Pub Date : 2020-02-19DOI: 10.3727/154427219x15797285682546
Adam A. Payne
This article seeks to bridge the gap in scholarship between entrepreneurial urbanism and the understanding of place image as presented through tourist guidebooks. Tourist guidebooks have long been used to sell regions and attractions to prospective tourists. Narratives in these guides often shift to reflect the changing economics, politics, and culture of a region or city. More recently, the rise of entrepreneurial urbanism has been one of those factors that have impacted tourist guidebooks. The (re)construction of a place image through entrepreneurial policies results in the promotion of a select package of facilities or highlighting specific attributes associated with that place. This article illustrates how entrepreneurial urban projects and policies can directly shape a city's tourist promotions. I use Oklahoma City as a case study to explore these impacts and examine more than 30 years of tourist guidebooks to understand the changing narratives of the city in light of entrepreneurial urban policies. More specifically, I show that Oklahoma City officials shifted tourist narratives from overt Old West constructs to constructs rooted in cosmopolitanism in light of entrepreneurial agendas, like the Metropolitan Area Projects and business improvement districts.
{"title":"From Old West to Cosmopolitan: Changing Narratives of Oklahoma City Tourist Guidebooks","authors":"Adam A. Payne","doi":"10.3727/154427219x15797285682546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/154427219x15797285682546","url":null,"abstract":"This article seeks to bridge the gap in scholarship between entrepreneurial urbanism and the understanding of place image as presented through tourist guidebooks. Tourist guidebooks have long been used to sell regions and attractions to prospective tourists. Narratives in these guides often shift to reflect the changing economics, politics, and culture of a region or city. More recently, the rise of entrepreneurial urbanism has been one of those factors that have impacted tourist guidebooks. The (re)construction of a place image through entrepreneurial policies results in the promotion of a select package of facilities or highlighting specific attributes associated with that place. This article illustrates how entrepreneurial urban projects and policies can directly shape a city's tourist promotions. I use Oklahoma City as a case study to explore these impacts and examine more than 30 years of tourist guidebooks to understand the changing narratives of the city in light of entrepreneurial urban policies. More specifically, I show that Oklahoma City officials shifted tourist narratives from overt Old West constructs to constructs rooted in cosmopolitanism in light of entrepreneurial agendas, like the Metropolitan Area Projects and business improvement districts.","PeriodicalId":46032,"journal":{"name":"Tourism Review International","volume":"23 1","pages":"149-164"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2020-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42105685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-19DOI: 10.3727/154427219x15741004672666
Alexander Preko, Leeford Edem Kojo Ameyibor, Iddrisu Mohammed
Utilizing transaction-specific customer satisfaction theory within tourism marketing, this research investigates how tour services elicit international tourists' satisfaction and contribute to tourists' loyalty to a destination. The research was conducted using 356 international tourists visiting destination sites in Cape Coast who answered questions regarding tour services: accommodation, food services, tour guide performance, souvenir shopping, and community interaction. Structural equation modeling was used to test the six proposed hypotheses based on validated survey data from the tourists. The data revealed that community interactions, souvenir shopping, and accommodation had positive effects while food services and tour guide performance negatively influenced international tourist satisfaction. Additionally, tourist satisfaction had a positive effect on tourist loyalty. The results suggest that effective tour services encounter and tourist satisfaction can promote local city economies at destination via recommendations or revisitation of international tourists due to their memorable and unforgettable experiences. Again, the outcome of this research validates the usefulness of the transaction-specific customer satisfaction theory within city tourism literature and will help tourism officials, city managers, city developers, businesses, and tourism practitioners to have a better understanding of the studied core tour services within context.
