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Going above and beyond: Motivations of L2 German learners to (dis)continue language study 超越自我:第二语言德语学习者继续(中断)语言学习的动机
IF 0.3 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-04-23 DOI: 10.1111/tger.12274
Megan Wadas, Julia Goetze, Carrie Jackson

Second-language (L2) learner motivation has been a thriving subfield within L2 acquisition research for decades, particularly since the development of the L2 Motivational Self System (L2MSS), a multi-faceted motivational theory. This survey-based study examines (1) whether L2MSS facets differ between students intending to continue (or discontinue) learning German past the language requirement and (2) whether any relationship exists between the different selves within the L2MSS, students’ L2 Learning Experience (L2E), and their Willingness to Communicate (WTC). Third-semester learners’ mean ratings of their Ideal Self, Anti-Ought-To Self, WTC, and Attitudes Toward the L2 Community were significantly higher among students intending to continue German study beyond the language requirement (N = 28) than those discontinuing study (N = 46). Multiple regression analyses predicted a positive effect of the Ideal Self on ratings of both L2E and WTC. Qualitative analysis revealed themes of fear and positive attitudes toward the German language/culture among learners intending to continue German study, while non-continuers predominantly mentioned the language requirement. Both continuers and non-continuers mentioned the concrete and abstract utility of language learning as an additional motivation. The implications of these results for student recruitment and retention in German language programs are discussed.

