The purpose of the paper is to report on the effectiveness of macroeconomic courses in informing and educating Greek students during an actual economic crisis. To achieve this end, we rely upon an introductory macroeconomics course that focuses upon the severe Global Financial Crisis that got underway in 2008. We conducted a survey for examining how well Greek students understood the effects of this deep and prolonged crisis. What is innovative about our testing is that we undertook a statistical evaluation of responses of two cohorts of students drawn from Spring, 2014 and 2015 - as the crisis intensified from one year to the next. To the very best of our knowledge, such an exercise had not yet been attempted; namely, of measuring students? comprehension of a crisis and comparing the valuations of two cohorts of students as this particular crisis grew increasingly severe. Our findings suggest that students were confident that they achieved a comprehensive understanding of the variables underlying the Greek Economic Crisis. As the crisis escalated, students place increased importance on their university as a main source of information that influenced and helped in forming their perceptions of the economic crisis. However, our findings suggest that the university courses did not serve as their primary source of their information. In conclusion, the crisis helps to exposed gaps in the undergraduate curriculum that could be remedied through bringing in a better selection of up-to-date class materials.
{"title":"Students’ comprehension of the Greek economic crisis through an introductory macroeconomics course","authors":"J. Marangos, Eirini Triarchi","doi":"10.2298/pan190526010m","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/pan190526010m","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the paper is to report on the effectiveness of macroeconomic\u0000 courses in informing and educating Greek students during an actual economic\u0000 crisis. To achieve this end, we rely upon an introductory macroeconomics\u0000 course that focuses upon the severe Global Financial Crisis that got\u0000 underway in 2008. We conducted a survey for examining how well Greek\u0000 students understood the effects of this deep and prolonged crisis. What is\u0000 innovative about our testing is that we undertook a statistical evaluation\u0000 of responses of two cohorts of students drawn from Spring, 2014 and 2015 -\u0000 as the crisis intensified from one year to the next. To the very best of our\u0000 knowledge, such an exercise had not yet been attempted; namely, of measuring\u0000 students? comprehension of a crisis and comparing the valuations of two\u0000 cohorts of students as this particular crisis grew increasingly severe. Our\u0000 findings suggest that students were confident that they achieved a\u0000 comprehensive understanding of the variables underlying the Greek Economic\u0000 Crisis. As the crisis escalated, students place increased importance on\u0000 their university as a main source of information that influenced and helped\u0000 in forming their perceptions of the economic crisis. However, our findings\u0000 suggest that the university courses did not serve as their primary source of\u0000 their information. In conclusion, the crisis helps to exposed gaps in the\u0000 undergraduate curriculum that could be remedied through bringing in a better\u0000 selection of up-to-date class materials.","PeriodicalId":45222,"journal":{"name":"Panoeconomicus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44226766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyses in detail the distribution of Brazilian wages in the period of economic growth with income distribution. Brazil presents a high structural heterogeneity that generates high wage inequality, and it is shown that wage differences within occupational categories are greater than wage differences between occupational categories. Higher GDP growth followed by an incomes policy that raised low wages reduced wage differences especially within occupational categories rather than wage differences between occupational categories. Key words: Income distribution, Wage distribution, Employment.JEL: E24, O15.
