Abstract Left-node-raising (LNR), as a mirror image of right-node-raising (RNR), is a phenomenon in which the leftmost constituent is shared by the two conjuncts. In this paper, we empirically and theoretically explore two distinctive properties of LNR in Korean: licensing Case-mismatches of a shared element and the dependent plural marker tul. We argue that the first conjunct Case-licensing of the shared element in LNR is crucial across Case types. We thus confirm the explanatory edge of the scrambling-plus-pro analysis of LNR, nullifying previous symmetric analyses of LNR such as across-the-board scrambling and multidominance. Additionally, we argue that LNR is not a mirror image of RNR in that symmetric analyses may explain the distribution of the dependent plural marker in RNR but not that of the dependent plural marker in LNR. Therefore, we argue against a unified analysis of RNR and LNR. We further show that the island effect of LNR is evidence of the scrambling-plus-pro analysis of LNR.
{"title":"Licensing Case-mismatches and dependent plural markers in Korean left-node-raising","authors":"Jeong-Seok Kim, Seojin Choi, J. Lee","doi":"10.1515/psicl-2022-2009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2022-2009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Left-node-raising (LNR), as a mirror image of right-node-raising (RNR), is a phenomenon in which the leftmost constituent is shared by the two conjuncts. In this paper, we empirically and theoretically explore two distinctive properties of LNR in Korean: licensing Case-mismatches of a shared element and the dependent plural marker tul. We argue that the first conjunct Case-licensing of the shared element in LNR is crucial across Case types. We thus confirm the explanatory edge of the scrambling-plus-pro analysis of LNR, nullifying previous symmetric analyses of LNR such as across-the-board scrambling and multidominance. Additionally, we argue that LNR is not a mirror image of RNR in that symmetric analyses may explain the distribution of the dependent plural marker in RNR but not that of the dependent plural marker in LNR. Therefore, we argue against a unified analysis of RNR and LNR. We further show that the island effect of LNR is evidence of the scrambling-plus-pro analysis of LNR.","PeriodicalId":43804,"journal":{"name":"Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics","volume":"44 1","pages":"133 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86927846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammed Nour Abu Guba, Bassil Mashaqba, Samer Jarbou, Omar Al-Haj Eid
Abstract This study investigates the production of vowel reduction among Jordanian–Arabic speakers of English. Two groups of speakers, intermediate and advanced, and a control group of English native speakers were asked to read a story. The phonetic properties of reduced vowels, namely duration, intensity, F0, F1, and F2 were measured and compared as produced by the three groups. Results show that there were considerable differences in duration as the reduced vowels produced by the Arabic speakers exhibited longer duration values than those produced by the native speakers. Slight differences were attested between the two proficiency groups. Also, it was found that lower F0, but not intensity, was used by all groups to signal lack of stress. Results revealed that advanced Arabic speakers of English failed to produce English schwa in a native-like manner both in terms of quantity and quality.
{"title":"Production of vowel reduction by Jordanian–Arabic speakers of English: an acoustic study","authors":"Mohammed Nour Abu Guba, Bassil Mashaqba, Samer Jarbou, Omar Al-Haj Eid","doi":"10.1515/psicl-2022-2011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2022-2011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study investigates the production of vowel reduction among Jordanian–Arabic speakers of English. Two groups of speakers, intermediate and advanced, and a control group of English native speakers were asked to read a story. The phonetic properties of reduced vowels, namely duration, intensity, F0, F1, and F2 were measured and compared as produced by the three groups. Results show that there were considerable differences in duration as the reduced vowels produced by the Arabic speakers exhibited longer duration values than those produced by the native speakers. Slight differences were attested between the two proficiency groups. Also, it was found that lower F0, but not intensity, was used by all groups to signal lack of stress. Results revealed that advanced Arabic speakers of English failed to produce English schwa in a native-like manner both in terms of quantity and quality.","PeriodicalId":43804,"journal":{"name":"Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics","volume":"1 1","pages":"1 - 25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88342307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The diversity of syntactic units in second language has attracted much scholarly attention. Most existing studies on syntactic diversity have focused on only a small number of syntactic structures, and it is difficult to find studies that consider the full range of syntactic dependencies present in the dataset. Based on a syntactic annotated interlanguage corpus that we constructed, this paper is a quantitative study of dependencies in English-speaking Chinese learners’ interlanguage across proficiency levels. We fit the frequency distributions of dependency type, word class (both as dependent and governor), verb as a governor, and noun as a dependent with a modified right-truncated Zipf-Alekseev distribution and Zipf’s law. Our findings show that: (1) from the mathematical model, interlanguage followed distributional regularities like natural languages in terms of the syntactic structure distribution; (2) most of the determination coefficients’ R2 were high, indicating that the investigated distributions in interlanguage fit the distributional law finding in natural languages. This also demonstrated that both interlanguages and natural languages consistently conform to the law of linguistic diversity and uniformity; (3) the dependency relation distribution parameters a and b manifest the developmental trend of L2 learners’ proficiency levels, demonstrating that the parameters had universal applicability in reflecting interlanguage proficiency.
