":"10.31737/2221-2264-2022-53-1-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2022-53-1-1","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to publish the author’s method of the economy structural dynamics formalized analysis based on a dynamic model of input-output balance represented by a system of ordinary differential equations. The model is digitized based on the Rosstat data on the formation of the output of goods and services and elements of its own statistical research base. The methodological components of our work are the provisions of systemic, cross-sectoral and structural dynamic analysis. The presented theoretical and methodological statements, brought to a sequence of verified calculations, exploit the basic dynamic model of inputoutput balance, first published by V.V. Leontief in 1952. For many decades this model remained among so-called “purely theoretical constructions”, since it was never digitized. It was out of many computable models for two reasons: 1) degeneracy of the incremental capital capacities matrix (capital coefficients, as by V.V. Leontief) was believed to be indisputable; 2) the appearance of negative elements in the same matrix when attempting to digitize the model. The results of the work are as follows: the method to digitize the model; the method of numerical assessment of inertia and analysis of structural dynamics in macroeconomics. In a digitized form, the model is made up to solve the structural stability problem, to assess the impact of structural reforms on economic growth, and to analyze the internal / intrinsic dynamic properties of economic systems. This gives possibilities to use this model both independently corresponding to the application, and integrate into the advanced model complexes such as RIM — Russian Interindustry Model by IEF RAS (the Institute of Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences).","PeriodicalId":43676,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal Novaya Ekonomicheskaya Assotsiatsiya-Journal of the New Economic Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69821154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.31737/2221-2264-2022-53-1-13
D. Tolmachev, K. Chukavina, E. Igoshina
Among the outstanding technology startups of the international level, there are often companies created by the Russian founders: Telegram, Revolut, Miro and many others. The authors wondered how the technology startups founded by Russians were distributed around the world and how many stayed in the country. This led to a few related issues. In which jurisdictions are tech startups with the Russian origin more comfortable to exist and why, where it is more probable to attract higher investment, in which industries Russian founders create startups? The issue of determining the “Russian origin” of the founder deserves special attention. The authors define it through higher education: if the founder received a Russian higher education, then, regardless of citizenship and nationality, he is considered as a Russian. The study analyzes the educational trajectories of the founders, the connections of headquarters’ locations with origins of the founders, the profiles of the founders (age, work experience and other characteristics). The role of universities in the education process of technological entrepreneurs is revealed, including the potential for generating technological entrepreneurs in various regions of the country. The authors conclude that while the absolute amount of investment attracted in Russia is maintained at the same level, its share is falling. The number of technology startups choosing Russia as their main jurisdiction is also decreasing. Results show that success in attracting investment is positively affected by the early experience in launching a startup (university years), as well as by technical education. The authors state the difference in the industry structure of startups created by the Russians from the world average in favor of IT, robotics, and artificial intelligence to the detriment of medicine, trade, and business services. The conclusion is: universities in such cities as St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk are poorly using the potential of generating technological entrepreneurs.
