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Female CEOs and SME’s financing decision: evidence from firm-level data 女性首席执行官与中小企业的融资决策:来自公司层面数据的证据
IF 3.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1108/apjba-03-2023-0140
Muntazir Hussain, Ramiz Rehman, Usman Bashir
PurposeThis study investigates the relationship between female CEOs and SMEs’ financing decisions. The study also examined the moderating role of ownership structure (female, foreign, and state ownership) in female CEO-SMEs’ financing decisions.Design/methodology/approachThe study has applied Generalized Least Square (GLS) and Binomial Logistic Regression. The study has used firm-level data from 2,700 Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the Chinese economy.FindingsThe results suggest that female CEOs use debt financing. However, the financing decision of female CEOs varies if we account for female ownership, foreign ownership, state ownership, firm association with big firms, and the industry in which the firm operates. This study also provides robust evidence that female CEOs utilize debt financing under certain conditions and that female CEOs prefer long-term debt financing to short-term debt financing when considering debt maturity choices.Originality/valueRecent studies report a negative relationship between female CEOs and financing decisions based on the rationale that females are risk-averse and choose less risky financing compared to their male counterparts. This study posits new evidence that female CEO financing decisions are not always risk averse if we consider female ownership, foreign ownership, state ownership, firm association with big firms, and the industry in which the firm operates. Thus, we contribute to the corporate governance literature, and this study implies a corporate financing policy.
目的 本研究探讨了女性首席执行官与中小企业融资决策之间的关系。本研究采用了广义最小二乘法(GLS)和二项式逻辑回归(Binomial Logistic Regression)。研究使用了中国经济中 2,700 家中小型企业(SMEs)的公司层面数据。结果研究结果表明,女性 CEO 使用债务融资。但是,如果考虑到女性所有权、外资所有权、国有所有权、企业与大企业的关联以及企业所处的行业,女性首席执行官的融资决策会有所不同。本研究还提供了强有力的证据,证明女性首席执行官在特定条件下会使用债务融资,并且在考虑债务期限选择时,女性首席执行官更倾向于长期债务融资而非短期债务融资。 原创性/价值近期的研究报告指出,女性首席执行官与融资决策之间存在负相关关系,其理论基础是女性是风险规避者,与男性首席执行官相比,她们会选择风险较低的融资方式。本研究提出了新的证据,即如果考虑到女性所有权、外资所有权、国有所有权、公司与大公司的关联以及公司所处的行业,女性首席执行官的融资决策并不总是风险规避型的。因此,我们为公司治理文献做出了贡献,本研究也为公司融资政策提供了启示。
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引用次数: 0
Beyond Industry 4.0: a systematic review of Industry 5.0 technologies and implications for social, environmental and economic sustainability 超越工业 4.0:系统审查工业 5.0 技术及其对社会、环境和经济可持续性的影响
IF 3.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-07 DOI: 10.1108/apjba-08-2023-0384
Morteza Ghobakhloo, Mohammad Iranmanesh, Masood Fathi, Abderahman Rejeb, Behzad Foroughi, Davoud Nikbin

Purpose

The study seeks to understand the possible opportunities that Industry 5.0 might offer for various aspects of inclusive sustainability. The study aims to discuss existing perspectives on the classification of Industry 5.0 technologies and their underlying role in materializing the sustainability values of this agenda.

Design/methodology/approach

The study systematically reviewed Industry 5.0 literature based on the PRISMA protocol. The study further employed a detailed content-centric review of eligible documents and conducted evidence mapping to fulfill the research objectives.

Findings

The advancement of Industry 5.0 is currently underway, with noteworthy initial contributions enriching its knowledge base. Although a unanimous definition remains lacking, diverse viewpoints emerge concerning the recognition of fundamental technologies and the potential for yielding sustainable outcomes. The expected contribution of Industry 5.0 to sustainability varies significantly depending on the context and the nature of underlying technologies.

Practical implications

Industry 5.0 holds the potential for advancing sustainability at both the firm and supply chain levels. It is envisioned to contribute proportionately to the three sustainability dimensions. However, the current discourse primarily dwells in theoretical and conceptual domains, lacking empirical exploration of its practical implications.