数十年来,第二语言(L2)学习者的学习动机一直是第二语言习得研究中一个蓬勃发展的子领域,尤其是自第二语言动机自我系统(L2MSS)这一多层面动机理论提出以来。这项基于调查的研究探讨了:(1) 打算继续(或中断)德语学习的学生在超过语言要求后,其 L2MSS 方面是否存在差异;(2) L2MSS 中的不同自我、学生的 L2 学习体验(L2E)和交流意愿(WTC)之间是否存在任何关系。第三学期学习者对理想自我、反被迫自我、WTC 和对 L2 社区的态度的平均评分,打算在语言要求之后继续学习德语的学生(28 人)明显高于中断学习的学生(46 人)。多元回归分析预测,"理想自我 "对 L2E 和 WTC 的评分有积极影响。定性分析显示,打算继续德语学习的学生对德语语言/文化持恐惧和积极态度,而未继续学习的学生则主要提到了语言要求。继续学习者和非继续学习者都提到语言学习的具体和抽象效用是额外的动机。本文讨论了这些结果对德语专业招生和留住学生的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Retaining students through labor-based grading and dual modality 通过劳动评分和双模式留住学生
IF 0.3 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-04-21 DOI: 10.1111/tger.12273
Gwyneth Cliver
<p>In response to a series of enrollment challenges, I have developed online sections for all German courses, usually offered simultaneously with synchronous instruction within a single course, as well as introduced labor-based grading, eschewing summative performance assessments. This Forum article outlines these efforts and describes how they are fostering program gains. For a decade, my small program at a Midwestern metropolitan university has been under pressure to grow in a difficult environment. In 2018, the board of the largest suburban school district in the region ended middle-school German. Disciplines that have historically awarded the bachelor of arts have begun to offer the bachelor of science to circumvent the four-semester language requirement. Dual enrollment options for high school students have increased, which promotes undergraduate recruitment but automatically shrinks introductory and intermediate courses. Finally, an ongoing budget crisis in our university system has threatened small programs. Meanwhile, as the sole full-time professor in a language program that includes both a major and a minor, I develop and maintain the dual-mode curriculum—both in-person and online—for a regular rotation of 14 courses, as well as providing all the student support required for program upkeep, such as advising and rapport- and community-building. These circumstances have made it impossible to launch the high school outreach to which I aspire.</p><p>Enrollment began to plummet in the 2010s. After years of having up to 30 students every fall in our third-semester course, only 17 enrolled in fall 2016, an abrupt and marked decline. We had gained a third section of first-semester German only to watch enrollment dive so quickly that we finally had only one. Upper-division courses, which had historically been small but usually still met the 10-student minimum and often rose to the mid- to high teens, soon shrunk to anxiety-provoking lows of four to seven. However, in the last 2 years, despite continued lower enrollment at the intermediate level primarily attributable to fewer new students from high schools, we have re-established a second section of introductory German in fall semesters, and upper-division courses are beginning to climb again. Most importantly, more students are pursuing majors and minors: after a combined low of nine in spring 2020, there are currently 19 four years later (see Table 1). I credit two fundamental changes for this momentum: the development of online modes for every course and the rejection of performance-based summative assessments in favor of labor-based grading (Inoue, <span>2019</span>; Tobin & Behling, <span>2018</span>).</p><p>Since fall 2021, I have been creating online sections for each course so that students can opt to participate in person or asynchronously. Although we encourage synchronous instruction, we make a small number of online “seats” available to those with temporal or spatial restrictions
为了应对一系列招生挑战,我为所有德语课程开发了在线部分,通常在一门课程中同时提供同步教学,并引入了基于劳动的评分方法,摒弃了终结性绩效评估。本论坛文章概述了这些努力,并介绍了它们如何促进了项目的收益。十年来,我所在的一所中西部城市大学的小型项目一直面临着在艰难环境中发展的压力。2018 年,该地区最大的郊区学区董事会终止了初中德语课程。历来授予文科学士学位的学科开始提供理科学士学位,以规避四个学期的语言要求。高中生的双录取选择增加了,这促进了本科生的招生,但却自动缩减了入门和中级课程。最后,我们大学系统持续的预算危机已经威胁到了小型课程。与此同时,作为一个同时包含主修和辅修课程的语言项目的唯一全职教授,我需要开发和维护双模式课程(包括面授和在线课程),定期轮换 14 门课程,并提供项目维护所需的所有学生支持,如咨询、建立关系和社区。在这种情况下,我无法在高中开展我所向往的推广活动。多年来,每年秋季我们的第三学期课程都有多达 30 名学生,但 2016 年秋季只有 17 名学生注册,人数骤然明显下降。我们在第一学期德语课程中增设了第三节课,但却眼睁睁地看着学生人数急剧下降,最后只剩下了一节。高年级课程的学生人数历来较少,但通常仍能达到10人的最低限额,并经常上升到十几人,但很快就缩减到令人焦虑的4至7人的最低水平。然而,在过去的两年里,尽管中级班的招生人数持续减少,主要原因是来自高中的新生人数减少,但我们在秋季学期重新开设了德语入门的第二节课,高年级课程的招生人数又开始攀升。最重要的是,越来越多的学生开始攻读主修和辅修课程:2020 年春季,主修和辅修课程合计只有 9 门,四年后,目前已有 19 门(见表 1)。我将这一势头归功于两个根本性的变化:一是为每门课程开发了在线模式,二是摒弃了基于成绩的终结性评估,转而采用基于劳动的评分(Inoue,2019;Tobin &amp; Behling,2018)。自 2021 年秋季起,我开始为每门课程创建在线部分,学生可以选择亲自参与或异步参与。虽然我们鼓励同步教学,但也为那些有时间或空间限制的学生提供了少量的在线 "席位"。所有学生都通过 Canvas 上的材料学习相同的课程。此外,异步学生通过 Zoom 在小组中定期练习口语,完成额外的练习,每周在数字讨论板上进行互动,以接近课堂作业。2020 年的全球大流行凸显了灵活授课的好处,但我所在的学校存在一系列限制和机会,因此适应性对学生特别有吸引力。我校约 40% 的本科生是第一代学生,我们为许多完全就业的人以及通常还要照顾家人的高年级学生提供服务。此外,我校是美国最支持军属学生的学校之一,这一点令我校引以为豪,军属学生占学生总数的近 12%,他们有时会在学期中部署部队(内布拉斯加大学奥马哈分校,2022-2023 年)。虽然是一所城市校园,但我们是一所位于人口稀少的大州的公立院校,在线选择使农村学生更容易获得教育。最后,一些鼓励学生学习语言的本科专业--例如政治学和社会学--保证学生可以完全通过网络获得学位;为了继续提供文学学士学位,这些专业要求学生至少通过网络学习一门语言的前四个学期。此外,在网络课程中,我们还可以采用通用设计,让有学习障碍、身体障碍、医疗障碍和心理健康障碍的学生以及遇到紧急情况的学生更容易接受我们的课程。精心设计的课程可以为处于危机中的学生提供截止日期的可变性,也可以为他们提供更好的机会,让他们在照顾他人的同时攻读学位。 