{"title":"Technological entrepreneurs of the Russian origin: Education, geography, industries","authors":"D. Tolmachev, K. Chukavina, E. Igoshina","doi":"10.31737/2221-2264-2022-53-1-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2022-53-1-13","url":null,"abstract":"Among the outstanding technology startups of the international level, there are often companies created by the Russian founders: Telegram, Revolut, Miro and many others. The authors wondered how the technology startups founded by Russians were distributed around the world and how many stayed in the country. This led to a few related issues. In which jurisdictions are tech startups with the Russian origin more comfortable to exist and why, where it is more probable to attract higher investment, in which industries Russian founders create startups? The issue of determining the “Russian origin” of the founder deserves special attention. The authors define it through higher education: if the founder received a Russian higher education, then, regardless of citizenship and nationality, he is considered as a Russian. The study analyzes the educational trajectories of the founders, the connections of headquarters’ locations with origins of the founders, the profiles of the founders (age, work experience and other characteristics). The role of universities in the education process of technological entrepreneurs is revealed, including the potential for generating technological entrepreneurs in various regions of the country. The authors conclude that while the absolute amount of investment attracted in Russia is maintained at the same level, its share is falling. The number of technology startups choosing Russia as their main jurisdiction is also decreasing. Results show that success in attracting investment is positively affected by the early experience in launching a startup (university years), as well as by technical education. The authors state the difference in the industry structure of startups created by the Russians from the world average in favor of IT, robotics, and artificial intelligence to the detriment of medicine, trade, and business services. The conclusion is: universities in such cities as St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk are poorly using the potential of generating technological entrepreneurs.","PeriodicalId":43676,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal Novaya Ekonomicheskaya Assotsiatsiya-Journal of the New Economic Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69821995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.31737/2221-2264-2022-53-1-5
D. Kochergin, A. Ivanova
The article is devoted to stablecoins and their prospects for use in the financial market. The authors propose the interpretation and classification of stablecoins and analyze their functional features and development prospects. Also impact of the global economic crisis on stablecoins is analyzed. The findings illustrated that stablecoins differ from traditional electronic money, as well as classic cryptocurrencies, and they can be interpreted as hybrid digital financial assets. Currently, the commonest digital coins with a stable rate are local stablecoins with backing. At the same time, both in terms of capitalization and transaction volume, dominated by centralized fiat-backed and gold-backed stablecoins. Decentralized non-backed stablecoins are not widespread, despite a number of technological innovations that may underlie their stabilization mechanism. The authors have identified main scenarios for the use of local and global stablecoins in the near future. It was observed that at a time of decreased volatility stablecoins are currently predominantly used as a tool to minimize the risk of price volatility in the crypto-assets market. In contrast, the growing interest in applying of global stablecoins under the new reduction volatility mechanisms, may encourage the extensive use of stablecoins in both retail and wholesale payments at the international level. In addition, the development of global stablecoins may entail risks to financial stability and the functioning of monetary systems, to minimize which it is necessary to develop a regulatory framework and financial procedures that take into account the possibility of a wide circulation of stablecoins.
{"title":"Stablecoins: Classification, functional features and development prospects","authors":"D. Kochergin, A. Ivanova","doi":"10.31737/2221-2264-2022-53-1-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2022-53-1-5","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to stablecoins and their prospects for use in the financial market. The authors propose the interpretation and classification of stablecoins and analyze their functional features and development prospects. Also impact of the global economic crisis on stablecoins is analyzed. The findings illustrated that stablecoins differ from traditional electronic money, as well as classic cryptocurrencies, and they can be interpreted as hybrid digital financial assets. Currently, the commonest digital coins with a stable rate are local stablecoins with backing. At the same time, both in terms of capitalization and transaction volume, dominated by centralized fiat-backed and gold-backed stablecoins. Decentralized non-backed stablecoins are not widespread, despite a number of technological innovations that may underlie their stabilization mechanism. The authors have identified main scenarios for the use of local and global stablecoins in the near future. It was observed that at a time of decreased volatility stablecoins are currently predominantly used as a tool to minimize the risk of price volatility in the crypto-assets market. In contrast, the growing interest in applying of global stablecoins under the new reduction volatility mechanisms, may encourage the extensive use of stablecoins in both retail and wholesale payments at the international level. In addition, the development of global stablecoins may entail risks to financial stability and the functioning of monetary systems, to minimize which it is necessary to develop a regulatory framework and financial procedures that take into account the possibility of a wide circulation of stablecoins.","PeriodicalId":43676,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal Novaya Ekonomicheskaya Assotsiatsiya-Journal of the New Economic Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69822003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.31737/2221-2264-2022-53-1-7
A. Litovchenko, O. Chudinovskikh
