Pub Date : 2024-06-25DOI: 10.1109/OJNANO.2024.3418840
K S Jaya Lakshmi;Ramya K;Khairunnisa Amreen;Sanket Goel
Globally, a contemporary trend is towards the realization of sustainable, eco-friendly, miniaturized, and cost-effective sensors. This work focuses on developing a plug-and-play device using inexpensive and biodegradable UV resin fed 3D printing stereolithography (SLA) to produce miniaturized microfluidic platforms for electrochemical sensing. The device consists of three compartments designed to accommodate the 3-electrodes according to the need. SLA 3D printing technique solves these restrictions, making sensors reliable, repeatable, and durable. For electrochemical detection at the point of need or as a lab-on-chip (LoC) platform with minimal sample volume, this work attempts to construct a flexible as well as non-flexible microelectrode setup. The analytical capability of the platform is examined by quantifying nanomolar levels of dopamine in human body fluids. Chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry on surface-treated graphene-poly lactic acid (g-PLA) microelectrodes modified with gold nanoparticles are carried out utilizing a handheld potentiostat. The designed device has a linear range of 0.1 to 120 nM with limit of detection and limit of quantification of 0.083 and 0.27 nM, respectively. Various electrode characterizations, including scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are carried out. The developed device is finally tested for real-time analysis on human blood and serum samples.
在全球范围内，实现传感器的可持续、生态友好、微型化和成本效益是当今的发展趋势。这项工作的重点是开发一种即插即用的装置，利用廉价且可生物降解的 UV 树脂喂入 3D 打印立体光刻（SLA）技术，生产用于电化学传感的微型化微流控平台。该装置由三个隔间组成，可根据需要容纳 3 个电极。SLA 三维打印技术解决了这些限制，使传感器可靠、可重复、耐用。为了在需要时进行电化学检测，或将其作为具有最小样品体积的片上实验室（LoC）平台，这项工作尝试构建一个灵活和非灵活的微电极装置。通过量化人体液中纳摩尔水平的多巴胺，检验了该平台的分析能力。利用手持式恒电位仪对经表面处理的、用金纳米粒子修饰的石墨烯-聚乳酸（g-PLA）微电极进行了时程测量和循环伏安法测定。所设计的装置线性范围为 0.1 至 120 nM，检出限和定量限分别为 0.083 nM 和 0.27 nM。还进行了各种电极表征，包括扫描电子显微镜、能量色散 X 射线光谱和电化学阻抗光谱。最后对所开发的装置进行了测试，以便对人体血液和血清样本进行实时分析。
{"title":"Fully 3D Printed Miniaturized Electrochemical Platform With Plug-and-Play Graphitized Electrodes: Exhaustively Validated for Dopamine Sensing","authors":"K S Jaya Lakshmi;Ramya K;Khairunnisa Amreen;Sanket Goel","doi":"10.1109/OJNANO.2024.3418840","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJNANO.2024.3418840","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, a contemporary trend is towards the realization of sustainable, eco-friendly, miniaturized, and cost-effective sensors. This work focuses on developing a plug-and-play device using inexpensive and biodegradable UV resin fed 3D printing stereolithography (SLA) to produce miniaturized microfluidic platforms for electrochemical sensing. The device consists of three compartments designed to accommodate the 3-electrodes according to the need. SLA 3D printing technique solves these restrictions, making sensors reliable, repeatable, and durable. For electrochemical detection at the point of need or as a lab-on-chip (LoC) platform with minimal sample volume, this work attempts to construct a flexible as well as non-flexible microelectrode setup. The analytical capability of the platform is examined by quantifying nanomolar levels of dopamine in human body fluids. Chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry on surface-treated graphene-poly lactic acid (g-PLA) microelectrodes modified with gold nanoparticles are carried out utilizing a handheld potentiostat. The designed device has a linear range of 0.1 to 120 nM with limit of detection and limit of quantification of 0.083 and 0.27 nM, respectively. Various electrode characterizations, including scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are carried out. The developed device is finally tested for real-time analysis on human blood and serum samples.","PeriodicalId":446,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Nanotechnology","volume":"5 ","pages":"30-38"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10571366","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141501659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-14DOI: 10.1109/OJNANO.2024.3414955
Pilin Junsangsri;Fabrizio Lombardi
In most nanoscale stochastic computing designs, the Stochastic Number Generator (SNG) circuit is complex and occupies a significant area because each copy of a stochastic variable requires its own dedicated (and independent) stochastic number generator. This article introduces a novel approach for pseudo-random number generators (RNGs) to be used in SNGs. The proposed RNG design leverages the inherent randomness between each bit of data to generate larger sets of random numbers by concatenating the modules of the customized linear feedback shift registers. To efficiently generate random data, a plane of RNGs (comprising of multiple modules) is introduced. A sliding window approach is employed for reading data in both the horizontal and vertical directions; therefore, the sets of random numbers are generated by doubling the datasets and inverting the duplicated datasets. Flip-Flops are utilized to isolate the datasets and diminish correlation among them. This paper explores variations in parameters to evaluate their impact on the performance of the proposed design. A comparative analysis between the proposed design and existing SNG designs from technical literature is presented. The results show that the proposed nanoscale RNG design offers many advantages such as small area per RNG, low power operation, generated large datasets and higher accuracy.