{"title":"A probability distribution of dependencies in interlanguage","authors":"Yuxin Hao, Xuelin Wang, Shuai Bin, Haitao Liu","doi":"10.1515/psicl-2022-2007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2022-2007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The diversity of syntactic units in second language has attracted much scholarly attention. Most existing studies on syntactic diversity have focused on only a small number of syntactic structures, and it is difficult to find studies that consider the full range of syntactic dependencies present in the dataset. Based on a syntactic annotated interlanguage corpus that we constructed, this paper is a quantitative study of dependencies in English-speaking Chinese learners’ interlanguage across proficiency levels. We fit the frequency distributions of dependency type, word class (both as dependent and governor), verb as a governor, and noun as a dependent with a modified right-truncated Zipf-Alekseev distribution and Zipf’s law. Our findings show that: (1) from the mathematical model, interlanguage followed distributional regularities like natural languages in terms of the syntactic structure distribution; (2) most of the determination coefficients’ R2 were high, indicating that the investigated distributions in interlanguage fit the distributional law finding in natural languages. This also demonstrated that both interlanguages and natural languages consistently conform to the law of linguistic diversity and uniformity; (3) the dependency relation distribution parameters a and b manifest the developmental trend of L2 learners’ proficiency levels, demonstrating that the parameters had universal applicability in reflecting interlanguage proficiency.","PeriodicalId":43804,"journal":{"name":"Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics","volume":"26 1","pages":"65 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87279578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Focus is a universal category of information structure. However, focus is encoded by different focus marking strategies in world languages such as prosodic, morphological, or syntactic marking. In addition to the cross-linguistic perspective distinctions, one-to-one mapping is not observed in the coding of focus in individual languages. In contrast to the view that argues there is one-to-one mapping between focus and immediately preverbal position in Uyghur, this paper will argue that in-situ focus is also possible. In other words, it will be claimed that there are two focusing devices in Uyghur, syntactic and prosodic. The two focusing strategies can be used interchangeably, with some limitations in the distribution of non-focal elements, and these can encode different pragmatic focus subtypes.
{"title":"The linguistic realization of focus in Uyghur: can the two focusing strategies be used interchangeably?","authors":"Emre Çetinkaya","doi":"10.1515/psicl-2022-2001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2022-2001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Focus is a universal category of information structure. However, focus is encoded by different focus marking strategies in world languages such as prosodic, morphological, or syntactic marking. In addition to the cross-linguistic perspective distinctions, one-to-one mapping is not observed in the coding of focus in individual languages. In contrast to the view that argues there is one-to-one mapping between focus and immediately preverbal position in Uyghur, this paper will argue that in-situ focus is also possible. In other words, it will be claimed that there are two focusing devices in Uyghur, syntactic and prosodic. The two focusing strategies can be used interchangeably, with some limitations in the distribution of non-focal elements, and these can encode different pragmatic focus subtypes.","PeriodicalId":43804,"journal":{"name":"Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics","volume":"6 1","pages":"27 - 41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84144299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This study investigates the emergence of (mor)phonological consonant clusters in L1 acquisition. Following the Strong Morphonotactic Hypothesis (SMH), distribution and preferability of word-medial consonant clusters in the corpus of three children acquiring Croatian were explored. VCCV and VCCCV clusters were extracted from the Croatian Corpus of Child Language. Subsequently, all word-medial clusters were tagged as exclusively phonotactic, exclusively morphonotactic, and ones that occurred in both contexts. The results partially corroborated SMH, strengthening the premise that morphological richness of a language moderates the interaction between morphology and phonology in early language acquisition. The data showed a clear predominance of morphonotactic clusters in one out of three subcorpus. Developmentally, an increase in all three cluster types was observed and generally all clusters were predominantly less preferred. Early emerging phonotactic clusters appeared to be mostly preferred, while the first morphonotactic clusters comprised less preferred combinations, with a gradual increase in preferability. Individual differences in cluster distribution and preferability blurred the role of the importance of morphonotactic information in L1 acquisition, suggesting that children employ different paths to acquire a language, but also suggesting that further exploration of this hypothesis in different languages and using different approaches is needed.