同样重要的是,在学习管理系统中合并在线课程和面授课程,不仅确保了在线学生的这种灵活性,也确保了面授学生的这种灵活性,他们可以从额外的在线材料中获益,并在需要时临时转换学习方式。事实上,我曾让士兵在短暂部署期间完成作业,让住院的学生在短暂休养后重新茁壮成长,也曾让学生优先学习另一门课程的期末考试,同时利用在线材料来跟上我的课程。异步课程似乎特别吸引一些期望课程难度较低,但又缺乏动力或时间充分参与的学生。不过,我也遇到过一些出色的异步课程学生,他们以与同步课程学生相同甚至更快的速度满怀激情地学习教材,其中一些学生还申报了主修或辅修专业。尽管生活负担可能会成为障碍,但通过在线课程提供的普遍可及性,以多种方式帮助所有致力于实现目标的学生。学生们在学期初签订合同,同意根据学习材料所花费的时间和精力,而不是考试或作业成绩来评定最终成绩。多年来,我一直对评分的弊端耿耿于怀。它是一种不一致的、往往是惩罚性的制度,将教育变成了一种关卡游戏,削弱了学生的好奇心,引发了学生之间的焦虑和竞争,加剧了学习者和教师之间的权力失衡(Blum, 2020; Eyler, 2022; Lang, 2013; Pulfrey et al., 2019; Strommel, 2020)。成绩评估促使学生追求最直接的途径来获得理想的成绩,助长了作弊行为,并导致一些学生选择低于适当水平的课程,希望能轻松获得 A。这样一来,传统的评分方式会打击冒险精神和创造力,并奖励那些已有经验的学生,而劝退那些认为内容具有挑战性的学生(Kohn,2011 年)。为了实现这一目标,我进行了两项重要改革。首先,我取消了所有测试。起初,我只是想收回因考试而损失的时间,将其用于学习。这不仅使每门课程每学期增加了大约五个小时的教学时间,而且我还发现,我并没有失去评估的能力。在一个小型项目中,我有幸观察到学生在多个学期中的个人发展。我不再需要考试来保证他们的进步:我亲眼见证了他们写作和口语的进步,以及文化分析的成熟。最近,我取消了学期末之前的所有成绩,转而评估学生对课程材料的使用情况,这些材料多种多样,根据技能水平而有所区别,以能力为导向,主要是形成性的:结构化对话和讨论板、包括阅读、写作和听力作业在内的家庭作业以及语境驱动的词汇练习、通过数字闪存卡进行的传统词汇练习、为中高级学生起草的作文、正式演讲、自我反思等等。我将记录学生的完成情况,提供实质性反馈,并鼓励学生通过与同伴合作、参加每周的 Stammtisch 和我的办公时间以及重复完成具有挑战性的作业来提高学习成绩。学生签署的合同概述了该方法背后的理念:迄今为止,该方法取得了压倒性的积极成果。少数学生未能完成作业,经常缺课,对提高自己的技能也不太努力。虽然我没能改善这种情况,但我的评分方法似乎让大多数投入时间和精力学习德语的学生学得更愉快。我将很快开展一项定性评估,以检验我的观察结果:我的课堂气氛更加轻松活跃。我几乎再也不用面对关于成绩的令人沮丧的谈话了。我注意到违反学术诚信的行为减少了,通常只需提醒一下政策,就足以遏制这种行为。我每学期的学生保留率都有所提高,尤其是那些对语言学习感到困难的热情学生。成绩不再让他们灰心丧气;他们投入时间,学习--也许没有其他人学得快,但他们学会了--他们的成绩反映了他们的进步。
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引用次数: 0
Review of Literacies in Language Education (Paesani and Menke) 语言教育中的文学性》评论(Paesani 和 Menke)
IF 0.3 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-04-17 DOI: 10.1111/tger.12276
Karin Maxey
<p>Kate Paesani and Mandy Menke advance the discourse on multiliteracies in language education with this practical volume for educators. They address teachers of all languages and levels, who may have varying levels of interest in shifting to a multiliteracies approach. Intended as a guidebook, the volume's two parts address the theory and practice of implementing this approach in language pedagogy and the practical aspects of integrating it with frameworks teachers may already know and use, like communicative language teaching. The companion website offers supplemental materials such as sample lesson plans and structured templates that teachers can use to plan their own units and lessons. It is easy to imagine this book being used as part of a reading group for language educators (perhaps facilitated by a language or teaching center) or as part of a course on second language pedagogy for newer instructors.</p><p>The book is divided into two parts, which address the theory and the practice of adopting a multiliteracies approach. Part I summarizes previous research on multiliteracies in backward design (Chapter 2), discusses how to set clear and achievable learning objectives and how to communicate them to students (Chapter 3), provides practical ideas for selecting and designing activities around texts, defined broadly (Chapter 4), and establishes principles and practices for designing literacies-based assessments (Chapter 5).</p><p>Part II presents the four processes of multiliteracies, which are loosely based on Bloom's original taxonomy: experiencing, conceptualizing, analyzing, and applying. Paesani and Menke provide activity types for each of the processes. This section also addresses the real concerns that teachers might hold with regard to designing and implementing multiliteracies pedagogy. Instructors may worry about the challenge of designing multiliteracies lessons for novice-level learners, the extra time required to find texts, planning lessons that carry students through all four multiliteracies processes, and the possibility that teachers’ courses may exist within a sequence where not every course takes the same approach, especially in higher education, but in K-12 settings as well.</p><p>In the five chapters of Part II, the authors present practical strategies for aligning curriculum and teaching practices with objectives and assessments and for using backward design within a multiliteracies framework. Chapter 6 dives more deeply into the four knowledge processes central to multiliteracies—experiencing, conceptualizing, analyzing, and applying—and shows how they fit into the seven stages of a lesson. The goals of employing these processes are twofold: (1) to ensure that students understand texts and broader genre conventions and (2) to make sure that they can create context- and audience-appropriate texts themselves. Each following chapter addresses one of the four knowledge processes, defining the term and explaining its role in
本书的主要缺陷在于没有论述多元文学如何在语言课堂上帮助少数民族和得不到充分服务的学生群体。虽然作者简要地提到了针对特定语言的项目,以解决特定语言课程的非殖民化问题,但却没有讨论多元文学框架如何促进更具包容性的语言课堂。总之,这本书是语言教育工作者或教师培训者图书馆中的一本实用书籍,它让人感觉到多元文学方法是切实可行的。
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引用次数: 0
A comparative analysis of literary testimony: Teaching with Holocaust diaries and memoirs 文学证词的比较分析:大屠杀日记和回忆录教学
IF 0.3 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-04-16 DOI: 10.1111/tger.12275
Sarah Painitz