{"title":"Wage distribution in the period of economic growth with income distribution: The case of Brazil","authors":"Baltar Troncoso Carolina","doi":"10.2298/pan2003361t","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/pan2003361t","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses in detail the distribution of Brazilian wages in the period of economic growth with income distribution. Brazil presents a high structural heterogeneity that generates high wage inequality, and it is shown that wage differences within occupational categories are greater than wage differences between occupational categories. Higher GDP growth followed by an incomes policy that raised low wages reduced wage differences especially within occupational categories rather than wage differences between occupational categories. Key words: Income distribution, Wage distribution, Employment.JEL: E24, O15.","PeriodicalId":45222,"journal":{"name":"Panoeconomicus","volume":"67 1","pages":"361-384"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48065465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We take the concept of the economics of deforestation to analyse the consumption of firewood in Ecuador during 2018. We identify poor rural populations as being at risk, since the incomplete burning of firewood generates emissions of CO2 that can reach levels that are harmful to their health. We calculate that 95% of the impacts associated with the consumption of firewood are concentrated in rural areas, most of them in poverty conditions: the deforestation of 5,935 hectares, the emission of 1,317.38 Gg of CO2 and 94.58 Gg of CO due to the consumption of 782.08 Gg of firewood. We suggest an energy policy based on solidarity to reduce health risks for these communities, which in turn will enable other impacts to be mitigated. However, it will be necessary to include specific policies for commercial, industrial and productive uses of firewood, where about 65% of firewood consumption and its impacts are concentrated.
{"title":"Economics of deforestation: Poverty, inequality and socio-environmental impacts of the consumption of firewood in Ecuador","authors":"M. Cristina, M. Caicedo","doi":"10.2298/pan2003405v","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/pan2003405v","url":null,"abstract":"We take the concept of the economics of deforestation to analyse the\u0000 consumption of firewood in Ecuador during 2018. We identify poor rural\u0000 populations as being at risk, since the incomplete burning of firewood\u0000 generates emissions of CO2 that can reach levels that are harmful to their\u0000 health. We calculate that 95% of the impacts associated with the consumption\u0000 of firewood are concentrated in rural areas, most of them in poverty\u0000 conditions: the deforestation of 5,935 hectares, the emission of 1,317.38 Gg\u0000 of CO2 and 94.58 Gg of CO due to the consumption of 782.08 Gg of firewood.\u0000 We suggest an energy policy based on solidarity to reduce health risks for\u0000 these communities, which in turn will enable other impacts to be mitigated.\u0000 However, it will be necessary to include specific policies for commercial,\u0000 industrial and productive uses of firewood, where about 65% of firewood\u0000 consumption and its impacts are concentrated.","PeriodicalId":45222,"journal":{"name":"Panoeconomicus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44688697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper provides an explanation of income dynamics in the posttransition EU countries from the perspective of institutional changes. As a result of seemingly-unrelated regressions analysis on panel data from 1990-2014, we find robust evidence of the relationship between income shares and institutional reforms. The impact of reforms on the top and below-average income shares is negative, whereas this effect on above above-average income share is positive. Decline of income share for the richest class during the post-transitional period can be attributed to the loss of privileges associated with the existence of an institutional vacuum in the first years of transition. Although transition increased wages for workers at the end of income distribution, the job losses had a stronger effect than wage increase, so the overall effect on income share of this group is negative. The winners of reforms appear as the workers with above-average income, whose skills are complementary to the changes instituted by transition to market economy and integration in the EU.
{"title":"Institutional reforms and income distribution: Evidence from post-transition EU countries","authors":"Kosta Josifidis, Novica Supic, S. Bodor","doi":"10.2298/pan2003309j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/pan2003309j","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides an explanation of income dynamics in the posttransition\u0000 EU countries from the perspective of institutional changes. As a result of\u0000 seemingly-unrelated regressions analysis on panel data from 1990-2014, we\u0000 find robust evidence of the relationship between income shares and\u0000 institutional reforms. The impact of reforms on the top and below-average\u0000 income shares is negative, whereas this effect on above above-average income\u0000 share is positive. Decline of income share for the richest class during the\u0000 post-transitional period can be attributed to the loss of privileges\u0000 associated with the existence of an institutional vacuum in the first years\u0000 of transition. Although transition increased wages for workers at the end of\u0000 income distribution, the job losses had a stronger effect than wage\u0000 increase, so the overall effect on income share of this group is negative.\u0000 The winners of reforms appear as the workers with above-average income,\u0000 whose skills are complementary to the changes instituted by transition to\u0000 market economy and integration in the EU.","PeriodicalId":45222,"journal":{"name":"Panoeconomicus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45407829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this paper is to analyse the effects of flexibility in the labour market on workers? monetary poverty in 15 European countries in the time span 2005-2016. We estimate how the labour market regulation index (LMRI) affects workers? monetary poverty through two empirical exercises: in the first one, we use an autoregressive distributed lag model and, in the second one, the generalized method of moments model. The results suggest that greater flexibility of the labour market is positively correlated with greater monetary poverty among employed people. The result does not change significantly when introducing the effect of the economic crisis and the interaction effect between the economic crisis and the LMRI. Therefore, we conclude that the outcome should be considered to be noticeable whatever the macroeconomic conditions occurring in the labour market.
