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Confucian freedom: assessing the debate 儒家自由:评估辩论
IF 0.6 2区 哲学 0 ASIAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/09552367.2021.1899439
R. Carleo
ABSTRACT What place does freedom have in Confucianism? We find a wide spectrum of views on the matter: some deny that Confucians value or even conceive of freedom, while others celebrate uniquely exalted forms of Confucian freedom. This paper examines the range of proposals, finding consensus among these diverse views in that all identify distinctive Confucian emphases on (i) subjective affirmation of the good and (ii) the cultivation of desires and intentions to align with that good. The variation among views of Confucian freedom does not result from disparate interpretations of Confucian teachings. Rather, their divergence lies in affirming or denying that these core aspects of Confucian thought should be seen as ‘freedom.’ This reveals an undiscussed, fundamental question regarding Confucian freedom: Can and should we see the traditional Confucian moral ideal—that is, Confucian goodness and sagely virtue—as versions of freedom? What do we gain by doing so?
自由在儒家思想中占有什么地位?在这个问题上,我们发现了各种各样的观点:一些人否认儒家重视甚至设想自由,而另一些人则赞扬儒家独特的崇高形式的自由。本文考察了这些建议的范围,在这些不同的观点中找到了共识,因为它们都认同儒家对(i)对善的主观肯定和(ii)对与善一致的欲望和意图的培养的独特强调。儒家自由观的差异并非源于对儒家教义的不同解读。相反,他们的分歧在于肯定或否认儒家思想的这些核心方面应该被视为“自由”。这揭示了一个未被讨论的、关于儒家自由的基本问题:我们是否可以、是否应该把传统儒家的道德理想——即儒家的善和贤德——视为自由的不同版本?我们这样做有什么好处呢?
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引用次数: 4
Wang Yangming, Descartes, and the Sino-European juncture of Enlightenment 王阳明、笛卡尔与中欧启蒙运动的交汇点
IF 0.6 2区 哲学 0 ASIAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/09552367.2021.1919368
Zemian Zheng
ABSTRACT Wang Yangming is the founder of Chinese Enlightenment in the Ming-Qing period, in a similar way Descartes is for the European. The European Enlightenment thinkers such as Leibniz and Voltaire had been inspired by China about the human being’s ethical independence at the collective level, namely, the ability of a community to lead an ethical life independent of God’s revelation. Meanwhile, the Enlightenment thinkers failed to notice the Chinese intellectual resources that encourage human being’s ethical independence at the individual level, namely, the belief that every human individual is equally capable of leading one’s ethical life purely relying on one’s own good judgment. For this point, Wang Yangming is the resources that the West could have drawn upon. Both Wang Yangming and Descartes assert the egalitarianism about every individual’s power of judgment. I label this similarity as the ‘Sino-European juncture of Enlightenment.’ Other similarities between these two thinkers lie, firstly, in their common strategy in defending egalitarianism: both give a psychological account of the sources of error by analyzing the relationship between will and reason; and secondly, in their methodology: both redefine the method of attaining knowledge, and both emphasize that one should start from the plain, simple and insignificant things and then ascend to the complex things at issue.
摘要王阳明是明清时期中国启蒙运动的奠基人,与笛卡尔对欧洲人的启蒙思想如出一辙。欧洲启蒙思想家莱布尼茨和伏尔泰受到中国的启发,认为人类在集体层面上具有伦理独立性,即一个群体有能力过上独立于上帝启示的伦理生活。同时,启蒙思想家没有注意到中国在个人层面鼓励人类伦理独立的智力资源,即相信每个人都有同样的能力纯粹依靠自己的良好判断来领导自己的伦理生活。在这一点上,王阳明是西方可以利用的资源。王阳明和笛卡尔都主张对每个人的判断能力的平等主义。我把这种相似性称为“中欧启蒙运动的交汇点”这两位思想家的其他相似之处在于,首先,他们捍卫平等主义的共同策略:都通过分析意志和理性之间的关系,从心理学上解释了错误的根源;二是在方法论上:既重新定义了获得知识的方法,又强调从平淡、简单、琐碎的事物出发,再上升到复杂的事物。
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引用次数: 1
Non-humans in the Zhuangzi: Animalism and anti-anthropocentrism 庄子中的非人:动物主义与反人类中心主义
IF 0.6 2区 哲学 0 ASIAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-06-03 DOI: 10.1080/09552367.2021.1934218
P. D’Ambrosio
ABSTRACT Some argue that animals and non-human figures in the Zhuangzi help displace the significance of humans. According to others the Zhuangzi suggests a certain time of ‘animalism,’ asking us to be more like various types of fauna and flora that do not share our self-centeredness. In this paper the use of non-human characters in the Zhuangzi will be examined through a survey of traditional Chinese commentary, comparisons with the Lunyu, and placing the use of non-human characters within the larger context of the Zhuangzi. Thus we find that while anti-anthropocentric and animalistic perspectives can be philosophized with the Zhuangzi, the text itself is not overly concerned with these subjects. Animals and non-human characters are mainly allegorical or metaphorical, allowing the Zhuangzito 1) make broadly applicable arguments; 2) playfully discuss ideas that may be unappealing at first glance, and; 3) create a distance that allows the text to resist ossification.