This paper provides concrete suggestions for teaching two Holocaust testimonies, Irene Hauser's diary and Ruth Klüger's memoir Still Alive. Hauser's and Klüger's texts effectively illustrate the differences between diaries and memoirs while recounting similar experiences. Such a comparative analysis, I argue, achieves two goals: First, by comparing two different types of autobiographical texts, students gain a deeper understanding and appreciation of the complexities, contradictions, and tensions inherent in autobiographical writing, ultimately encouraging students to become more accepting of ambiguity in their learning. Second, by focusing on Holocaust testimonies, students learn about persecution, injustice, and oppression, increasing their awareness of global issues, interculturalism, and social justice. The pedagogical approach and teaching suggestions outlined here are easily adaptable and can be applied to the teaching of autobiographical writing in other thematic contexts.

本文就艾琳-豪瑟(Irene Hauser)的日记和露丝-克吕格(Ruth Klüger)的回忆录《依然活着》(Still Alive)这两篇大屠杀证词的教学提出了具体建议。豪瑟和克吕格的文章在叙述相似经历的同时,有效地说明了日记和回忆录之间的差异。我认为,这种比较分析可以达到两个目的:首先,通过比较两种不同类型的自传体文本,学生可以更深入地理解和领会自传体写作中固有的复杂性、矛盾性和紧张性,最终鼓励学生在学习中更多地接受模糊性。其次,通过关注大屠杀见证,学生可以了解迫害、不公正和压迫,增强他们对全球问题、跨文化主义和社会正义的认识。这里概述的教学方法和教学建议很容易调整,可以应用于其他主题背景下的自传体写作教学。
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引用次数: 0
I still don't get it: Easy versus difficult grammar in intermediate German 我还是不明白:中级德语语法的易与难
IF 0.3 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.1111/tger.12272
Scott Windham, Kristin Lange