{"title":"Poverty and labour market institutions in Europe","authors":"G. Liotti, R. R. Canale","doi":"10.2298/pan2003277l","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/pan2003277l","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to analyse the effects of flexibility in the labour\u0000 market on workers? monetary poverty in 15 European countries in the time\u0000 span 2005-2016. We estimate how the labour market regulation index (LMRI)\u0000 affects workers? monetary poverty through two empirical exercises: in the\u0000 first one, we use an autoregressive distributed lag model and, in the second\u0000 one, the generalized method of moments model. The results suggest that\u0000 greater flexibility of the labour market is positively correlated with\u0000 greater monetary poverty among employed people. The result does not change\u0000 significantly when introducing the effect of the economic crisis and the\u0000 interaction effect between the economic crisis and the LMRI. Therefore, we\u0000 conclude that the outcome should be considered to be noticeable whatever the\u0000 macroeconomic conditions occurring in the labour market.","PeriodicalId":45222,"journal":{"name":"Panoeconomicus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47582273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper analyses the determinant elements of the evolution of labour income share, measured by the size of compensation of employees as a percentage of GDP in twenty European economies. In doing so, special attention is paid to the impact of employment protection legislation. Our study?s results show that the evolution of labour income share is explained by the economic growth, the growth of employment and unemployment rates, and the growth of real wages. Regarding employment protection, only employment protection for temporary workers matters. Our results shows that stricter provisions on the use of fixed-term and temporary agency contracts have a positive impact on the growth of the labour shares.
{"title":"Employment protection legislation and labour income shares in Europe","authors":"P. Arestis, Jesus Ferreiro, Carmen Gomez","doi":"10.2298/pan2003291a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/pan2003291a","url":null,"abstract":"The paper analyses the determinant elements of the evolution of labour income\u0000 share, measured by the size of compensation of employees as a percentage of\u0000 GDP in twenty European economies. In doing so, special attention is paid to\u0000 the impact of employment protection legislation. Our study?s results show\u0000 that the evolution of labour income share is explained by the economic\u0000 growth, the growth of employment and unemployment rates, and the growth of\u0000 real wages. Regarding employment protection, only employment protection for\u0000 temporary workers matters. Our results shows that stricter provisions on the\u0000 use of fixed-term and temporary agency contracts have a positive impact on\u0000 the growth of the labour shares.","PeriodicalId":45222,"journal":{"name":"Panoeconomicus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49534117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Between 2004 and 2013, Brazilian economy experienced economic growth with improvement in income distribution. In this context, the reduction of the participation of young people continued and it was accompanied by lower participation of adult men and deceleration in increase of adult women?s participation. The good performance of the labour market increased the income of households in which women participated in economic activity. Despite the improvement, in 2013, the number of households with low socioeconomic status in which adult women faced difficulties to participate in economic activity remained significant. Thus, the deceleration in the increase in adult women participation rate occurred in the presence of a significant number of women from low income and low participation rates, while in households with higher income levels the participation rate of adult women reached a very high level.