Originality/value

This study comprehensively explores diverse perspectives on Industry 5.0 technologies and their potential contributions to economic, environmental and social sustainability. Despite its promise, the practical evidence supporting the effectiveness of Industry 5.0 remains limited. Certain conditions are necessary to realize the benefits of Industry 5.0 fully, yet the mechanisms behind these conditions require further investigation. In this regard, the study suggests several potential areas for future research.

目的本研究旨在了解工业 5.0 可能为包容性可持续性的各个方面提供的机会。本研究旨在讨论有关工业 5.0 技术分类的现有观点,以及这些技术在实现该议程的可持续性价值方面的基本作用。研究进一步对符合条件的文献进行了以内容为中心的详细审查,并进行了证据图谱绘制,以实现研究目标。研究结果工业 5.0 的发展目前正在进行之中,值得注意的初步贡献丰富了其知识库。尽管仍缺乏一致的定义,但在对基础技术的认识和产生可持续成果的潜力方面出现了不同的观点。工业 5.0 对可持续发展的预期贡献因背景和基础技术的性质而有很大不同。根据设想,工业 5.0 将对三个可持续性维度做出相应的贡献。然而,目前的讨论主要停留在理论和概念领域,缺乏对其实际影响的实证探索。原创性/价值本研究全面探讨了工业 5.0 技术的不同观点及其对经济、环境和社会可持续性的潜在贡献。尽管工业 5.0 前景广阔,但支持其有效性的实际证据仍然有限。要充分实现工业 5.0 的效益,必须具备某些条件,但这些条件背后的机制还需要进一步研究。为此,本研究提出了未来研究的几个潜在领域。
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引用次数: 0
How does COVID-19 affect employee innovation performance and environmental responsibility engagement in the banking sector? A moderated-mediated perspective COVID-19 如何影响银行业员工的创新绩效和环境责任参与?调节-中介视角
IF 3.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-07 DOI: 10.1108/apjba-11-2023-0585
Madher E. Hamdallah, Manaf Al-Okaily, Anan F. Srouji, Aws Al-Okaily

Purpose

The purpose of the article is to shed light on how COVID-19 affects employee involvement in environmental responsibility and innovative performance in the banking industry, and whether employee engagement mediates the relationship between the variables. Thus, this study tries to understand bank employees’ perspectives in relation to the variables.

Design/methodology/approach

The study was collected during Time lag (1) and Time lag (2) from 156 to 216 bank employees, respectively. The study applied two types of analysis, to comprehend the impact of COVID-19 on employees, descriptive analysis and the partial least squares (PLS) are used.

Findings

The study's findings focused mainly on the influence of COVID-19 in Jordanian banks on employee innovative performance (EIP) due to pandemic, in addition to its effect on environmental responsibility engagement (ERE). The findings indicated a positive significant relationship between the variables. Meanwhile, employee engagement (EE) mediated the effect between the exogenous and endogenous variables.

Originality/value

The current research provide light on the value of employees' innovative performance and banks' commitment to environmental responsibility for those working in the banking industry, particularly during a pandemic. The findings have significant ramifications for the banking industry and in raising employee engagement.

本文旨在揭示 COVID-19 如何影响银行业员工参与环境责任和创新绩效,以及员工参与是否是变量间关系的中介。因此,本研究试图了解银行员工对这些变量的看法。设计/方法/途径本研究在时滞(1)和时滞(2)期间分别收集了 156 至 216 名银行员工的数据。研究采用了两种分析方法,即描述性分析和偏最小二乘法(PLS)来理解 COVID-19 对员工的影响。研究结果研究结果主要集中于 COVID-19 在约旦银行中对大流行病导致的员工创新绩效(EIP)的影响,以及对环境责任参与(ERE)的影响。研究结果表明,各变量之间存在正向显著关系。当前的研究揭示了员工创新绩效和银行对环境责任的承诺对银行业从业人员的价值,尤其是在大流行病期间。研究结果对银行业和提高员工参与度具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
The effects of servant leadership and despotic leadership on employees’ happiness at work (HAW): the role of job crafting 服务型领导和专制型领导对员工工作幸福感(HAW)的影响:工作制作的作用
IF 3.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.1108/apjba-07-2023-0344
Zeeshan Hamid

Purpose

Drawing on the conservation of resources (COR) theory, this study aims to examine the effects of servant leadership and despotic leadership on employees’ happiness at work (HAW) through job crafting.