摘要有人认为《庄子》中的动物和非人形象有助于取代人类的意义。根据其他人的说法,《庄子》暗示了一个“动物主义”的时代,要求我们更像各种各样的动物和植物,而不是以我们自己为中心。本文将通过对中国传统评论的调查,与《论说》进行比较,并将非人字的使用置于《庄子》的大背景下,来考察《庄子》中非人字的用法。因此,我们发现,虽然反人类中心主义和动物主义的观点可以用《庄子》来哲学化,但文本本身并没有过度关注这些主题。动物和非人的性格主要是寓言或隐喻的,允许庄子1)提出广泛适用的论点;2) 开玩笑地讨论乍一看可能没有吸引力的想法;3) 创造一个距离,让文本抵抗僵化。
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引用次数: 4
Eastern and Western creativity of tradition 东西方传统的创造性
IF 0.6 2区 哲学 0 ASIAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-05-27 DOI: 10.1080/09552367.2021.1933735
Conrong Wang, Qiduan Chen
ABSTRACT Western creativity is usually entrusted to the human imagination, regarded as a mental power capable of envisioning eternally original artefacts, while in the East creativity is entrusted to nature-in-the human, what Taoist philosophy calls qi, a spiritual power capable of reflecting the passing changes of nature in paintings, poems, and other forms of art. It is the intention of this paper to explore and elucidate these differences between the Western and Eastern conceptualizations of creativity, ending with a suggestion of one feature they may have in common.
西方的创造力通常被赋予人类的想象力,被认为是一种能够永远想象原创艺术品的精神力量,而在东方,创造力被赋予人的自然,道教哲学称之为气,一种能够在绘画、诗歌和其他艺术形式中反映自然变化的精神力量。本文的目的是探讨和阐明西方和东方的创造力概念之间的这些差异,最后提出他们可能有一个共同的特征。
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引用次数: 2
Existence as a first-order predicate: Themes from Mirdamad 作为一阶谓词的存在性:来自Mirdamad的主题
IF 0.6 2区 哲学 0 ASIAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-05-14 DOI: 10.1080/09552367.2021.1928201
Davood Hosseini
ABSTRACT Mirdamad, a prominent philosopher of the Late Medieval Period active in the Islamic world, regards existence as nothing in reality. In this paper, I employ methods devised by contemporary analytic philosophers to reinterpret his theory of existence. Based on my interpretation, this theory of existence has many aspects. Metaphysically, existence is nothing in reality. In effect, it is not a property of individuals. Logically, ‘existence’ is a first-order predicate. In order to make these two claims consistent, he develops a sparse theory of properties, proposes an analysis of the meaning of ‘existence’, appeals to a meta-metaphysical view about the language of metaphysics, develops a truthmaker theory of truth, and commits to a specific theory of grounding. Arguably, this theory of existence seems to be tenable from a contemporary analytic perspective.