The article discusses the possible impact of migrants’ citizenship of the host country on their socio-economic characteristics. The topic of the economics of citizenship (in various aspects) is extremely relevant and found wide coverage in foreign literature. In domestic practice, it remains poorly developed due to the lack of data suitable for such studies. Comparative analysis of the characteristics of migrants, usually migrant-workers, and the local population can be often found in the publications of the Russian scientists, but rarely investigated is the question of how the economic characteristics of migrants who have already become Russian citizens differ from those of foreigners. In 2019, for the first time in the modular survey conducted by Rosstat on the basis of the Labor Force Survey (LFS), information was collected on the migration status of respondents: their country of birth and duration of residence in Russia. Combination of these variables with citizenship made it possible to distinguish three groups of respondents: migrants who already have Russian citizenship, foreigners, and non-migrants. The work with microdata at the level of descriptive statistics showed, as expected, that foreigners differ significantly from other groups of respondents. On average, they are younger, less educated, have a higher labor force participation rate, and are more likely to work in labor-intensive sectors of the economy that do not require high qualifications. The minimal differences between non-migrants and migrants with Russian citizenship may be related to a large proportion of migrants who moved to Russia long ago. The significant shortcomings of the survey questionnaire, combined with a very low representation of foreigners in the sample (which does not correspond to their share in the Russian population), limited the analytical potential of the information. Identification of methodological problems of the LFS concerning the collection of information on migration and the development of recommendations addressed to Rosstat became a special task of the study. The main conclusion of the article was that the potential of the LFS is not used for a comprehensive study of international migration, and the inclusion of the migration module in an unchanged form in the program of the regular LFS for 2021 and further can make the problem chronic.
{"title":"On the impact of acquiring citizenship on some socio-economic characteristics of migrants and their position in the labor market","authors":"A. Litovchenko, O. Chudinovskikh","doi":"10.31737/2221-2264-2022-53-1-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2022-53-1-7","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the possible impact of migrants’ citizenship of the host country on their socio-economic characteristics. The topic of the economics of citizenship (in various aspects) is extremely relevant and found wide coverage in foreign literature. In domestic practice, it remains poorly developed due to the lack of data suitable for such studies. Comparative analysis of the characteristics of migrants, usually migrant-workers, and the local population can be often found in the publications of the Russian scientists, but rarely investigated is the question of how the economic characteristics of migrants who have already become Russian citizens differ from those of foreigners. In 2019, for the first time in the modular survey conducted by Rosstat on the basis of the Labor Force Survey (LFS), information was collected on the migration status of respondents: their country of birth and duration of residence in Russia. Combination of these variables with citizenship made it possible to distinguish three groups of respondents: migrants who already have Russian citizenship, foreigners, and non-migrants. The work with microdata at the level of descriptive statistics showed, as expected, that foreigners differ significantly from other groups of respondents. On average, they are younger, less educated, have a higher labor force participation rate, and are more likely to work in labor-intensive sectors of the economy that do not require high qualifications. The minimal differences between non-migrants and migrants with Russian citizenship may be related to a large proportion of migrants who moved to Russia long ago. The significant shortcomings of the survey questionnaire, combined with a very low representation of foreigners in the sample (which does not correspond to their share in the Russian population), limited the analytical potential of the information. Identification of methodological problems of the LFS concerning the collection of information on migration and the development of recommendations addressed to Rosstat became a special task of the study. The main conclusion of the article was that the potential of the LFS is not used for a comprehensive study of international migration, and the inclusion of the migration module in an unchanged form in the program of the regular LFS for 2021 and further can make the problem chronic.","PeriodicalId":43676,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal Novaya Ekonomicheskaya Assotsiatsiya-Journal of the New Economic Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69822052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.31737/2221-2264-2022-54-2-15
N. Burakov, O. A. Slavinskaya
This paper shows the results of the first stage of the study of the creative industries’ sector in the regional context. The state institutions of performing arts – theaters and concert organizations – were chosen as the basis for the analysis. The statistics of functioning of these sectors of economic activity is considered and the hypothesis about the presence of Baumol’s «price disease» law is tested. We are proposing the clusterization of regions by the main indicators of this sector of creative industries. In particular, the Subjects of Russian Federation have been grouped according to the average wage, labor productivity and price index in the institutions compared to the level of these indicators in the regions as a whole. The study provides a brief description of the model of composite factors used to form three factors that characterize the activity of theater and concert organizations. The factors themselves are based on the performance of the institutions for 2012–2020. The use of the information model of composite factors allowed to study the influence of the formed indicators on the economic growth in the considered industries with regression models. The study confirmed the assumption about the influence of labor markets and intangible assets on the economic development of relevant cultural organizations.