Design/methodology/approach

To test the hypothesized relationships, the data were collected from 309 Pakistani employees. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data.

Findings

The findings showed that servant leadership is an optimal leadership style for creating employees’ HAW. In addition, job crafting was found to mediate the effects of servant leadership on employees’ broad-based positive attitudinal outcome (HAW). Moreover, results showed that despotic leadership negatively influences employees’ HAW through job crafting.

Originality/value

This study is novel as it investigates how newer forms of positive (servant) and negative (despotic) leadership styles influence employees’ multidimensional attitudinal outcome (HAW) via job crafting. By doing so, this research extends the nomological network of servant leadership, despotic leadership, job crafting and HAW.

目的本研究以资源保护(COR)理论为基础,旨在研究仆人式领导和专制式领导通过工作精心制作对员工工作幸福感(HAW)的影响。研究结果研究结果表明,仆人式领导是创造员工工作幸福感的最佳领导风格。此外,研究还发现,工作精心制作是仆人式领导对员工广泛积极态度结果(HAW)影响的中介。此外,研究结果表明,专制型领导会通过工作设计对员工的 HAW 产生负面影响。原创性/价值这项研究具有新颖性,因为它探讨了较新形式的积极型(仆人型)和消极型(专制型)领导风格如何通过工作设计影响员工的多维态度结果(HAW)。通过这一研究,本研究扩展了仆人式领导、专制式领导、工作设计和HAW的理论网络。
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引用次数: 0
Supervisor incivility and service employee creativity: a moderated mediation model of negative affect state and core self-evaluation 主管不文明行为与服务员工创造力:负面情绪状态与核心自我评价的调节中介模型
IF 3.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.1108/apjba-04-2023-0187
Anjaly A., Nemat Sheereen S.

Purpose

The present study examines the effect of supervisor incivility on service employee creativity and the mediating mechanism of negative affect state on the said relationship with the aid of Affective Events Theory (AET) and Social Power Theory. Additionally, the study explores the mitigating role of core self-evaluation in the dual stage of the moderated mediation model.

Design/methodology/approach

Survey data were collected from 420 frontline employees working in four-star and five-star hotels across India and PROCESS macro in SPSS 23.0 was employed to test the hypotheses proposed in the study.

Findings

The study findings observe that frontline employees experiencing supervisor incivility face a negative affect state and it further diminishes service employee creativity. Also, the indirect effect gets attenuated at dual stages when frontline employees are equipped with a high level of core self-evaluation.

Practical implications

The study findings provide various insights to the managers to understand the deleterious effect of supervisor incivility at work and to develop interventions to manage supervisor incivility and the negative affect state among frontline hotel employees.

Originality/value

The present study is the first and unique attempt to investigate the role of supervisor incivility experienced by frontline hotel employees in India with reference to their creativity towards customers and mediating mechanism of negative affect state. The study adds value to the literature by establishing the role of core self-evaluation in the moderated mediation model. Further, the study also provides a unique contribution to the management of frontline hospitality employees.