摘要活跃于伊斯兰世界的中世纪晚期著名哲学家米尔达马德认为存在在现实中是虚无的。在这篇论文中,我采用了当代分析哲学家设计的方法来重新解释他的存在论。根据我的理解,这种存在论有很多方面。在形而上学上,存在在现实中毫无意义。实际上,它不是个人的财产。从逻辑上讲,“存在”是一个一阶谓词。为了使这两种主张一致,他发展了一种稀疏的性质理论,提出了对“存在”意义的分析,呼吁对形而上学语言的元形而上学观点,发展了真理的真理论,并致力于一种特定的基础理论。可以说,从当代分析的角度来看,这种存在论似乎是站得住脚的。
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引用次数: 0
Historical materialism in medieval China: The cases of Liu Zongyuan (773-819) and Li Gou (1009-1059) 中世纪中国的唯物史观:以柳宗元(773-819)和李构(1009-1059)为例
IF 0.6 2区 哲学 0 ASIAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-05-07 DOI: 10.1080/09552367.2021.1924437
Dawid Rogacz
ABSTRACT It is commonly assumed that historical materialism was first developed by Karl Marx, whose philosophy is often equated with this idea. The following paper challenges this opinion by showing that historical materialism, understood as a general position within the philosophy of history, can be traced back to two generally unheralded Chinese thinkers: Liu Zongyuan (773–819) and Li Gou (1009–1059). Historical materialism is here understood as a standpoint built on three tenets: (1) a belief in the dependence of culture on the material fundaments of social life; (2) the interpretation of human history through the prism of structural transformations; and (3) understanding political and economic relationships in terms of antagonism between social groups. After elaborating upon the presence of these tenets in the thought of Liu and Li, the paper analyzes the influence of their ideas and, finally, points out the main differences between the premodern and modern forms of historical materialism.
人们通常认为历史唯物主义是由卡尔·马克思首先提出的,马克思的哲学常常与这一思想等同起来。下面这篇文章通过展示历史唯物主义,作为历史哲学中的一个普遍立场,可以追溯到两个通常不知名的中国思想家:柳宗元(773-819)和李gou(1009-1059),来挑战这种观点。历史唯物主义在这里被理解为建立在三个原则之上的立场:(1)相信文化依赖于社会生活的物质基础;(2)通过结构转变的棱镜解读人类历史;(3)从社会群体之间的对抗来理解政治和经济关系。本文在阐述了这些原则在刘黎思想中的存在之后,分析了他们思想的影响,最后指出了前现代和现代形式的历史唯物主义的主要区别。
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引用次数: 3
On self-deception: from the perspective of Zhu Xi’s moral psychology 论自欺:从朱熹的道德心理来看
IF 0.6 2区 哲学 0 ASIAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-04-30 DOI: 10.1080/09552367.2021.1911384
Kaili Wang
ABSTRACT In order to construct a satisfactory theory of cheng-yi 誠意 (making thoughts sincere), Zhu Xi 朱熹 develops an account of how self-deception (zi-qi 自欺) is possible—a profound problem that has puzzled many philosophers. In Zhu’s opinion, zhi 知 (knowing) can be divided into two categories: a priori knowing and empirical knowing. The further division of empirical knowing defines three sorts of self-deception: (1) the self-deception caused by one’s ignorance (wu-zhi 無知), (2) the self-deception caused by one’s superficial knowing (qian-zhi 淺知), and (3) the self-deception that may occur when one acquires genuine knowledge (zhen-zhi 真知). In this paper, I will construct a theoretical model of self-deception that follows Zhu’s criterial definition of self-deception in Daxue Zhangju 大學章句 (Interpretation of The Great Learning), thereby accounting for the possibility of these three sorts of self-deception. Better understanding of Zhu’s conception of self-deception could, moreover, open fruitful avenues for further work on his metaphysics and moral psychology.
为了构建一个令人满意的“诚”论,朱熹对自欺的可能性进行了阐述,这是一个困扰许多哲学家的深刻问题。在朱看来,知之可分为两类:先验的知和经验的知。经验认识的进一步划分定义了三种自欺:(1)由于无知而引起的自欺(无知),(2)由于肤浅的认识而引起的自欺(无知),以及(3)当获得真正的知识时可能发生的自欺(真知)。在本文中,我将根据朱在《大学章举》中对自欺的标准定义,构建一个自欺的理论模型,从而说明这三种自欺的可能性。此外,更好地理解朱的自我欺骗概念,可以为进一步研究他的形而上学和道德心理学开辟富有成效的道路。
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引用次数: 1
Re-visiting the role of craft in Zhuangzi’s philosophy 重访工艺在庄子哲学中的作用
IF 0.6 2区 哲学 0 ASIAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-04-29 DOI: 10.1080/09552367.2021.1918367
R. Lau
ABSTRACT In the ‘Cook Ding cutting up an ox’ parable, Zhuangzi advanced a doctrine on craft and its relationship with Dao. With reference to Merleau-Ponty’s philosophy in conjunction with an analysis of Zhuangzi’s epistemological position, we argue that Zhuangzi understood craft as involving the supersession of the cognitive. In craft, the relationship between human and world is non-cognitive and ‘pre-objective’, the living of this kind of relationship gives rise to a non-cognitive ‘practical sense’ which enables the craftsman’s movements to spontaneously constitute wuwei. Zhuangzi’s ideal is that this kind of relationship is generalized to life as a whole, thereby enabling human actions to spontaneously constitute wuwei generally. This is why he stipulated ‘doing away with knowing’ as a self-cultivation technique required for attaining Dao. Thus, craft constitutes an embodiment of Dao in the double-sense of wuwei and the non-cognitive and ‘pre-objective’ relationship between human and world which enables wuwei.