This study investigated the relative ease or difficulty of grammar commonly taught in intermediate (second-year) German at the university level. Previous studies have investigated the ease or difficulty of specific grammar structures, factors that make it difficult to learn L2 grammar, and teachers’ and learners’ perceptions of difficult grammar. The aim of the present study was to provide an overview of a year's worth of grammar instruction to guide decisions about grammar sequencing, instructional approaches, and instructional time. Grammar was grouped into units consisting of a pre-test, an instructional sequence, and a post-test. Test data were gathered from 498 grammar pre- and post-tests over a 3-year period. The authors hypothesized that certain grammar topics (e.g., vowel-changing present-tense verbs; the perfect) would be relatively easy, while others (e.g., noun and pronoun case; pluperfect) would be relatively difficult. These hypotheses were only partially confirmed. Results showed the pluperfect, comparative and superlative, and preterite were relatively easily learned, whereas fixed prepositions, pronouns, relative clauses, dative verbs, and the passive were much more difficult to learn. The results suggest that instructors focus on easy and essential grammar, introduce difficult grammar without formal assessment, and use test data to sequence topics within and across course levels.

本研究调查了大学德语中级(二年级)课程中常用语法的相对难易程度。以往的研究调查了特定语法结构的难易程度、导致学习 L2 语法困难的因素以及教师和学习者对困难语法的看法。本研究的目的是概述一年的语法教学情况,以便为语法排序、教学方法和教学时间的决策提供指导。语法教学被分为若干单元,包括前测、教学顺序和后测。测试数据来自 3 年内的 498 次语法前测和后测。作者假设,某些语法题目(如元音变化的现在时动词;完成时)相对容易,而其他题目(如名词和代词的情况;复数)相对较难。这些假设只得到了部分证实。结果表明,完成时、比较级和最高级以及过去时相对容易学习,而固定介词、代词、相对从句、助动词和被动则难学得多。结果表明,教师应将重点放在简单和基本的语法上,在不进行正式评估的情况下介绍较难的语法,并利用测试数据在课程级别内和课程级别间对主题进行排序。
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引用次数: 0
Partnerships between K-12 and higher education: New opportunities for students and teachers K-12 和高等教育之间的伙伴关系:学生和教师的新机遇
IF 0.3 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-04-06 DOI: 10.1111/tger.12270
Katherine Kerschen, William Layher
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引用次数: 0
Who's responsible? The German language learner perspective 谁来负责?德语学习者的视角
IF 0.3 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-04-06 DOI: 10.1111/tger.12271
Alexander Lorenz
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引用次数: 0
Using music reviews in the intermediate L2 German classroom: An exploratory lesson in genre-based writing 在中级第二语言德语课堂中使用音乐评论:基于体裁的写作探索课
IF 0.3 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-01-12 DOI: 10.1111/tger.12266
Sophia Strietholt, Julie Larson-Guenette, Gemini Fox

This article presents an exploratory genre-based writing lesson conducted in a third-year collegiate German language course. While genre-based approaches to writing have gained recognition in second language (L2) contexts, little attention has been given to learner perceptions of genre-based writing activities. Additionally, there is a lack of pedagogical strategies and materials for intermediate-level German language classes. This article addresses these gaps by introducing a lesson on consumer music reviews designed following genre-based pedagogical principles, the flipped classroom approach, and the use of language corpora. The lesson, consisting of two 75-min class periods, aimed at familiarizing students with the structure and style of consumer music reviews, culminating in the writing of their own reviews. Using authentic texts and incorporating the Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache corpus tool for vocabulary building, students engaged with contemporary German-language music. Data from student surveys indicated positive perceptions of the lesson, particularly regarding vocabulary acquisition, lesson structure, and topic relevance. Students also found the corpus tool beneficial for contextual understanding and word usage. This exploratory lesson highlights the potential of genre-based writing pedagogy, the flipped classroom model, and corpus tools for L2 writing development and contributes to the growing body of literature on genre-based writing in L2 classrooms.