{"title":"Creative industries: Economic growth and labor markets","authors":"N. Burakov, O. A. Slavinskaya","doi":"10.31737/2221-2264-2022-54-2-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2022-54-2-15","url":null,"abstract":"This paper shows the results of the first stage of the study of the creative industries’ sector in the regional context. The state institutions of performing arts – theaters and concert organizations – were chosen as the basis for the analysis. The statistics of functioning of these sectors of economic activity is considered and the hypothesis about the presence of Baumol’s «price disease» law is tested. We are proposing the clusterization of regions by the main indicators of this sector of creative industries. In particular, the Subjects of Russian Federation have been grouped according to the average wage, labor productivity and price index in the institutions compared to the level of these indicators in the regions as a whole. The study provides a brief description of the model of composite factors used to form three factors that characterize the activity of theater and concert organizations. The factors themselves are based on the performance of the institutions for 2012–2020. The use of the information model of composite factors allowed to study the influence of the formed indicators on the economic growth in the considered industries with regression models. The study confirmed the assumption about the influence of labor markets and intangible assets on the economic development of relevant cultural organizations.","PeriodicalId":43676,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal Novaya Ekonomicheskaya Assotsiatsiya-Journal of the New Economic Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69822229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.31737/2221-2264-2022-54-2-2
Yurii K. Zaitsev
The paper discusses the approaches to statistical accounting of foreign direct investment (FDI) present in Russian and international practice, as well as alternative approaches to accounting of FDI using microdata. International practice shows that often the official statistics provided by national central banks according to the methodology of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, and alternative estimates of FDI at the enterprise level differ significantly. The purpose of this article is to identify the main problems of traditional methods of accounting FDI and assess the applicability of the microdata approach to address these problems. To this end, the paper analyzes the recommendations of the OECD and the IMF on accounting FDI in statistics, as well as the methodology of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (CBR). According to the author, the methodologies of international organizations do not solve a number of problems in relation to the Russian ones. Thus, the present methodologies do not address the issue of offshore FDI, as well as the actual geographical distribution of FDI in the regions of the Russian Federation. The article demonstrates that a number of problems associated with traditional FDI statistics can be addressed with enterprise microdata. The article proves why traditional statistics can give a distorted picture due to unresolved issues of these and other issues, and shows how microdata can help in solving this problem. In particular, micro-level data helps to understand the structure of FDI at the regional level, as well as the role of offshore companies in the structure of inbound and outbound FDI.
{"title":"Problems of accounting for foreign direct investment in international and Russian statistics","authors":"Yurii K. Zaitsev","doi":"10.31737/2221-2264-2022-54-2-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2022-54-2-2","url":null,"abstract":"The paper discusses the approaches to statistical accounting of foreign direct investment (FDI) present in Russian and international practice, as well as alternative approaches to accounting of FDI using microdata. International practice shows that often the official statistics provided by national central banks according to the methodology of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, and alternative estimates of FDI at the enterprise level differ significantly. The purpose of this article is to identify the main problems of traditional methods of accounting FDI and assess the applicability of the microdata approach to address these problems. To this end, the paper analyzes the recommendations of the OECD and the IMF on accounting FDI in statistics, as well as the methodology of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (CBR). According to the author, the methodologies of international organizations do not solve a number of problems in relation to the Russian ones. Thus, the present methodologies do not address the issue of offshore FDI, as well as the actual geographical distribution of FDI in the regions of the Russian Federation. The article demonstrates that a number of problems associated with traditional FDI statistics can be addressed with enterprise microdata. The article proves why traditional statistics can give a distorted picture due to unresolved issues of these and other issues, and shows how microdata can help in solving this problem. In particular, micro-level data helps to understand the structure of FDI at the regional level, as well as the role of offshore companies in the structure of inbound and outbound FDI.","PeriodicalId":43676,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal Novaya Ekonomicheskaya Assotsiatsiya-Journal of the New Economic Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69822634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.31737/2221-2264-2022-55-3-16
Горячая тема, Журнал Нэа, V. Gimpelson
The paper argues that the combination of sanctions, counter-sanctions and total importsubstitution taken together creates a strong shock on the human capital, and affects its utilization and reallocation. This effect can go along two major lines. First, one can expect underutilization of previously accumulated knowledge and skills due to the technologically regressive import-substitution. Second, those players who have previously lost in the global competition may take over the key role in formation and adjustment of the human capital to the changing demand. This shift in power and resources is likely to make the regress endogenous. These processes concern technological developments as well as R&D and higher education. As a result, one may expect that a significant part of the human capital that was created for utilization in more open and competitive environment can be lost.