{"title":"Examining Tour Services, Satisfaction, and Loyalty Of International Tourists in Cape Coast, Ghana","authors":"Alexander Preko, Leeford Edem Kojo Ameyibor, Iddrisu Mohammed","doi":"10.3727/154427219x15741004672666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/154427219x15741004672666","url":null,"abstract":"Utilizing transaction-specific customer satisfaction theory within tourism marketing, this research investigates how tour services elicit international tourists' satisfaction and contribute to tourists' loyalty to a destination. The research was conducted using 356 international tourists visiting destination sites in Cape Coast who answered questions regarding tour services: accommodation, food services, tour guide performance, souvenir shopping, and community interaction. Structural equation modeling was used to test the six proposed hypotheses based on validated survey data from the tourists. The data revealed that community interactions, souvenir shopping, and accommodation had positive effects while food services and tour guide performance negatively influenced international tourist satisfaction. Additionally, tourist satisfaction had a positive effect on tourist loyalty. The results suggest that effective tour services encounter and tourist satisfaction can promote local city economies at destination via recommendations or revisitation of international tourists due to their memorable and unforgettable experiences. Again, the outcome of this research validates the usefulness of the transaction-specific customer satisfaction theory within city tourism literature and will help tourism officials, city managers, city developers, businesses, and tourism practitioners to have a better understanding of the studied core tour services within context.","PeriodicalId":46032,"journal":{"name":"Tourism Review International","volume":"23 1","pages":"115-131"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2020-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3727/154427219x15741004672666","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44400702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-19DOI: 10.3727/154427219x15724717569849
A. Aslan, Buket Altinoz
This article aims to analyze the nexus between economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and stock returns of tourism companies for Turkey by using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) boundary test for data from 1997 to 2017. The analysis results illustrate that an increase in the global and European economic policy uncertainty index affects negatively to Borsa Istanbul (BIST) tourism index in Turkey in both the short and long run. In addition, global economic policy uncertainty has a greater impact on stock returns of tourism companies in the long run than European economic policy uncertainty. The causality test results support this statement and illustrate a unidirectional causality from global economic policy uncertainty to BIST Tourism Index (XTRZM). These findings proved that Turkey is not only for Europe but also a tourism center, globally. Analysis results implied that especially global economic policy uncertainty is a factor that should be taken into account to explain tourism stock returns. This article proposes that it will be useful to use the EPU index, especially global EPU, as a determinant of tourism stock returns. This result takes the existing theoretical infrastructure one step further than traditional tourism demand models.
{"title":"The Nexus Between Economic Policy Uncertainty and Stock Returns of Tourism Companies: Evidence from Turkey","authors":"A. Aslan, Buket Altinoz","doi":"10.3727/154427219x15724717569849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/154427219x15724717569849","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to analyze the nexus between economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and stock returns of tourism companies for Turkey by using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) boundary test for data from 1997 to 2017. The analysis results illustrate that an increase in the global and European economic policy uncertainty index affects negatively to Borsa Istanbul (BIST) tourism index in Turkey in both the short and long run. In addition, global economic policy uncertainty has a greater impact on stock returns of tourism companies in the long run than European economic policy uncertainty. The causality test results support this statement and illustrate a unidirectional causality from global economic policy uncertainty to BIST Tourism Index (XTRZM). These findings proved that Turkey is not only for Europe but also a tourism center, globally. Analysis results implied that especially global economic policy uncertainty is a factor that should be taken into account to explain tourism stock returns. This article proposes that it will be useful to use the EPU index, especially global EPU, as a determinant of tourism stock returns. This result takes the existing theoretical infrastructure one step further than traditional tourism demand models.","PeriodicalId":46032,"journal":{"name":"Tourism Review International","volume":"23 1","pages":"87-98"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2020-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46598335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.3727/154427220x16064144339156
Chihiro Nakayama
This study aimed to systematically review the academic literature on film-induced tourism in Asia between 2011 and 2020 as a cross-disciplinary study, by identifying the recent trends, delineating the research gaps and the limitations of previous research, and proposing new directions for future research. Despite an increasing number of studies on film-induced tourism, Anglophonic literature, rather than studies on Asia, receive most focus. This article is the first such attempt at systematically reviewing the literature focusing on Asia. Moreover, previous literature on Asia lacks in comprehensively understanding film-induced tourism because it overlooks the cross-disciplinary perspective. This article fills this gap by synthesizing the existing literature from a cross-disciplinary perspective. Utilizing a systematic literature review approach, 67 articles were identified using one of the largest online databases, Web of Science. The results revealed three research trends: film tourism impact, destination image and marketing, and demand and motivation. The following gaps in the literature were also identified: film tourist experiences, the impact on host communities, tourism policy and regulation, the cultural construction of film tourism, and impact research from different stakeholders' perspectives. Moreover, studies on Asia benefit from expanding the existing concept of film-induced tourism by focusing on the contents rather than media. This study contributes by filling the gaps of film tourist experiences and cultural construction of film tourism. Furthermore, cross-fertilization of tourism and fandom studies is proposed. Finally, the practical contribution of the study is highlighted—the same contents can be used repeatedly in various formats for longevity.