{"title":"Pseudo-Random Number Generators for Stochastic Computing (SC): Design and Analysis","authors":"Pilin Junsangsri;Fabrizio Lombardi","doi":"10.1109/OJNANO.2024.3414955","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJNANO.2024.3414955","url":null,"abstract":"In most nanoscale stochastic computing designs, the Stochastic Number Generator (SNG) circuit is complex and occupies a significant area because each copy of a stochastic variable requires its own dedicated (and independent) stochastic number generator. This article introduces a novel approach for pseudo-random number generators (RNGs) to be used in SNGs. The proposed RNG design leverages the inherent randomness between each bit of data to generate larger sets of random numbers by concatenating the modules of the customized linear feedback shift registers. To efficiently generate random data, a plane of RNGs (comprising of multiple modules) is introduced. A sliding window approach is employed for reading data in both the horizontal and vertical directions; therefore, the sets of random numbers are generated by doubling the datasets and inverting the duplicated datasets. Flip-Flops are utilized to isolate the datasets and diminish correlation among them. This paper explores variations in parameters to evaluate their impact on the performance of the proposed design. A comparative analysis between the proposed design and existing SNG designs from technical literature is presented. The results show that the proposed nanoscale RNG design offers many advantages such as small area per RNG, low power operation, generated large datasets and higher accuracy.","PeriodicalId":446,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Nanotechnology","volume":"5 ","pages":"57-67"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10557718","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141945915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The healthcare industry is constantly changing because of technological breakthroughs that spur new methods of diagnosing and treating illnesses. This study investigates the development of Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor (ISFET) sensors for DNA-based blood cancer diagnosis. This work presents the design of a two-dimensional ion-sensitive field-effect transistor. Concentration fluctuations and transfer characteristics with different oxides are studied using blood from two electrolyte solutions. It is possible to evaluate how the modeled device can be utilized as a pH sensor or a biosensor in healthcare applications by looking at how the pH changes for different oxides. Additionally, several oxides were examined in the simulated ISFET devices' output characteristics. Blood is the electrolyte to study the device's sensitivity for different oxides. When pH 7.4 is considered, SiO 2 oxide is significantly more sensitive than other oxides. The resulting 2D-ISFET exhibits remarkable blood electrolyte sensitivity and holds potential as a quick detection tool for blood cancer. The results show that the ISFET possesses drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL), greater ON-current (ION ) and switching ratio ( ION/IOFF ), and decreased subthreshold swing (SS). The pH sensor's sensitivity and the suggested equipment can detect up to 30 fg/mL of blood cancer biomarkers. An important development in technology-driven healthcare is the emergence of DNA-based blood cancer detection utilizing ISFET sensors. This opens up new avenues for improving cancer diagnosis and patient outcomes.
