Pub Date : 2022-02-11DOI: 10.1080/14781700.2022.2032310
M. Todorova
Arrojo, Rosemary. 2018. Fictional Translators: Rethinking Translation through Literature. London: Routledge. Cronin, Michael. 2008. Translation Goes to the Movies. London: Routledge. Kaindl, Klaus, and Karlheinz Spitzl, eds. 2014. Transfiction: Research into the Realities of Translation Fiction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Venuti, Lawrence. 1995. The Translators Invisibility: A History of Translation. London: Routledge.
{"title":"The Routledge Handbook in Translation and Activism","authors":"M. Todorova","doi":"10.1080/14781700.2022.2032310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14781700.2022.2032310","url":null,"abstract":"Arrojo, Rosemary. 2018. Fictional Translators: Rethinking Translation through Literature. London: Routledge. Cronin, Michael. 2008. Translation Goes to the Movies. London: Routledge. Kaindl, Klaus, and Karlheinz Spitzl, eds. 2014. Transfiction: Research into the Realities of Translation Fiction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Venuti, Lawrence. 1995. The Translators Invisibility: A History of Translation. London: Routledge.","PeriodicalId":46243,"journal":{"name":"Translation Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42453873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-26DOI: 10.1080/14781700.2021.2020686
Ainsley Morse
possible. New Approaches to Translation, Conflict and Memory signals a refreshing contribution to scholarship taking place at the intersection between translation studies and Iberian studies in particular, as it demonstrates how translation is enacted in the multilingual, multicultural space of the Peninsula – a zonewhich, given its current and historicalmultilingualism andmulticulturalism, begs the question of translation. Moreover, as the editors note in their introduction, one of the primary impulses behind the volume is an ethical commitment to remember the trauma of the civil war and those erased fromofficial history. Translation, then, functions as a central tool in the arc toward justice. In gathering together a corpus of acts of translation that hold direct relevance to the civil war and dictatorship, the volume paves the way for further insights into how translation participates in other sites of conflict and memory, in and beyond Iberia. May this be just one of many more works on this topic to follow.
{"title":"The bilingual muse: Self-translation among Russian poets","authors":"Ainsley Morse","doi":"10.1080/14781700.2021.2020686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14781700.2021.2020686","url":null,"abstract":"possible. New Approaches to Translation, Conflict and Memory signals a refreshing contribution to scholarship taking place at the intersection between translation studies and Iberian studies in particular, as it demonstrates how translation is enacted in the multilingual, multicultural space of the Peninsula – a zonewhich, given its current and historicalmultilingualism andmulticulturalism, begs the question of translation. Moreover, as the editors note in their introduction, one of the primary impulses behind the volume is an ethical commitment to remember the trauma of the civil war and those erased fromofficial history. Translation, then, functions as a central tool in the arc toward justice. In gathering together a corpus of acts of translation that hold direct relevance to the civil war and dictatorship, the volume paves the way for further insights into how translation participates in other sites of conflict and memory, in and beyond Iberia. May this be just one of many more works on this topic to follow.","PeriodicalId":46243,"journal":{"name":"Translation Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45279102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-26DOI: 10.1080/14781700.2021.1994871
Rui Liu
ABSTRACT By highlighting the reactions of the court, this article examines legal translations and paratexts from the perspective of the special judicial reader to hopefully introduce new possibilities for legal translation studies. This article extends beyond a textual analysis of translations and specifically probes the intricacies of the application of George Jamieson’s (1843–1920) English rendition of the Great Qing Code in the Hong Kong courtroom. It is demonstrated that the mutual complementarity between his translation and paratexts is not always grasped by the court, which leads to an unnecessary clash between expert evidence and Jamieson’s opinions. Moreover, the incongruity between Jamieson’s translation and paratexts is amplified under the court’s gaze; this issue is further complicated by the English legal doctrine of judicial precedent, leading to both a judicial dilemma and concerns over the legitimacy of Jamieson’s interpretation.
{"title":"Paratexts in the eyes of the courts: George Jamieson’s translation of the Qing Code in the Hong Kong courts","authors":"Rui Liu","doi":"10.1080/14781700.2021.1994871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14781700.2021.1994871","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 By highlighting the reactions of the court, this article examines legal translations and paratexts from the perspective of the special judicial reader to hopefully introduce new possibilities for legal translation studies. This article extends beyond a textual analysis of translations and specifically probes the intricacies of the application of George Jamieson’s (1843–1920) English rendition of the Great Qing Code in the Hong Kong courtroom. It is demonstrated that the mutual complementarity between his translation and paratexts is not always grasped by the court, which leads to an unnecessary clash between expert evidence and Jamieson’s opinions. Moreover, the incongruity between Jamieson’s translation and paratexts is amplified under the court’s gaze; this issue is further complicated by the English legal doctrine of judicial precedent, leading to both a judicial dilemma and concerns over the legitimacy of Jamieson’s interpretation.","PeriodicalId":46243,"journal":{"name":"Translation Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44197086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-26DOI: 10.1080/14781700.2021.2016481
J. Buts
ABSTRACT This article discusses two competing versions of Oscar Wilde’s Salomé that were translated into Esperanto indirectly. Salomé was originally written in French and is a retelling of a biblical story. The English translation of the play, sometimes taken to be the original, flaunts its biblical heritage, often through direct quotation from the King James Version. However, there was no canonical Bible in Esperanto at the time of translation, making it impossible to achieve equivalent effect by means of parallel intertextual references. The relation between equivalence and intertextuality is just one example of a central issue in the study and practice of translation that is thrown into sharp relief when considering invented languages. Esperanto is in many ways a language of translation, and studying its literature may enrich not only the linguistic scope of translation studies research but also its theoretical apparatus.