摘要在“烹丁割牛”的寓言中,庄子提出了一个关于工艺及其与道关系的学说。参照梅的哲学思想,结合对庄子认识论立场的分析,我们认为庄子对工艺的理解是对认识的超越。在工艺中,人与世界的关系是非认知的、“前客体”的,这种关系的存在产生了一种非认知的“实践感”,使工艺的动作能够自发地构成无为。庄子的理想是将这种关系推广到整个生命中,从而使人类的行为能够自发地构成普遍的无为。这就是为什么他规定“去知”是获得道所需的修身技巧。因此,工艺是道在无为的双重意义上的体现,也是人与世界的非认知和“前客观”关系使无为得以实现的体现。
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引用次数: 1
‘Immanent transcendence’: Toward a genealogical analysis of a key concept in the philosophy of Mou Zongsan (1909–1995) “内在超越”:牟宗三(1909-1995)哲学中一个关键概念的谱系分析
IF 0.6 2区 哲学 0 ASIAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/09552367.2021.1882724
Ady van Den Stock
ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to offer a new interpretation of the controversial concept of ‘immanent transcendence’ (neizai chaoyue 内在超越) in the work of the Confucian philosopher Mou Zongsan 牟宗三 (1909–1995). After a series of introductory remarks on the semantic and conceptual range of the terms ‘immanence’ and ‘transcendence’ in comparative philosophy, I go on to provide a historically sensitive analysis of the origins of thenotion of ‘immanent transcendence’ in Mou’s work. In doing so, I argue that rather than merely reflecting a blanket ontological or epistemological claim serving todifferentiate Chinese from Western culture and thought, the paradoxical concept of ‘immanent transcendence’ has a profoundly socio-political dimension and testifies Mou’s efforts to maintain a form of continuity between the normative and the factual in the face of the unprecedented challenges faced by the Confucian tradition in the modern era.
摘要本文旨在对“内在超越”这一有争议的概念进行新的阐释内在超越) 在儒家哲学家牟宗三的著作中牟宗三 (1909-1995)。在对比较哲学中“内在”和“超越”这两个术语的语义和概念范围作了一系列介绍之后,我继续对牟作品中“内在超越”这一概念的起源进行了历史敏感的分析。在这样做的过程中,我认为,与其仅仅反映一种笼统的本体论或认识论主张,有助于区分中西文化和思想,“内在超越”这一自相矛盾的概念具有深刻的社会政治维度,证明了牟在面对现代儒家传统所面临的前所未有的挑战时,努力保持规范与事实之间的连续性。
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引用次数: 1
Nāgārjuna and the concept of time Nāgārjuna和时间的概念
IF 0.6 2区 哲学 0 ASIAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/09552367.2021.1882723
A. K. Jayesh
ABSTRACT The paper focuses on Nāgārjuna, the founder of the middle way school of Mahāyāna Buddhism. It argues that while Nāgārjuna’s rejection of the notion of ontological independence is justified and correct, his philosophical project is incomplete. This stems from the fact that Nāgārjuna’s rejection of the Abhidharma conception of time is not supplemented with the development of an alternative. The paper insists that Nāgārjuna’s endorsement of the doctrine of impermanence without first developing a non-foundationalist conception of time is indefensible. The paper concludes by offering a description of the nature of time which, it submits, will complete the Madhyamaka project.
摘要本文以马赫纳中道学派创始人纳迦尔朱纳为研究对象。它认为,虽然Nāgārjuna拒绝本体论独立性的概念是合理和正确的,但他的哲学计划是不完整的。这源于这样一个事实,即Nāgārjuna对阿披陀罗时间概念的拒绝并没有得到替代方案的发展。该论文坚持认为,Nāgārjuna在没有首先发展出非基础主义的时间概念的情况下对无常学说的认可是站不住脚的。论文最后对时间的性质进行了描述,它认为时间将完成Madhyamaka项目。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
ASIAN PHILOSOPHY
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