本研究旨在对2011 - 2020年亚洲电影旅游相关的学术文献进行跨学科的系统梳理，梳理其发展趋势、研究空白和局限性，并提出未来研究的新方向。尽管对电影旅游的研究越来越多，但最受关注的是英语文学，而不是对亚洲的研究。这篇文章是第一次尝试系统地回顾以亚洲为中心的文献。此外，以往关于亚洲的文献由于忽视了跨学科的视角，缺乏对电影旅游的全面理解。本文从跨学科的角度综合现有文献，填补了这一空白。利用系统的文献综述方法，通过最大的在线数据库之一Web of Science确定了67篇文章。研究结果揭示了电影旅游影响、目的地形象与营销、需求与动机三个研究趋势。本文还发现了以下文献的空白:电影旅游体验、对东道社区的影响、旅游政策法规、电影旅游的文化建设以及不同利益相关者视角的影响研究。此外，对亚洲的研究受益于扩大现有的电影旅游概念，将重点放在内容而不是媒介上。本文的研究有助于填补电影旅游体验和电影旅游文化建设的空白。在此基础上，提出了旅游研究与fandom研究的交叉融合。最后，强调了研究的实际贡献——相同的内容可以以不同的格式重复使用，从而延长寿命。
{"title":"Film-Induced Tourism Studies on Asia: A Systematic Literature Review","authors":"Chihiro Nakayama","doi":"10.3727/154427220x16064144339156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/154427220x16064144339156","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to systematically review the academic literature on film-induced tourism in Asia between 2011 and 2020 as a cross-disciplinary study, by identifying the recent trends, delineating the research gaps and the limitations of previous research, and proposing new directions for future research. Despite an increasing number of studies on film-induced tourism, Anglophonic literature, rather than studies on Asia, receive most focus. This article is the first such attempt at systematically reviewing the literature focusing on Asia. Moreover, previous literature on Asia lacks in comprehensively understanding film-induced tourism because it overlooks the cross-disciplinary perspective. This article fills this gap by synthesizing the existing literature from a cross-disciplinary perspective. Utilizing a systematic literature review approach, 67 articles were identified using one of the largest online databases, Web of Science. The results revealed three research trends: film tourism impact, destination image and marketing, and demand and motivation. The following gaps in the literature were also identified: film tourist experiences, the impact on host communities, tourism policy and regulation, the cultural construction of film tourism, and impact research from different stakeholders' perspectives. Moreover, studies on Asia benefit from expanding the existing concept of film-induced tourism by focusing on the contents rather than media. This study contributes by filling the gaps of film tourist experiences and cultural construction of film tourism. Furthermore, cross-fertilization of tourism and fandom studies is proposed. Finally, the practical contribution of the study is highlighted—the same contents can be used repeatedly in various formats for longevity.","PeriodicalId":46032,"journal":{"name":"Tourism Review International","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69746209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.3727/154427220x16064144339174
Christos Kakarougkas, T. Stavrinoudis
This article aims to explore the impact of a hotel's reward system on strengthening: positive relationships and communication among employees; the creation of a change-friendly organizational climate and cultural change barriers, within the context of a cultural change process in a hotel. Quantitative data were collected from a proportionally stratified, representative sample of 207 Greek five-star hotels' senior executives and analyzed with the principal component method of extraction and structural equation modeling. This led to the creation and validation of three prototype second-order latent variable models, which highlight and depict the impact of individual variables and their importance for a reward system creating an organizational climate for or against cultural change in hotels. The originality of the article lays on both theoretical and practical levels. On a theoretical level, the article's findings manage to fill a knowledge gap through a novel modeling of a reward system on a hotel's organizational climate in times of cultural change. On a practical level, the article findings enable hotels' executives to focus on specific variables of a reward system that can enhance and/or prevent a cultural change initiative.