{"title":"Russian human capital in times of sanctions and counter-sanctions: Some redistributive implications","authors":"Горячая тема, Журнал Нэа, V. Gimpelson","doi":"10.31737/2221-2264-2022-55-3-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2022-55-3-16","url":null,"abstract":"The paper argues that the combination of sanctions, counter-sanctions and total importsubstitution taken together creates a strong shock on the human capital, and affects its utilization and reallocation. This effect can go along two major lines. First, one can expect underutilization of previously accumulated knowledge and skills due to the technologically regressive import-substitution. Second, those players who have previously lost in the global competition may take over the key role in formation and adjustment of the human capital to the changing demand. This shift in power and resources is likely to make the regress endogenous. These processes concern technological developments as well as R&D and higher education. As a result, one may expect that a significant part of the human capital that was created for utilization in more open and competitive environment can be lost.","PeriodicalId":43676,"journal":{"name":"Zhurnal Novaya Ekonomicheskaya Assotsiatsiya-Journal of the New Economic Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69823130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.31737/2221-2264-2022-55-3-13
I. Danilin
The U.S. “Technology War” with intensive sanctions against Chinese digital sector marked changes in the American and global sanctioning policy. Historically, tech sanctions are well known practice, negatively affecting defense and total capacity of opponents/adversaries. But case of the “Tech War” is very specific: scale of sanctions was unexpected, as was the choice of highly internationalized digital sector as their target. Key groups of the U.S. tech sanctions since 2018 seem to fit existing practices — taking into account realities of the modern high-tech markets (for example, sanctions against Chinese venture investments in the U.S.A. or against Chinese startups). However, deeper analysis of the motives and content of the “Tech War” reveals changes in the ideology of the sanctioning policy. From blocking all forms of technology transfer in order to weaken the opponent (restrictionism) it is evolving toward strengthening U.S. leadership in high-tech markets through technological expansionism (blocking competition). This convergence of trade/investment national strategies with sanctioning policies is also determined by high-tech market specifics, as well as by features of the digital economy (i. e., access to the global raw data). Other nations are also considering these new practices which imply further increase of the technological component in the sanctioning policy (despite re-actualization of the hard power in international relations). At the same time, geopolitical factor also forces changes in the organization of high-tech markets — a challenge that will remain for the future.
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.31737/2221-2264-2022-56-4-1
M. Iskakov
The paper proposes a method for constructing existence theorems for equilibrium in secure strategies (EinSS) on the basis of the well-known existence theorems for Nash equilibrium. The system of defi nitions of the EinSS is interpreted as the development of the logic of rational behavior in the defi nition of Nash equilibrium. It is proved that under the condition of «strong threats» for the existence of EinSS, it is suffi cient to fulfi ll the conditions of the known existence theorem for the Nash equilibrium only on the sets of secure strategies. This statement is formulated both globally and locally, and is an effective tool for application to practical problems. It opens up the possibility of constructing various particular existence theorems for EinSS. As a demonstration of the proposed approach, from the Debreu’s theorem of the existence of social equilibrium, the corresponding theorem of the existence of the EinSS is obtained.
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