目的本研究借助情感事件理论(AET)和社会权力理论,探讨了上司不文明行为对服务员工创造力的影响,以及消极情绪状态对上述关系的中介机制。此外,本研究还探讨了核心自我评价在调节中介模型的双重阶段中的缓解作用。设计/方法/途径本研究收集了在印度四星级和五星级酒店工作的 420 名一线员工的调查数据,并采用 SPSS 23.0 中的 PROCESS 宏来检验研究中提出的假设。此外,当一线员工具备较高水平的核心自我评价时,这种间接影响会在双重阶段减弱。研究结果为管理者提供了各种启示,帮助他们了解主管不文明行为在工作中的有害影响,并制定干预措施来管理主管不文明行为和酒店一线员工的消极情绪状态。通过确定核心自我评价在调节中介模型中的作用,本研究为相关文献增添了价值。此外,该研究还为酒店业一线员工的管理做出了独特贡献。
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引用次数: 0
An empirical investigation of the impact of marketing analytics capability on SME performance: a resource-based view approach 营销分析能力对中小企业绩效影响的实证调查:基于资源观的方法
IF 3.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-25 DOI: 10.1108/apjba-04-2023-0171
Kwabena Abrokwah-Larbi
PurposeThe aim of this study is to empirically investigate the impact of marketing analytics capability on business performance from the perspective of RBV theory.Design/methodology/approachThis study used a survey method to gather information from 225 food processing SMEs registered with the Ghana Enterprise Agency (GEA) in Ghana’s eastern region. A structural equation modeling (SEM) path analysis was used to assess the impact of marketing analytics capability (MAC) on the performance of SMEs.FindingsThe results of the study show that MAC significantly and positively affect the financial performance (FP), customer performance (CF), internal business process performance (IBPP) and learning and growth performance (LGP) of Ghanaian SMEs. The findings of this study also illustrated the significance of MAC determinants, including marketing analytics skills (MAS), data resource management (DRM) and data processing capabilities (DPC), in achieving SME success in Ghana.Originality/valueThe research’s conclusions give RBV theory strong credence. The results of this study also provide credence to previous research finding that SMEs should view MAC and its determinants (i.e. DRM, DPC, MAS) as a crucial strategic capability to improve their performance (i.e. FP, CF, IBPP, LGP). With regard to its contribution, this study broadens the body of knowledge on MAC and SME performance, particularly in the context of an emerging economy.
本研究旨在从 RBV 理论的角度,对营销分析能力对企业绩效的影响进行实证研究。本研究采用调查法收集了加纳东部地区在加纳企业局(GEA)注册的 225 家食品加工中小企业的信息。研究结果表明,营销分析能力(MAC)对加纳中小企业的财务绩效(FP)、客户绩效(CF)、内部业务流程绩效(IBPP)和学习与成长绩效(LGP)有显著的积极影响。本研究的结果还说明了 MAC 决定因素(包括营销分析技能 (MAS)、数据资源管理 (DRM) 和数据处理能力 (DPC))对加纳中小企业取得成功的重要意义。本研究的结果也证明了之前的研究结论,即中小企业应将 MAC 及其决定因素(即 DRM、DPC、MAS)视为提高其绩效(即 FP、CF、IBPP、LGP)的重要战略能力。就其贡献而言,本研究拓宽了有关 MAC 和中小企业绩效的知识体系,尤其是在新兴经济体背景下。
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引用次数: 0
The impacts of Fintech adoption, green finance and competitiveness on banks’ sustainable performance: digital transformation as moderator 采用金融科技、绿色金融和竞争力对银行可持续绩效的影响:以数字化转型为调节因素
IF 3.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-16 DOI: 10.1108/apjba-10-2023-0497
Imdadullah Hidayat-ur-Rehman, Md Nahin Hossain

Purpose

The global emphasis on sustainability is driving organizations to embrace financial technology (Fintech) solutions as a means of enhancing their sustainable performance. This study seeks to unveil the intermediary role played by green finance and competitiveness, along with the moderating impact of digital transformation (DT), in the intricate relationship between Fintech adoption and sustainable performance.

Design/methodology/approach

Drawing on existing literature, we construct a comprehensive conceptual framework to thoroughly analyse these interconnected variables. To empirical validate of our model, a dual structural equation modelling–artificial neural network) SEM–ANN approach was employed, adding a robust layer of validation to our study’s proposed framework. A sample of 438 banking employees in Pakistan was collected using a simple random sampling technique, with 411 samples deemed suitable for subsequent analysis. Initially, data scrutiny and hypothesis testing were carried out using Smart-PLS 4.0 and SPSS-23. Subsequently, the ANN technique was utilized to assess the importance of exogenous factors in forecasting endogenous factors.