{"title":"Design and Performance Analysis of ISFET Using Various Oxide Materials for Biosensing Applications","authors":"Sankararao Majji;Asisa Kumar Panigrahy;Depuru Shobha Rani;Muralidhar Nayak Bhukya;Chandra Sekhar Dash","doi":"10.1109/OJNANO.2024.3408845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJNANO.2024.3408845","url":null,"abstract":"The healthcare industry is constantly changing because of technological breakthroughs that spur new methods of diagnosing and treating illnesses. This study investigates the development of Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor (ISFET) sensors for DNA-based blood cancer diagnosis. This work presents the design of a two-dimensional ion-sensitive field-effect transistor. Concentration fluctuations and transfer characteristics with different oxides are studied using blood from two electrolyte solutions. It is possible to evaluate how the modeled device can be utilized as a pH sensor or a biosensor in healthcare applications by looking at how the pH changes for different oxides. Additionally, several oxides were examined in the simulated ISFET devices' output characteristics. Blood is the electrolyte to study the device's sensitivity for different oxides. When pH 7.4 is considered, SiO\u0000<sub>2</sub>\u0000 oxide is significantly more sensitive than other oxides. The resulting 2D-ISFET exhibits remarkable blood electrolyte sensitivity and holds potential as a quick detection tool for blood cancer. The results show that the ISFET possesses drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL), greater ON-current \u0000<italic>(I<sub>ON</sub></i>\u0000) and switching ratio (\u0000<italic>I<sub>ON</sub>/I<sub>OFF</sub></i>\u0000), and decreased subthreshold swing (SS). The pH sensor's sensitivity and the suggested equipment can detect up to 30 fg/mL of blood cancer biomarkers. An important development in technology-driven healthcare is the emergence of DNA-based blood cancer detection utilizing ISFET sensors. This opens up new avenues for improving cancer diagnosis and patient outcomes.","PeriodicalId":446,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Nanotechnology","volume":"5 ","pages":"23-29"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10547399","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141334029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-08DOI: 10.1109/OJNANO.2024.3386123
Muhammad Aslam;Shu-Wei Chang;Min-Hui Chuang;Yi-Ho Chen;Yao-Jen Lee;Yiming Li
Recently, a-IGZO has advanced toward the next-generation electronics system because of its compatibility with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) and back-end-of-line (BOEL) based systems. A systematic electrical characterization of a-IGZO TFT related to reliability issues, such as positive bias temperature stress (PBTS) and negative bias temperature stress (NBTS), would entitle its integration into novel electronics systems. Unexpectedly, PBTS is characterized by the transition of positive V th shift to negative V th shift (ΔV th , the positive shift followed by the stress and temperature activated negative shift). This transition is attributed to charge trapping/trap-site generations and hydrogen migration to the active layer. The ΔV th shift mechanism depends on the temperature and voltage stress. On the other hand, a negative ΔV th shift has been observed during the NBTS operation and could be attributed to the hole trapping at the interface of GI/IGZO. An effective suppression of the gate leakage current has also been observed during reliability tests. Simulation results reveal a pronounced potential at the edges of source and drain regions, and considered the origin of hydrogen migration into the IGZO layer. Thermal image results also reveal the strong temperature/potential distribution at the edges of the source/drain regions, indorsing the simulation results.