{"title":"Examining the Interrelationships Among Reward Systems, Organizational Climate, and Cultural Changes in the Hospitality Industry","authors":"Christos Kakarougkas, T. Stavrinoudis","doi":"10.3727/154427220x16064144339174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/154427220x16064144339174","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to explore the impact of a hotel's reward system on strengthening: positive relationships and communication among employees; the creation of a change-friendly organizational climate and cultural change barriers, within the context of a cultural change process in a hotel. Quantitative data were collected from a proportionally stratified, representative sample of 207 Greek five-star hotels' senior executives and analyzed with the principal component method of extraction and structural equation modeling. This led to the creation and validation of three prototype second-order latent variable models, which highlight and depict the impact of individual variables and their importance for a reward system creating an organizational climate for or against cultural change in hotels. The originality of the article lays on both theoretical and practical levels. On a theoretical level, the article's findings manage to fill a knowledge gap through a novel modeling of a reward system on a hotel's organizational climate in times of cultural change. On a practical level, the article findings enable hotels' executives to focus on specific variables of a reward system that can enhance and/or prevent a cultural change initiative.","PeriodicalId":46032,"journal":{"name":"Tourism Review International","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69745847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.3727/154427220x16064144339165
Maayan Franco, Amir Shani, Y. Poria
Sun exposure, although beneficial and enjoyable, has negative consequences, most prominently an increased risk of developing skin cancer. While sunbathing and other forms of sun exposure play a major role in tourism, they have been scarcely researched, and the objective of this study is to bridge this gap in the literature. The study examines the differences between the tourism and routine sun exposure patterns, attempting to reveal when and why individuals perceive sun exposure as dangerous. For this exploratory study, in-depth, semistructured interviews (N = 31) were conducted. The findings revealed three distinct behavioral patterns under different circumstances: (1) during everyday activities, participants did not use protection, as they did not perceive this exposure as dangerous; (2) at the beach or pool during nontourist leisure pastime, exposure to the sun is perceived as dangerous and protection is routinely used; and (3) in the course of vacations abroad, participants tend to expose themselves to the sun intensively, including for tanning purposes, without proper adherence to the use sun protection measures. These findings are consistent with the view of tourist spaces serve as "liminal zones" that allow individuals to take risks. The study suggests that relevant stakeholders such as public health authorities, tourism marketers, and holiday destinations should act to promote responsible sun exposure in the tourist context, to prevent skin cancer and other sunrelated diseases.
{"title":"Always the Sun: The Uniqueness of Sun Exposure in Tourism","authors":"Maayan Franco, Amir Shani, Y. Poria","doi":"10.3727/154427220x16064144339165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/154427220x16064144339165","url":null,"abstract":"Sun exposure, although beneficial and enjoyable, has negative consequences, most prominently an increased risk of developing skin cancer. While sunbathing and other forms of sun exposure play a major role in tourism, they have been scarcely researched, and the objective of this study is to bridge this gap in the literature. The study examines the differences between the tourism and routine sun exposure patterns, attempting to reveal when and why individuals perceive sun exposure as dangerous. For this exploratory study, in-depth, semistructured interviews (N = 31) were conducted. The findings revealed three distinct behavioral patterns under different circumstances: (1) during everyday activities, participants did not use protection, as they did not perceive this exposure as dangerous; (2) at the beach or pool during nontourist leisure pastime, exposure to the sun is perceived as dangerous and protection is routinely used; and (3) in the course of vacations abroad, participants tend to expose themselves to the sun intensively, including for tanning purposes, without proper adherence to the use sun protection measures. These findings are consistent with the view of tourist spaces serve as \"liminal zones\" that allow individuals to take risks. The study suggests that relevant stakeholders such as public health authorities, tourism marketers, and holiday destinations should act to promote responsible sun exposure in the tourist context, to prevent skin cancer and other sunrelated diseases.","PeriodicalId":46032,"journal":{"name":"Tourism Review International","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69745771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.3727/154427220x16064144339183
Abuelkassem A. A. Mohammad
The entrepreneurship ecosystem in Egypt is inadequate and recorded as the highest rate of business discontinuation. Despite this, limited studies have investigated this issue. This study seeks to investigate the concept of microentrepreneurship in the hospitality industry by exploring its motivations, challenges, risks, benefits, and critical success factors. The current study adopted a qualitative approach and used the semistructured interview as an instrument for collecting primary data. A total of 38 semistructured interviews were conducted with owners of hospitality microbusinesses as well as with academic and official experts in the entrepreneurship field. Collected data were transcribed, translated, and then analyzed using the thematic analysis technique. The results showed that entrepreneurs were mainly driven by economic motivations to engage in hospitality microbusiness, while limited financial resources represented a serious challenge for many microventures. Appropriate income was also perceived to be a significant advantage of hospitality microentrepreneurship. The findings revealed some key success factors for hospitality microbusinesses such as innovative or novel business ventures and competence and commitment of entrepreneurs to manage the business. The study provides valuable practical implications that would help supporting hospitality microenterprises.