{"title":"Croatian (mor)phonotactic word-medial consonant clusters in the early lexicon","authors":"Maja Kelić, Ana Matić Škorić, M. Palmović","doi":"10.1515/psicl-2022-2005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2022-2005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study investigates the emergence of (mor)phonological consonant clusters in L1 acquisition. Following the Strong Morphonotactic Hypothesis (SMH), distribution and preferability of word-medial consonant clusters in the corpus of three children acquiring Croatian were explored. VCCV and VCCCV clusters were extracted from the Croatian Corpus of Child Language. Subsequently, all word-medial clusters were tagged as exclusively phonotactic, exclusively morphonotactic, and ones that occurred in both contexts. The results partially corroborated SMH, strengthening the premise that morphological richness of a language moderates the interaction between morphology and phonology in early language acquisition. The data showed a clear predominance of morphonotactic clusters in one out of three subcorpus. Developmentally, an increase in all three cluster types was observed and generally all clusters were predominantly less preferred. Early emerging phonotactic clusters appeared to be mostly preferred, while the first morphonotactic clusters comprised less preferred combinations, with a gradual increase in preferability. Individual differences in cluster distribution and preferability blurred the role of the importance of morphonotactic information in L1 acquisition, suggesting that children employ different paths to acquire a language, but also suggesting that further exploration of this hypothesis in different languages and using different approaches is needed.","PeriodicalId":43804,"journal":{"name":"Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics","volume":"98 1","pages":"95 - 116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79219136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article is concerned with “abstract rhetors”, i.e. inanimate nouns used as subjects of active verbs, in Polish and English academic texts. The few existing studies that deal with abstract rhetors in Polish indicate that their use is limited in comparison with English in both quantitative and qualitative terms. However, no suggestions have been offered so far as to the potential factors that may underlie these limitations, especially with regard to the qualitative differences. Focusing on a special type of abstract rhetors, namely active verbs used with text-denoting subjects, the article offers a comparable corpus-based analysis of Polish and English abstracts of research articles in linguistics with a view to determining their frequencies and shedding some light on the possible causes of the limited use of the structure in Polish. The results show that the use of active verbs with nouns referring to the abstracted article or its part is more than twice less frequent in Polish than in English, with considerable differences between the types of verbs employed in such contexts in the two languages. Three factors are proposed as potentially affecting the compatibility of the Polish verb with an inanimate, text-denoting noun: the type of agency, the supported metaphor/metonymy for the research article, and verb aspect/telicity.