{"title":"Temperature-Dependent Hydrogen Modulations of Ultra-Scaled a-IGZO Thin Film Transistor Under Gate Bias Stress","authors":"Muhammad Aslam;Shu-Wei Chang;Min-Hui Chuang;Yi-Ho Chen;Yao-Jen Lee;Yiming Li","doi":"10.1109/OJNANO.2024.3386123","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJNANO.2024.3386123","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, a-IGZO has advanced toward the next-generation electronics system because of its compatibility with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) and back-end-of-line (BOEL) based systems. A systematic electrical characterization of a-IGZO TFT related to reliability issues, such as positive bias temperature stress (PBTS) and negative bias temperature stress (NBTS), would entitle its integration into novel electronics systems. Unexpectedly, PBTS is characterized by the transition of positive V\u0000<sub>th</sub>\u0000 shift to negative V\u0000<sub>th</sub>\u0000 shift (ΔV\u0000<sub>th</sub>\u0000, the positive shift followed by the stress and temperature activated negative shift). This transition is attributed to charge trapping/trap-site generations and hydrogen migration to the active layer. The ΔV\u0000<sub>th</sub>\u0000 shift mechanism depends on the temperature and voltage stress. On the other hand, a negative ΔV\u0000<sub>th</sub>\u0000 shift has been observed during the NBTS operation and could be attributed to the hole trapping at the interface of GI/IGZO. An effective suppression of the gate leakage current has also been observed during reliability tests. Simulation results reveal a pronounced potential at the edges of source and drain regions, and considered the origin of hydrogen migration into the IGZO layer. Thermal image results also reveal the strong temperature/potential distribution at the edges of the source/drain regions, indorsing the simulation results.","PeriodicalId":446,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Nanotechnology","volume":"5 ","pages":"9-16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10494359","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140563451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-10DOI: 10.1109/OJNANO.2024.3399559
Heng Li Lin;Pin Su
Using extensive Monte-Carlo simulations with a nucleation-limited-switching (NLS) ferroelectric model and considering cycle-to-cycle variations, this paper constructs and analyzes the intrinsic conductance (G DS ) response of stacked-nanosheet FeFET synapses with emphasis on the challenging identical-pulse stimulation. Our study indicates that the interlayer oxide thickness of the FeFET and the saturation polarization of the ferroelectric are crucial to the linearity and symmetry of the intrinsic G DS response. With the stacked-nanosheet architecture, the maximum-to-minimum conductance ratio in the G DS response can be boosted by increasing the number of channel tiers without footprint penalty. For a stacked-nanosheet FeFET synapse with an area ratio effect, the G DS response can be further engineered by varying the tier number. In addition, the immunity to cycle-to-cycle variations and the noise margin for each state in the G DS response can also be improved by increasing the number of tiers. Our study may provide insights for future FeFET synapse design for analog computing.
{"title":"Analysis and Design of FeFET Synapse With Stacked-Nanosheet Architecture Considering Cycle-to-Cycle Variations for Neuromorphic Applications","authors":"Heng Li Lin;Pin Su","doi":"10.1109/OJNANO.2024.3399559","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJNANO.2024.3399559","url":null,"abstract":"Using extensive Monte-Carlo simulations with a nucleation-limited-switching (NLS) ferroelectric model and considering cycle-to-cycle variations, this paper constructs and analyzes the intrinsic conductance (G\u0000<sub>DS</sub>\u0000) response of stacked-nanosheet FeFET synapses with emphasis on the challenging identical-pulse stimulation. Our study indicates that the interlayer oxide thickness of the FeFET and the saturation polarization of the ferroelectric are crucial to the linearity and symmetry of the intrinsic G\u0000<sub>DS</sub>\u0000 response. With the stacked-nanosheet architecture, the maximum-to-minimum conductance ratio in the G\u0000<sub>DS</sub>\u0000 response can be boosted by increasing the number of channel tiers without footprint penalty. For a stacked-nanosheet FeFET synapse with an area ratio effect, the G\u0000<sub>DS</sub>\u0000 response can be further engineered by varying the tier number. In addition, the immunity to cycle-to-cycle variations and the noise margin for each state in the G\u0000<sub>DS</sub>\u0000 response can also be improved by increasing the number of tiers. Our study may provide insights for future FeFET synapse design for analog computing.","PeriodicalId":446,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Nanotechnology","volume":"5 ","pages":"17-22"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10528861","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140941427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-06DOI: 10.1109/OJNANO.2024.3362551
{"title":"IEEE Open Journal of Nanotechnology Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OJNANO.2024.3362551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJNANO.2024.3362551","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":446,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Nanotechnology","volume":"5 ","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10461135","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140052994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research focuses on a quantum model created using an entirely novel nanosheet FET. The standard model describes the performance of a Gate-all-around (GAA) Junction-less (JL) nanosheet device with a gate dielectric of SiO 2 and HfO 2 , each having a thickness of 1 nm. The performance of both the classical and quantum models of the GAA nanosheet device is evaluated using the visual TCAD tool, which measures the ION , IOFF , ION/ IOFF , threshold voltage, DIBL, gain parameters (g m , g d , A v ), gate capacitance, and cut-off frequency ( fT ). The device is suited for applications needing rapid switching since it has a low gate capacitance of the order of 10 –18 , according to the simulation results. A transconductance (g m ) value of 21 µS and an impressive cut-off frequency of 9.03 GHz are displayed during device analysis. A detailed investigation has also been done into the P-type device response for the same device. Finally, the proposed GAA nanosheet device is used in the inverter model. The NSFET-based inverter, although having higher gate capacitance, has the shortest propagation latency.