{"title":"Women’s participation in the Brazilian labour market in the context of economic growth with income distribution (2004-2013)","authors":"Leone Eugenia Troncoso","doi":"10.2298/pan2003433t","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/pan2003433t","url":null,"abstract":"Between 2004 and 2013, Brazilian economy experienced economic growth with\u0000 improvement in income distribution. In this context, the reduction of the\u0000 participation of young people continued and it was accompanied by lower\u0000 participation of adult men and deceleration in increase of adult women?s\u0000 participation. The good performance of the labour market increased the\u0000 income of households in which women participated in economic activity.\u0000 Despite the improvement, in 2013, the number of households with low\u0000 socioeconomic status in which adult women faced difficulties to participate\u0000 in economic activity remained significant. Thus, the deceleration in the\u0000 increase in adult women participation rate occurred in the presence of a\u0000 significant number of women from low income and low participation rates,\u0000 while in households with higher income levels the participation rate of\u0000 adult women reached a very high level.","PeriodicalId":45222,"journal":{"name":"Panoeconomicus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45453203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the impact of austerity policies on gender inequality in Mexico and Brazil. More specifically, it seeks to discuss the need to reconcile public expenditure with a development strategy that actually includes a gender perspective. The feminization of poverty is of particular interest, as it is the basis upon which we try to outline the socioeconomic conditions in which Mexican and Brazilian women live with regards to progress, setbacks, and challenges. Thus, a brief explanation of the term austerity is provided with the purpose of reflecting on the limitations and opportunities that public expenditure might have in terms of gender inequality. Then, basic economic statistics concerning the dynamics of economic growth and public expenditure are included and certain key variables revolving around gender gaps in both countries are examined. Finally, we offer a diagnosis of the consequences of poverty on the female population in order to identify the leeway that public expenditure focused on gender should have for the most vulnerable population sector. The purpose is to promote development policies based on greater equality. In summary, as a result of the study, we observe that public expenditure intended at fighting against poverty (female-male) had considerable success in the case of Brazil, but not in the case of Mexico. However, in both countries, the recent deepening of austerity policies could limit the efforts of public expenditure on the feminization of poverty in particular, and on gender inequalities in general.
{"title":"Austerity Policies, Public Expenditure, and Development from a Gender Perspective: What Is the Status of Mexican and Brazilian Women?","authors":"Oscar Martínez, I. Duenas, Monika Meireles","doi":"10.2298/pan2003385m","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/pan2003385m","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the impact of austerity policies on gender inequality\u0000 in Mexico and Brazil. More specifically, it seeks to discuss the need to\u0000 reconcile public expenditure with a development strategy that actually\u0000 includes a gender perspective. The feminization of poverty is of particular\u0000 interest, as it is the basis upon which we try to outline the socioeconomic\u0000 conditions in which Mexican and Brazilian women live with regards to\u0000 progress, setbacks, and challenges. Thus, a brief explanation of the term\u0000 austerity is provided with the purpose of reflecting on the limitations and\u0000 opportunities that public expenditure might have in terms of gender\u0000 inequality. Then, basic economic statistics concerning the dynamics of\u0000 economic growth and public expenditure are included and certain key\u0000 variables revolving around gender gaps in both countries are examined.\u0000 Finally, we offer a diagnosis of the consequences of poverty on the female\u0000 population in order to identify the leeway that public expenditure focused\u0000 on gender should have for the most vulnerable population sector. The purpose\u0000 is to promote development policies based on greater equality. In summary, as\u0000 a result of the study, we observe that public expenditure intended at\u0000 fighting against poverty (female-male) had considerable success in the case\u0000 of Brazil, but not in the case of Mexico. However, in both countries, the\u0000 recent deepening of austerity policies could limit the efforts of public\u0000 expenditure on the feminization of poverty in particular, and on gender\u0000 inequalities in general.","PeriodicalId":45222,"journal":{"name":"Panoeconomicus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43551375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The goal of this paper is to analyze the effectiveness of the environmental taxes and emissions trading in achieving cleaner production, that is, higher production per unit of emissions in the European Union (EU). The hypothesis of the paper is that the combined use of taxes and emission permits yields synergistic benefits in addition to their individual contributions. The paper uses panel analysis on the EU27 data from 2005 to 2012. The analysis does not robustly find positive effects from the interaction of these policy instruments, but it confirms that there are no negative ones. Additional interesting results are that, on average, (i) the effects of both instruments on production cleanliness are more beneficial at the regulated industries than at the national level, (ii) emissions trading is more effective than taxes, (iii) both instruments are more effective in the EU15 than in the EU12, and (iv) crisis did not significantly affect production cleanliness in the EU.Key words: Effectiveness, Production cleanliness, Policy mix, Environmental taxes, EU ETS, Panel.JEL: E60, H20, Q50.