{"title":"Active verbs with inanimate, text-denoting subjects in Polish and English abstracts of research articles in linguistics","authors":"Łukasz Wiraszka","doi":"10.1515/psicl-2022-2003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2022-2003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article is concerned with “abstract rhetors”, i.e. inanimate nouns used as subjects of active verbs, in Polish and English academic texts. The few existing studies that deal with abstract rhetors in Polish indicate that their use is limited in comparison with English in both quantitative and qualitative terms. However, no suggestions have been offered so far as to the potential factors that may underlie these limitations, especially with regard to the qualitative differences. Focusing on a special type of abstract rhetors, namely active verbs used with text-denoting subjects, the article offers a comparable corpus-based analysis of Polish and English abstracts of research articles in linguistics with a view to determining their frequencies and shedding some light on the possible causes of the limited use of the structure in Polish. The results show that the use of active verbs with nouns referring to the abstracted article or its part is more than twice less frequent in Polish than in English, with considerable differences between the types of verbs employed in such contexts in the two languages. Three factors are proposed as potentially affecting the compatibility of the Polish verb with an inanimate, text-denoting noun: the type of agency, the supported metaphor/metonymy for the research article, and verb aspect/telicity.","PeriodicalId":43804,"journal":{"name":"Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics","volume":"81 1","pages":"217 - 237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73255740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The status, roles, and dynamics of Englishes in Asia","authors":"Y. Shan","doi":"10.1515/psicl-2022-1017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2022-1017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43804,"journal":{"name":"Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics","volume":"63 1","pages":"247 - 256"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80495539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This study is an investigation of a newly-created Chinese lexeme shengnü ‘leftover women’, referring to single women beyond the socially expected marrying age. Data from an online survey of 416 respondents reveals the various aspects of gender bias against women as seen in the coined term. They also provide evidence that gender bias is waning, as younger and female respondents are more likely to view shengnü as more offensive, to see the reasons for being ‘leftover’ as women’s desire for independence and freedom, and to identify society as the source of pressure for women to marry. Our study contributes to the field of sociolinguistics via its investigation of shengnü with other aspects of the Chinese language, by adopting a social media survey data gathering method – which offered us a sizable sample – and by being possibly the first empirical sociolinguistic study of gender bias via a detailed investigation of the various aspects of a particular lexeme in the Chinese language.
{"title":"‘Leftover women’: A sociolinguistic study of gender bias in Chinese","authors":"Lin He, Rong Chen, Ming Dong","doi":"10.1515/psicl-2022-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2022-0022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study is an investigation of a newly-created Chinese lexeme shengnü ‘leftover women’, referring to single women beyond the socially expected marrying age. Data from an online survey of 416 respondents reveals the various aspects of gender bias against women as seen in the coined term. They also provide evidence that gender bias is waning, as younger and female respondents are more likely to view shengnü as more offensive, to see the reasons for being ‘leftover’ as women’s desire for independence and freedom, and to identify society as the source of pressure for women to marry. Our study contributes to the field of sociolinguistics via its investigation of shengnü with other aspects of the Chinese language, by adopting a social media survey data gathering method – which offered us a sizable sample – and by being possibly the first empirical sociolinguistic study of gender bias via a detailed investigation of the various aspects of a particular lexeme in the Chinese language.","PeriodicalId":43804,"journal":{"name":"Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics","volume":"31 1","pages":"477 - 507"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83849351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The paper aims to discuss selected syntactic aspects of English loan translations in Polish in the sphere of computers and the Internet. The study is based on the corpus of informal Polish, collected and analyzed by the author of the study. All the texts have been read in their entirety by the author, and possible loan translations have been noted. Then, with the help of specific criteria, a group of English loan translations have been gathered. Altogether, 467 types of loan translation have been found (6,206 tokens). They are grouped according to specific syntactic properties, such as the observance of (or deviation from) the syntax of their English models. The study shows that most of the calques do not retain the original English arrangement but rather adapt it morphosyntactically to the recipient language, i.e. Polish. Calques that maintain the English order, and sometimes display an untypical pattern in Polish, are clearly in the minority. Additionally, theoretical problems connected with the syntactic classification of calques are also discussed at some length.
{"title":"English loan translations in Polish in the area of computers: Syntactic aspects","authors":"M. Zabawa","doi":"10.1515/psicl-2022-0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2022-0026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper aims to discuss selected syntactic aspects of English loan translations in Polish in the sphere of computers and the Internet. The study is based on the corpus of informal Polish, collected and analyzed by the author of the study. All the texts have been read in their entirety by the author, and possible loan translations have been noted. Then, with the help of specific criteria, a group of English loan translations have been gathered. Altogether, 467 types of loan translation have been found (6,206 tokens). They are grouped according to specific syntactic properties, such as the observance of (or deviation from) the syntax of their English models. The study shows that most of the calques do not retain the original English arrangement but rather adapt it morphosyntactically to the recipient language, i.e. Polish. Calques that maintain the English order, and sometimes display an untypical pattern in Polish, are clearly in the minority. Additionally, theoretical problems connected with the syntactic classification of calques are also discussed at some length.","PeriodicalId":43804,"journal":{"name":"Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics","volume":"47 1","pages":"607 - 647"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86031368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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