{"title":"Analysis of GAA Junction Less NS FET Towards Analog and RF Applications at 30 nm Regime","authors":"Asisa Kumar Panigrahy;Sudheer Hanumanthakari;Shridhar B. Devamane;Shruti Bhargava Choubey;M. Prasad;D. Somasundaram;N. Kumareshan;N. Arun Vignesh;Gnanasaravanan Subramaniam;Durga Prakash M;Raghunandan Swain","doi":"10.1109/OJNANO.2024.3365173","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJNANO.2024.3365173","url":null,"abstract":"This research focuses on a quantum model created using an entirely novel nanosheet FET. The standard model describes the performance of a Gate-all-around (GAA) Junction-less (JL) nanosheet device with a gate dielectric of SiO\u0000<sub>2</sub>\u0000 and HfO\u0000<sub>2</sub>\u0000, each having a thickness of 1 nm. The performance of both the classical and quantum models of the GAA nanosheet device is evaluated using the visual TCAD tool, which measures the \u0000<italic>I<sub>ON</sub></i>\u0000, \u0000<italic>I<sub>OFF</sub></i>\u0000, \u0000<italic>I<sub>ON</sub>/ I<sub>OFF</sub></i>\u0000, threshold voltage, DIBL, gain parameters (g\u0000<sub>m</sub>\u0000, g\u0000<sub>d</sub>\u0000, A\u0000<sub>v</sub>\u0000), gate capacitance, and cut-off frequency (\u0000<italic>f<sub>T</sub></i>\u0000). The device is suited for applications needing rapid switching since it has a low gate capacitance of the order of 10\u0000<sup>–18</sup>\u0000, according to the simulation results. A transconductance (g\u0000<sub>m</sub>\u0000) value of 21 µS and an impressive cut-off frequency of 9.03 GHz are displayed during device analysis. A detailed investigation has also been done into the P-type device response for the same device. Finally, the proposed GAA nanosheet device is used in the inverter model. The NSFET-based inverter, although having higher gate capacitance, has the shortest propagation latency.","PeriodicalId":446,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Nanotechnology","volume":"5 ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10433722","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139946923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-28DOI: 10.1109/OJNANO.2023.3335942
Sekhar Reddy Kola;Yiming Li
Characteristic variability induced by process variation effect (PVE) is one of technological challenges in semiconductor industry. In this work, we computationally study electrical characteristic and power fluctuations induced by six factors of PVE of the gate-all-around (GAA) silicon (Si) nanosheet (NS) complementary field-effect-transistors (CFETs) which are formed by vertically stacking n -FET on top of p -FET. Among the six factors, NS thickness ( TNS ), NS width ( WNS ), and gate length ( LG ) are identified as crucial factors contributing to large variations in device characteristics. The p -FET exhibits substantial off-state current fluctuation (about 151%) due to the bottom parasitic channel leakages. Compared with the magnitudes of dynamic and short circuit powers, the static power is marginal, but it possesses the largest fluctuation (up to 148%). If we assume that each factor of PVE has the same probability distribution as the others and all are mutually independent, the statistical sum of their power fluctuations will exhibit more than 50% overestimations, compared with the results when all factors are considered simultaneously.