{"title":"Invented languages, intertextuality, and indirect translation: Wilde’s Salomé in Esperanto","authors":"J. Buts","doi":"10.1080/14781700.2021.2016481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14781700.2021.2016481","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article discusses two competing versions of Oscar Wilde’s Salomé that were translated into Esperanto indirectly. Salomé was originally written in French and is a retelling of a biblical story. The English translation of the play, sometimes taken to be the original, flaunts its biblical heritage, often through direct quotation from the King James Version. However, there was no canonical Bible in Esperanto at the time of translation, making it impossible to achieve equivalent effect by means of parallel intertextual references. The relation between equivalence and intertextuality is just one example of a central issue in the study and practice of translation that is thrown into sharp relief when considering invented languages. Esperanto is in many ways a language of translation, and studying its literature may enrich not only the linguistic scope of translation studies research but also its theoretical apparatus.","PeriodicalId":46243,"journal":{"name":"Translation Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43756664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-17DOI: 10.1080/14781700.2021.1977687
Ming-che Lee
ABSTRACT Qiu Miaojin, a lesbian icon in 1990s Taiwan, left behind the quasi-memoir novel Last Words from Montmartre in 1995 that features her unique hermaphroditism ideology. Through the first-person narrative, Qiu obfuscates binary gender categories, and subverts rigid gender norms and cisgenderism. A key value of this epistolary novel is her playful manipulation of fluid sexualities via pronominal markers to break free of the shackles of gender dysphoria. Since the 1990s, research attention has been given to the emerging gender/queer-related issues in translated literatures. However, issues pertaining to the de-gendering of homoeroticism and discursive intersexuality in literary translation remain underexplored. This article explores how Qiu’s queer politics in this novel have been reproduced in Heinrich’s 2014 English translation. Based on the “gender performativity” theory, findings indicate that Qiu’s queer ideology and de-gendered language have been accurately rendered for the Anglophone readership.
{"title":"Translating gender indeterminacy: the queering of gender identities in Qiu Miaojin’s Last Words from Montmartre","authors":"Ming-che Lee","doi":"10.1080/14781700.2021.1977687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14781700.2021.1977687","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Qiu Miaojin, a lesbian icon in 1990s Taiwan, left behind the quasi-memoir novel Last Words from Montmartre in 1995 that features her unique hermaphroditism ideology. Through the first-person narrative, Qiu obfuscates binary gender categories, and subverts rigid gender norms and cisgenderism. A key value of this epistolary novel is her playful manipulation of fluid sexualities via pronominal markers to break free of the shackles of gender dysphoria. Since the 1990s, research attention has been given to the emerging gender/queer-related issues in translated literatures. However, issues pertaining to the de-gendering of homoeroticism and discursive intersexuality in literary translation remain underexplored. This article explores how Qiu’s queer politics in this novel have been reproduced in Heinrich’s 2014 English translation. Based on the “gender performativity” theory, findings indicate that Qiu’s queer ideology and de-gendered language have been accurately rendered for the Anglophone readership.","PeriodicalId":46243,"journal":{"name":"Translation Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42707948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-13DOI: 10.1080/14781700.2021.1977688
L. Purvis
Ahmed, Sara. 2004. “Affective Economies.” Social Text 22 (2): 117–139. Bachmann-Medick, Doris. 2009. “Introduction: The Translational Turn.” Translation Studies 2 (1): 2–16. Dizdar, Dilek. 2014. “Instrumental Thinking in Translation Studies.” Target 26 (2): 206–223. Hardt, Michael. 1999. “Affective Labor.” boundary 2 26 (2): 89–100. Hochschild, Arlie R. 1983. The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press. Hubscher-Davidson, Séverine. 2013. “Emotional Intelligence and Translation Studies: A New Bridge.” Meta 58 (2): 324–346. Hubscher-Davidson, Séverine. 2018. Translation and Emotion: A Psychological Perspective. New York: Routledge. Muñoz Martín, Ricardo, ed. 2016. Reembedding Translation Process Research. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Reiss, Katharina, and Hans J. Vermeer. 1984. Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie. Tübingen: Niemeyer. Robinson, Douglas. 1991. The Translator’s Turn. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Ruiz Rosendo, Lucía. 2020. “The Role of the Affective in Interpreting in Conflict Zones.” Target, https://doi. org/10.1075/target.18165.rui. Sacks, Harvey. 1984. “On Doing ‘Being Ordinary’.” In Structures of Social Action. Studies in Conversation Analysis, edited by J. Maxwell Atkinson, and John Heritage, 413–429. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Toury, Gideon. 1995. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Wolf, Michaela, and Alexandra Fukari, eds. 2007. Constructing a Sociology of Translation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Zwischenberger, Cornelia. 2019. “From Inward to Outward: The Need for Translation Studies to Become Outward-going.” The Translator 25 (3): 256–268.