Findings

The findings from this research underscore the direct and significant influence of Fintech adoption and DT on the sustainable performance of banks. Notably, green finance and competitiveness emerge as pivotal mediators, bridging the gap between Fintech adoption and sustainable performance. Moreover, DT emerges as a critical moderator, shaping the relationships between Fintech adoption and both green finance and competitiveness. The integration of the ANN approach enhances the SEM analysis, providing deeper insights and a more comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the enhanced comprehension of Fintech, green finance, competitiveness, DT and the sustainable performance of banks. Recognizing the importance of amalgamating Fintech adoption, green finance and transformational leadership becomes essential for elevating the sustainable performance of banks. The insights garnered from this study hold valuable implications for policymakers, practitioners and scholars aiming to enhance the sustainable performance of banks within the competitive business landscape.

目的 全球对可持续发展的重视正在推动企业将金融科技(Fintech)解决方案作为提高可持续发展绩效的一种手段。本研究旨在揭示绿色金融和竞争力所发挥的中介作用,以及数字化转型(DT)在金融科技应用与可持续绩效之间错综复杂的关系中的调节作用。为了对我们的模型进行实证验证,我们采用了结构方程建模-人工神经网络(SEM-ANN)的双重方法,为我们研究提出的框架增加了一层稳健的验证。我们采用简单随机抽样技术收集了 438 名巴基斯坦银行业员工的样本,其中 411 个样本被认为适合进行后续分析。最初,我们使用 Smart-PLS 4.0 和 SPSS-23 进行了数据审查和假设检验。随后,利用 ANN 技术评估了外生因素在预测内生因素中的重要性。研究结果本研究的结果强调了金融科技的采用和 DT 对银行可持续绩效的直接和显著影响。值得注意的是,绿色金融和竞争力成为关键的中介因素,弥补了金融科技应用与可持续绩效之间的差距。此外,DT 是一个关键的调节因子,影响着金融科技的采用与绿色金融和竞争力之间的关系。集成 ANN 方法增强了 SEM 分析,提供了更深刻的见解和对主题更全面的理解。认识到将金融科技应用、绿色金融和转型领导力结合起来的重要性,对于提升银行的可持续绩效至关重要。本研究得出的见解对决策者、从业人员和学者在竞争激烈的商业环境中提高银行的可持续绩效具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Why might home-based work duties be perceived by female academics as extreme? A qualitative study 为什么女学者会认为在家工作是一种极端行为?定性研究
IF 3.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1108/apjba-08-2023-0365
Mohamed Mousa, Beatrice Avolio

Purpose

This study aims to answer the following question: Why might home-based work duties be perceived by female academics as extreme?

Design/methodology/approach

We employed a qualitative research method through semi-structured interviews with 33 female academics from three public universities selected from amongst 26 public institutions of higher education in Egypt. Thematic analysis was subsequently used to determine the main ideas in the transcripts.

Findings

We find that the sudden implementation of home-based work makes the academic duties of female academics extreme. Moreover, the following four factors help explain the extremity/intensity of the home-based work of female academics: mental and physical fatigue resulting from WFH, the inability to adequately meet family commitments when working from home (WFH), poor resources for home-based work and reduced ability to focus on the obstacles facing them in their academic career.

Originality/value

This paper contributes by filling a gap in human resources management and higher education in which empirical studies on female academics WFH and extreme academic duties have been limited so far.