工艺变异效应（PVE）引起的特性变化是半导体行业面临的技术挑战之一。在这项工作中，我们通过计算研究了在 p 型场效应晶体管上垂直堆叠 n 型场效应晶体管而形成的全栅极（GAA）硅（Si）纳米片（NS）互补场效应晶体管（CFET）的六个 PVE 因素引起的电气特性和功率波动。在这六个因素中，NS 厚度 (TNS)、NS 宽度 (WNS) 和栅极长度 (LG) 被认为是导致器件特性发生巨大变化的关键因素。由于底部寄生沟道泄漏，p-场效应晶体管表现出很大的关态电流波动（约 151%）。与动态功率和短路功率的大小相比，静态功率微不足道，但波动却最大（高达 148%）。如果我们假设 PVE 的每个因素与其他因素具有相同的概率分布，并且所有因素都相互独立，那么与同时考虑所有因素时的结果相比，其功率波动的统计总和将高估 50%以上。
{"title":"Electrical Characteristic and Power Fluctuations of GAA Si NS CFETs by Simultaneously Considering Six Process Variation Factors","authors":"Sekhar Reddy Kola;Yiming Li","doi":"10.1109/OJNANO.2023.3335942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJNANO.2023.3335942","url":null,"abstract":"Characteristic variability induced by process variation effect (PVE) is one of technological challenges in semiconductor industry. In this work, we computationally study electrical characteristic and power fluctuations induced by six factors of PVE of the gate-all-around (GAA) silicon (Si) nanosheet (NS) complementary field-effect-transistors (CFETs) which are formed by vertically stacking \u0000<italic>n</i>\u0000-FET on top of \u0000<italic>p</i>\u0000-FET. Among the six factors, NS thickness (\u0000<italic>T<sub>NS</sub></i>\u0000), NS width (\u0000<italic>W<sub>NS</sub></i>\u0000), and gate length (\u0000<italic>L<sub>G</sub></i>\u0000) are identified as crucial factors contributing to large variations in device characteristics. The \u0000<italic>p</i>\u0000-FET exhibits substantial off-state current fluctuation (about 151%) due to the bottom parasitic channel leakages. Compared with the magnitudes of dynamic and short circuit powers, the static power is marginal, but it possesses the largest fluctuation (up to 148%). If we assume that each factor of PVE has the same probability distribution as the others and all are mutually independent, the statistical sum of their power fluctuations will exhibit more than 50% overestimations, compared with the results when all factors are considered simultaneously.","PeriodicalId":446,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Nanotechnology","volume":"4 ","pages":"229-238"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10330087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138739547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-24DOI: 10.1109/OJNANO.2023.3336366
Kamal Solanki;Swati Verma;Punya Prasanna Paltani;Manoj Kumar Majumder
Elevated Particular Matter (PM 2.5 ) may increase the risk of acquiring hazardous health implications, and hence high-performance monitoring of minuscule contaminants might protect people's health. The adsorption behaviour of specific PM 2.5 contaminants on doped/undoped monolayer/bilayer armchair graphene nanoribbon (ArGNR) is analyzed using a hydrogen-passivated layer. By using the first-principles density functional theory (DFT), the influence of doping on the ArGNR substrate is carefully examined. Due to the fragile surface atoms, monolayer ArGNR exhibits roughly twice the adsorption energy compared to the bilayer configuration. However, the specific PM 2.5 contaminants, the CH 4 , NH 3 , and NO 2 molecules demonstrate chemisorption of −2 eV,−2.95 eV, and −4 eV, with extremely less bandgap variation of −65% to −70% and −100% and a gigantic amount of charge transfer of +0.153 eV, +0.156 eV and +0.010 eV, and the DOS peaks at B site are $ pm 110,text{eV}, pm 65{rm{ eV}}, pm 80{rm{ eV}}$ , and at the P site are $ pm 130$ eV, $ pm 300$ eV and $ pm 80$ eV on boron-phosphorus (BP) co-doped monolayer ArGNR, for CH 4 , NH 3, and NO 2 , respectively.