{"title":"Microentrepreneurship in the Hospitality Industry: Understanding Motivations, Challenges, Risks, Benefits, and Critical Success Factors","authors":"Abuelkassem A. A. Mohammad","doi":"10.3727/154427220x16064144339183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/154427220x16064144339183","url":null,"abstract":"The entrepreneurship ecosystem in Egypt is inadequate and recorded as the highest rate of business discontinuation. Despite this, limited studies have investigated this issue. This study seeks to investigate the concept of microentrepreneurship in the hospitality industry by exploring its motivations, challenges, risks, benefits, and critical success factors. The current study adopted a qualitative approach and used the semistructured interview as an instrument for collecting primary data. A total of 38 semistructured interviews were conducted with owners of hospitality microbusinesses as well as with academic and official experts in the entrepreneurship field. Collected data were transcribed, translated, and then analyzed using the thematic analysis technique. The results showed that entrepreneurs were mainly driven by economic motivations to engage in hospitality microbusiness, while limited financial resources represented a serious challenge for many microventures. Appropriate income was also perceived to be a significant advantage of hospitality microentrepreneurship. The findings revealed some key success factors for hospitality microbusinesses such as innovative or novel business ventures and competence and commitment of entrepreneurs to manage the business. The study provides valuable practical implications that would help supporting hospitality microenterprises.","PeriodicalId":46032,"journal":{"name":"Tourism Review International","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69745860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.3727/154427220x16064144339200
T. Mugo, I. Visseren-Hamakers, R. Duim
For several decades, both academics and practitioners have fiercely debated how to reconcile conservation and development objectives. In Sub-Saharan Africa, efforts to align biodiversity conservation and livelihood goals have triggered a shift from pure protected area approaches to a hybrid scenario, including diverse partnership arrangements, that consider livelihood needs of communities neighboring protected areas. These partnerships often include tourism to provide income and jobs. The future of the Amboseli landscape in Kenya has been an integral part of these debates, since it has faced long-lasting conservation and development challenges. Many initiatives, often in the form of partnership arrangements, have tried to address these challenges. By using the Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF) and a set of indicators to measure the contributions to conservation, we examine two of these partnerships—the Amboseli Ecosystem Trust (AET) and Big Life Foundation (BLF)—with the aim of understanding the extent to which they contribute to addressing these challenges. Data were collected using document analysis, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, nonparticipant observation, and informal conversations. Findings show that both AET and BLF have been able to address direct drivers of biodiversity loss (such as human wildlife conflicts, poaching, unplanned infrastructural developments) and—to a much lesser extent—the indirect drivers, such as poverty and land subdivision. Through the workings of both partnerships, more community members have gained access to specific community capital assets, through employment opportunities and other monetary incentives and education. However, it is not clear if and how the livelihood benefits transfer to real and long-term support for wildlife conservation.