目的本研究旨在回答以下问题:我们采用了定性研究方法,从埃及 26 所公立高等教育机构中挑选了 3 所公立大学的 33 名女学者进行了半结构化访谈。研究结果我们发现,在家工作的突然实施使得女学者的学术职责变得极端。此外,以下四个因素有助于解释女学者在家工作的极端性/强度:全职在家造成的身心疲劳、在家工作时无法充分履行家庭承诺、在家工作的资源匮乏以及无法集中精力应对学术生涯中面临的障碍。
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引用次数: 0
The role of green innovation in the relationship between green HRM practices and sustainable business performance; evidence from the mining industry 绿色创新在绿色人力资源管理实践与可持续经营业绩之间关系中的作用;来自采矿业的证据
IF 3.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.1108/apjba-09-2023-0471
Abdul-Razak Suleman, Michael Kyei-Frimpong, Bridget Akwetey-Siaw
PurposeDrawing on the natural resource-based view (NRBV) theory, the study aimed to examine the mediating role of green innovation (GI) in the nexus between green human resource management practices (Green HRMPs) and sustainable business performance (SBP).Design/methodology/approachThis study adopted the descriptive time-lagged research design. Data were collected from 278 managerial staff of five mining companies in Ghana at different waves within a 3-month interval. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data received using the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) statistics (V. 26.0) and Smart PLS (V.4.0).FindingsThe study found that Green HRMPs significantly related more to economic performance (EP) than social performance (SP) but did not significantly relate to environmental performance (EnP). Moreover, the results revealed that GI partially mediated the nexus between Green HRMPs and both SP and EP but fully mediated the link between Green HRMPs and EnP.Originality/valueThe relevance of Green HRMPs in ensuring corporate sustainability has been largely established in the extant literature. However, there is an evidential dearth of studies in the literature concerning the mediating role of GI in the nexus between Green HRMPs and SBP, especially in developing economies context. Hence, this study serves as a significant contributing card from Ghana by advancing the NRBV theory.
目的本研究以基于自然资源的观点(NRBV)理论为基础,旨在研究绿色创新(GI)在绿色人力资源管理实践(Green HRMPs)与可持续经营绩效(SBP)之间的中介作用。数据收集自加纳 5 家矿业公司的 278 名管理人员,他们在 3 个月内的不同阶段参与了研究。使用社会科学统计软件包(SPSS)统计(V.26.0)和 Smart PLS(V.4.0)对所收到的数据进行了描述性和推论性统计分析。此外,研究结果表明,GI 对绿色人力资源管理程序与 SP 和 EP 之间的关系起到了部分中介作用,但对绿色人力资源管理程序与 EnP 之间的联系起到了完全中介作用。然而,有关 GI 在绿色 HRMP 与 SBP 之间关系中的中介作用的文献研究却非常缺乏,尤其是在发展中经济体中。因此,本研究通过推进 NRBV 理论,为加纳做出了重要贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of augmented reality applications on attitude and behaviours of customers: cognitive and affective perspectives 增强现实应用对顾客态度和行为的影响:认知和情感视角
IF 3.8 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.1108/apjba-07-2023-0292
Mohammad Iranmanesh, Madugoda Gunaratnege Senali, Behzad Foroughi, Morteza Ghobakhloo, Shahla Asadi, Erfan Babaee Tirkolaee

Purpose

Understanding how to retain users of augmented reality (AR) shopping apps and to motivate them to purchase is vital to the success of AR apps. This study assessed the chain effect of AR attributes on purchase intention and reuse intention through cognitive and affective factors.

Design/methodology/approach

The data were collected from Thai users of the IKEA Place app using an online survey. A link to the survey was posted on Thai furniture groups on social media platforms. The 439 responses were analysed using the partial least squares (PLS) approach.

Findings

The results revealed that all four AR attributes, namely interactivity, vividness, novelty and spatial presence, significantly influence perceived enjoyment, perceived diagnosticity and perceived value. Brand attitude, as a key driver of purchase intention, is influenced by perceived value. Attitude towards the app significantly affects reuse intention and is affected by affective and cognitive factors.

Practical implications

The findings enable shopping app designers and marketers to successfully promote the brand, retain users and boost sales by effectively incorporating AR.

Originality/value

The study extends the literature on the impacts of AR apps on customer behaviours by including affective factors in addition to cognitive factors to explain why AR attributes influence customer attitudes and behaviours. Furthermore, the study demonstrates the serial causal paths from AR attributes to customer behaviours.

目的 了解如何留住增强现实(AR)购物应用程序的用户并激发他们的购买欲对 AR 应用程序的成功至关重要。本研究通过认知和情感因素评估了 AR 属性对购买意向和重复使用意向的连锁效应。调查链接发布在社交媒体平台上的泰国家具群组中。调查结果显示,所有四个 AR 属性(即互动性、生动性、新颖性和空间存在感)都对感知享受、感知诊断性和感知价值有显著影响。作为购买意向的关键驱动因素,品牌态度受到感知价值的影响。研究结果使购物应用程序的设计者和营销人员能够通过有效结合 AR 成功地推广品牌、留住用户并促进销售。此外,该研究还展示了从 AR 属性到客户行为的一系列因果关系。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration
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