高浓度的微粒物质（PM2.5）可能会增加人们获得有害健康影响的风险，因此对微小污染物的高性能监测可能会保护人们的健康。本研究利用氢钝化层分析了特定 PM2.5 污染物在掺杂/未掺杂单层/双层臂向石墨烯纳米带（ArGNR）上的吸附行为。通过使用第一原理密度泛函理论（DFT），仔细研究了掺杂对 ArGNR 衬底的影响。由于表面原子比较脆弱，单层 ArGNR 的吸附能大约是双层结构的两倍。然而，特定的 PM2.5 污染物、CH4、NH3 和 NO2 分子的化学吸附能分别为 -2 eV、-2.95 eV 和 -4 eV，带隙变化极小，分别为 -65% 至 -70% 和 -100%，电荷转移量极大，分别为 +0.153 eV、+0.156 eV 和 +0.010 eV，在硼磷（BP）共掺杂单层 ArGNR 上，CH4、NH3 和 NO2 在 B 位的 DOS 峰分别为 $pm 110,text{eV}, pm 65{rm{ eV}}, pm 80{rm{ eV}}$ ，在 P 位的 DOS 峰分别为 $pm 130$ eV, $pm 300$ eV 和 $pm 80$ eV。
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Pub Date : 2023-11-10DOI: 10.1109/OJNANO.2023.3331974
Zitao Tang;Siwei Chen;Cynthia I. Osuala;Abdus Salam Sarkar;Grzegorz Hader;Aron Cummings;Stefan Strauf;Chunlei Qu;Eui-Hyeok Yang
We present the observations of Aharonov-Bohm (AB) oscillations in chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown graphene rings via magnetotransport measurements at 4K under out-of-plane external magnetic fields up to +/−2.1 T. Incorporating a baseline subtraction of the original conductance data allowed us to observe two-terminal conductance oscillations with a spacing of ΔB AB of 3.66 to 32.9 mT from the ring with an inner radius of 200 nm and arm-width of 400 nm, and spacing of ΔB AB from 2.1 mT to 8.2 mT from the ring with an inner radius of 400 nm and an arm-width of 400 nm. The fast-Fourier transform (FFT) data showed AB oscillation periods, with the interval of the h/e fundamental mode given by 30/T to 273/T for the ring with the inner radius of 200 nm and arm-width of 400 nm, and 122/T to 488/T for the ring with the inner radius of 400 nm. The broad spreading of FFT peaks is due to the aspect ratio of the inner radius r1 and the width w of the ring, r/w ∼ 1. Systematic numerical simulations were performed to elucidate the relation between the AB oscillation frequency and the geometry of the ring. This work shows AB oscillations in CVD-grown graphene rings at an elevated temperature (4K).
{"title":"Observations of Aharonov-Bohm Conductance Oscillations in CVD-Grown Graphene Rings at 4K","authors":"Zitao Tang;Siwei Chen;Cynthia I. Osuala;Abdus Salam Sarkar;Grzegorz Hader;Aron Cummings;Stefan Strauf;Chunlei Qu;Eui-Hyeok Yang","doi":"10.1109/OJNANO.2023.3331974","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJNANO.2023.3331974","url":null,"abstract":"We present the observations of Aharonov-Bohm (AB) oscillations in chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown graphene rings via magnetotransport measurements at 4K under out-of-plane external magnetic fields up to +/−2.1 T. Incorporating a baseline subtraction of the original conductance data allowed us to observe two-terminal conductance oscillations with a spacing of ΔB\u0000<sub>AB</sub>\u0000 of 3.66 to 32.9 mT from the ring with an inner radius of 200 nm and arm-width of 400 nm, and spacing of ΔB\u0000<sub>AB</sub>\u0000 from 2.1 mT to 8.2 mT from the ring with an inner radius of 400 nm and an arm-width of 400 nm. The fast-Fourier transform (FFT) data showed AB oscillation periods, with the interval of the \u0000<italic>h/e</i>\u0000 fundamental mode given by 30/T to 273/T for the ring with the inner radius of 200 nm and arm-width of 400 nm, and 122/T to 488/T for the ring with the inner radius of 400 nm. The broad spreading of FFT peaks is due to the aspect ratio of the inner radius \u0000<italic>r<sub>1</sub></i>\u0000 and the width \u0000<italic>w</i>\u0000 of the ring, \u0000<italic>r/w</i>\u0000 ∼ 1. Systematic numerical simulations were performed to elucidate the relation between the AB oscillation frequency and the geometry of the ring. This work shows AB oscillations in CVD-grown graphene rings at an elevated temperature (4K).","PeriodicalId":446,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Nanotechnology","volume":"4 ","pages":"208-214"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10314768","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135604932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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