{"title":"Contributions of Partnerships to Conservation and Development: Insights from Amboseli","authors":"T. Mugo, I. Visseren-Hamakers, R. Duim","doi":"10.3727/154427220x16064144339200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/154427220x16064144339200","url":null,"abstract":"For several decades, both academics and practitioners have fiercely debated how to reconcile conservation and development objectives. In Sub-Saharan Africa, efforts to align biodiversity conservation and livelihood goals have triggered a shift from pure protected area approaches to a hybrid scenario, including diverse partnership arrangements, that consider livelihood needs of communities neighboring protected areas. These partnerships often include tourism to provide income and jobs. The future of the Amboseli landscape in Kenya has been an integral part of these debates, since it has faced long-lasting conservation and development challenges. Many initiatives, often in the form of partnership arrangements, have tried to address these challenges. By using the Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF) and a set of indicators to measure the contributions to conservation, we examine two of these partnerships—the Amboseli Ecosystem Trust (AET) and Big Life Foundation (BLF)—with the aim of understanding the extent to which they contribute to addressing these challenges. Data were collected using document analysis, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, nonparticipant observation, and informal conversations. Findings show that both AET and BLF have been able to address direct drivers of biodiversity loss (such as human wildlife conflicts, poaching, unplanned infrastructural developments) and—to a much lesser extent—the indirect drivers, such as poverty and land subdivision. Through the workings of both partnerships, more community members have gained access to specific community capital assets, through employment opportunities and other monetary incentives and education. However, it is not clear if and how the livelihood benefits transfer to real and long-term support for wildlife conservation.","PeriodicalId":46032,"journal":{"name":"Tourism Review International","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69745917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.3727/154427220x16059054538746
R. J. Lekgau, T. Tichaawa
This study examined the nature of community participation in wildlife tourism in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park—a transboundary protected area shared by Botswana and South Africa. Since the opening of the park, much attention has been directed towards stimulating community participation in wildlife tourism and conservation within the protected area in order to reduce poverty and contribute to local development in adjacent communities. Following a qualitative methodology, the study conducted a documentary analysis in which historical documents and policies pertaining to the protected area were examined. Further, the study interviewed 17 key informants and conducted two focus groups with members of the two communities located adjacent to the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. The study found that although policies had a positive effect on the community participation in wildlife tourism within the park, in Askham the two communities (Khomani San and Mier) had acted autonomously in the involvement in wildlife tourism. Additionally, the study found wildlife tourism in Tsabong to be in its early stages of development and therefore found limited, and hesitant, participation in the sector. Lack of awareness and limited funds were found comprised as the major limitations to community participation in both Tsabong and Askham. The study concludes that community participation is central to obtaining the benefits conceptualized by wildlife tourism in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park.
{"title":"Community Participation in Wildlife Tourism in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park","authors":"R. J. Lekgau, T. Tichaawa","doi":"10.3727/154427220x16059054538746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3727/154427220x16059054538746","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the nature of community participation in wildlife tourism in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park—a transboundary protected area shared by Botswana and South Africa. Since the opening of the park, much attention has been directed towards stimulating community participation in wildlife tourism and conservation within the protected area in order to reduce poverty and contribute to local development in adjacent communities. Following a qualitative methodology, the study conducted a documentary analysis in which historical documents and policies pertaining to the protected area were examined. Further, the study interviewed 17 key informants and conducted two focus groups with members of the two communities located adjacent to the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. The study found that although policies had a positive effect on the community participation in wildlife tourism within the park, in Askham the two communities (Khomani San and Mier) had acted autonomously in the involvement in wildlife tourism. Additionally, the study found wildlife tourism in Tsabong to be in its early stages of development and therefore found limited, and hesitant, participation in the sector. Lack of awareness and limited funds were found comprised as the major limitations to community participation in both Tsabong and Askham. The study concludes that community participation is central to obtaining the benefits conceptualized by wildlife tourism in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park.","PeriodicalId":46032,"journal":{"name":"Tourism Review International","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69746130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.3727/154427220x16059054538764
Noel Habashy, Carter A. Hunt
There is strong body of literature exploring community member and resident perspectives on tourism that has emerged from numerous locations across the globe. Yet virtually none of this writing explores the role of repeat community-engaged service learning with local communities. What theory does exist on the topic indicates that increased rates of community member participation yield more positive viewpoints on community–program partnerships. Engagement in this form of tourism development in communities may have an influence on participation in the community institutions that have the most ability to influence local development outcomes. This qualitative, ethnographic study fills this gap in the literature by analyzing community members' emic perspectives of a recurring educational service learning program to a lesser developed region of Costa Rica. Surprisingly, community residents do not view educational service learning as a form of tourism, though they do see it as valuable for setting the stage for desired tourism development in the future. Findings also indicate community members' involvement in key institutions makes it more likely that they perceive the impact of students in the community positively. As the first study to analyze educational service learning travel from a community development and resident perspective, this work will provide a valuable theoretical contribution relevant to those engaged in this form of travel across the Global South.
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