{"title":"The effectiveness of the market-based environmental policy mix in the European Union","authors":"I. Krištić, Jurica Šimurina","doi":"10.2298/pan180111009r","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/pan180111009r","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of this paper is to analyze the effectiveness of the environmental taxes and emissions trading in achieving cleaner production, that is, higher production per unit of emissions in the European Union (EU). The hypothesis of the paper is that the combined use of taxes and emission permits yields synergistic benefits in addition to their individual contributions. The paper uses panel analysis on the EU27 data from 2005 to 2012. The analysis does not robustly find positive effects from the interaction of these policy instruments, but it confirms that there are no negative ones. Additional interesting results are that, on average, (i) the effects of both instruments on production cleanliness are more beneficial at the regulated industries than at the national level, (ii) emissions trading is more effective than taxes, (iii) both instruments are more effective in the EU15 than in the EU12, and (iv) crisis did not significantly affect production cleanliness in the EU.Key words: Effectiveness, Production cleanliness, Policy mix, Environmental taxes, EU ETS, Panel.JEL: E60, H20, Q50.","PeriodicalId":45222,"journal":{"name":"Panoeconomicus","volume":"1 1","pages":"9-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46051921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the Brexit spillovers upon the European Union Member States (MS) (EU-27) and the UK through two fundamental freedoms of regional integration: goods and services (international trade), and capital (foreign investment, FDI). We have applied cluster analysis and structural equation modelling on a strongly balanced panel of EU-27 and the UK. Both techniques explore two scenarios that focus on the performances achieved by the EU-MS in terms of GDP per capita and GDP growth, under the impact of trade and FDI, before and after the Brexit (1995-2019 and 2020-2025 periods). Our results show that the UK?s economy will be affected both related to GDP growth and GDP per capita levels, particularly on the short run. The EU-27 impact largely differs across countries and types of international activities, being decisively influenced through the FDI relations. Overall, the spillovers induced by international flows are positive, but significantly diminished after the Brexit.
{"title":"Brexit spillovers through international trade and foreign investment: Empirical evidence from EU-27 and the UK","authors":"G. Noja, S. M. Cristea, Atìla Yüksel","doi":"10.2298/pan171229008n","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/pan171229008n","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the Brexit spillovers upon the European Union Member\u0000 States (MS) (EU-27) and the UK through two fundamental freedoms of regional\u0000 integration: goods and services (international trade), and capital (foreign\u0000 investment, FDI). We have applied cluster analysis and structural equation\u0000 modelling on a strongly balanced panel of EU-27 and the UK. Both techniques\u0000 explore two scenarios that focus on the performances achieved by the EU-MS\u0000 in terms of GDP per capita and GDP growth, under the impact of trade and\u0000 FDI, before and after the Brexit (1995-2019 and 2020-2025 periods). Our\u0000 results show that the UK?s economy will be affected both related to GDP\u0000 growth and GDP per capita levels, particularly on the short run. The EU-27\u0000 impact largely differs across countries and types of international\u0000 activities, being decisively influenced through the FDI relations. Overall,\u0000 the spillovers induced by international flows are positive, but\u0000 significantly diminished after the Brexit.","PeriodicalId":45222,"journal":{"name":"Panoeconomicus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47368283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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