本文介绍了在大学德语三年级课程中开展的基于体裁的探索性写作课。虽然基于体裁的写作方法在第二语言(L2)语境中得到了认可,但很少有人关注学习者对基于体裁的写作活动的看法。此外,针对中级德语课程的教学策略和材料也很缺乏。本文介绍了一堂关于消费者音乐评论的课程,其设计遵循了体裁教学原则、翻转课堂方法和语料库的使用,从而弥补了这些不足。这堂课包括两个 75 分钟的课时,目的是让学生熟悉消费者音乐评论的结构和风格,并最终撰写自己的评论。学生们使用真实的文本,并结合 Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache 语料库工具进行词汇积累,从而接触到了当代德语音乐。来自学生调查的数据显示,他们对这堂课的看法是积极的,尤其是在词汇掌握、课程结构和话题相关性方面。学生还发现语料库工具有利于理解语境和词汇用法。这节探索课突出了基于体裁的写作教学法、翻转课堂模式和语料库工具在促进第二语言写作发展方面的潜力,并为第二语言课堂中基于体裁的写作的文献日益增多做出了贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Reading Wolfgang Herrndorf's Tschick (2010) 读沃尔夫冈-赫伦多夫的《齐克》(2010 年)
IF 0.3 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-01-04 DOI: 10.1111/tger.12268
Brigitte Rossbacher

This article highlights how Wolfgang Herrndorf's bestselling novel Tschick (2010) is particularly well suited for advanced courses focused on cultural and linguistic enrichment. Herrndorf's Tschick, I argue, facilitates interaction, engagement, and individual interpretation; is linguistically accessible because of its use of high-frequency vocabulary and conceptual orality; and can motivate students to be more active and engaged class participants. The article introduces the novel and describes the advanced college course in which it is taught. It then outlines readability factors and discusses their implication for the teaching of Tschick, providing sample teaching ideas that consider the linguistic ability of the advanced language learner as well as broader professional objectives.

本文重点介绍沃尔夫冈-赫伦多夫的畅销小说《齐克》(2010 年)如何特别适合侧重于文化和语言丰富性的高级课程。我认为,Herrndorf 的《Tschick》有利于互动、参与和个人阐释;由于使用了高频词汇和概念性口语,因此在语言上易于理解;而且可以激励学生更加积极、更加投入地参与课堂。文章介绍了这本小说,并描述了教授这本小说的大学高级课程。然后,文章概述了可读性因素,讨论了这些因素对《齐克》教学的影响,并提供了考虑到高级语言学习者的语言能力以及更广泛的专业目标的教学思路范例。
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引用次数: 0
Texts and contexts: Linguistic landscapes, graffiti, film, and literature in L2 classes 文本与语境:语言景观、涂鸦、电影和文学在第二语言课堂中的应用
IF 0.3 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-01-02 DOI: 10.1111/tger.12269
Susanne M. Wagner, Gisela Hoecherl-Alden

Given that societies across the globe are increasingly multicultural and multilingual, the notion of communicative competence grounded in constricting definitions of national cultures and languages reflects neither our instructional realities nor the sociolinguistic reality of the languages and cultures we teach. To foster students’ development of second language (L2) competence grounded in an awareness of the symbolic construction of language and culture as well as “tolerance for ambiguity” (Kramsch, 2006), students must create with L2, rather than just reproduce what they have learned. After briefly outlining changing conceptions of language competency, this paper first describes how public uses of language and images through signs and graffiti make up a given place's linguistic landscape (LL), defines an evolving concept, and illustrates how it can be effectively used in L2 instruction. Then it highlights how a variety of LL-based activities help language learners become cognizant of their own sociolinguistic contexts and provides concrete examples from intermediate to advanced-level classes in two distinctly different German programs. The different approaches encourage students to combine LL-based activities with visual, literary, and film analysis to develop symbolic competencies that prepare them to negotiate unpredictable and diverse cultural norms.

鉴于全球社会越来越具有多元文化和多语言的特点,以民族文化和语言的限制性 定义为基础的交际能力概念既不能反映我们的教学现实,也不能反映我们所教授的语言 和文化的社会语言现实。为了培养学生的第二语言(L2)能力,使他们意识到语言和文化的符号构造以及 "对模糊性的容忍"(Kramsch,2006 年),学生必须用 L2 进行创造,而不仅仅是再现他们所学到的东西。在简要概述了不断变化的语言能力概念之后,本文首先描述了如何通过标志和涂鸦来公开使用语言和图像,从而构成特定地方的语言景观(LL),定义了一个不断发展的概念,并说明了如何在 L2 教学中有效地使用这一概念。然后,它强调了各种基于 LL 的活动如何帮助语言学习者认识到自己所处的社会语言环境,并提供了两个截然不同的德语课程的中高级班级的具体实例。不同的教学方法鼓励学生将基于语言学习的活动与视觉、文学和电影分析结合起来,以培养他们的符号能力,为他们应对不可预知的多样化文化规范做好准备。
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Unterrichtspraxis-Teaching German
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