{"title":"Lorca in English: A history of manipulation through translation","authors":"L. Purvis","doi":"10.1080/14781700.2021.1977688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14781700.2021.1977688","url":null,"abstract":"Ahmed, Sara. 2004. “Affective Economies.” Social Text 22 (2): 117–139. Bachmann-Medick, Doris. 2009. “Introduction: The Translational Turn.” Translation Studies 2 (1): 2–16. Dizdar, Dilek. 2014. “Instrumental Thinking in Translation Studies.” Target 26 (2): 206–223. Hardt, Michael. 1999. “Affective Labor.” boundary 2 26 (2): 89–100. Hochschild, Arlie R. 1983. The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press. Hubscher-Davidson, Séverine. 2013. “Emotional Intelligence and Translation Studies: A New Bridge.” Meta 58 (2): 324–346. Hubscher-Davidson, Séverine. 2018. Translation and Emotion: A Psychological Perspective. New York: Routledge. Muñoz Martín, Ricardo, ed. 2016. Reembedding Translation Process Research. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Reiss, Katharina, and Hans J. Vermeer. 1984. Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie. Tübingen: Niemeyer. Robinson, Douglas. 1991. The Translator’s Turn. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Ruiz Rosendo, Lucía. 2020. “The Role of the Affective in Interpreting in Conflict Zones.” Target, https://doi. org/10.1075/target.18165.rui. Sacks, Harvey. 1984. “On Doing ‘Being Ordinary’.” In Structures of Social Action. Studies in Conversation Analysis, edited by J. Maxwell Atkinson, and John Heritage, 413–429. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Toury, Gideon. 1995. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Wolf, Michaela, and Alexandra Fukari, eds. 2007. Constructing a Sociology of Translation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Zwischenberger, Cornelia. 2019. “From Inward to Outward: The Need for Translation Studies to Become Outward-going.” The Translator 25 (3): 256–268.","PeriodicalId":46243,"journal":{"name":"Translation Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49082333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-09DOI: 10.1080/14781700.2021.1984288
Ann-Marie Hsiung
ABSTRACT This research is concerned with the inter-modal translation of Disney’s 1998 animated film Mulan. It treats Disney’s team of adaptors as corporate translators, exploring how their intervention enabled the legendary figure Mulan and the ballad named after her to travel from ancient China to the modern world to serve the artistic and commercial purposes of their patron, the Walt Disney Company. This study examines Mulan’s journey along with the team’s process: first, their research of the source; second, their activation of a two-phase cultural translation, enabling Mulan to enter 1990s America – assimilating her into US culture and fitting her into the Disney Formula. Key alterations and their impact are then scrutinized. This research critically reviews and assimilates prior scholarship, adapting relevant concepts such as traveling theory and post-translation rewriting.
{"title":"Mulan’s travel from ballad to movie: A case study of inter-modal translation","authors":"Ann-Marie Hsiung","doi":"10.1080/14781700.2021.1984288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14781700.2021.1984288","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This research is concerned with the inter-modal translation of Disney’s 1998 animated film Mulan. It treats Disney’s team of adaptors as corporate translators, exploring how their intervention enabled the legendary figure Mulan and the ballad named after her to travel from ancient China to the modern world to serve the artistic and commercial purposes of their patron, the Walt Disney Company. This study examines Mulan’s journey along with the team’s process: first, their research of the source; second, their activation of a two-phase cultural translation, enabling Mulan to enter 1990s America – assimilating her into US culture and fitting her into the Disney Formula. Key alterations and their impact are then scrutinized. This research critically reviews and assimilates prior scholarship, adapting relevant concepts such as traveling theory and post-translation rewriting.","PeriodicalId":46243,"journal":{"name":"Translation Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45603979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-09DOI: 10.1080/14781700.2021.1984291
Loredana Polezzi
reflection to poetry to scholarly article, the objects of study of the chapters include cultural topics such as dance andmonuments, as well as texts of a variety of genres including theatrical plays, poetry, fictional narrative, biography and journalism. In addition, the focus of the contributions shifts between the city as the guiding perspective on authorship and translation, and literary texts and writers as leading a textual analysis on the city and translation. The volume’s understanding of Iberian and Latin American content is similarly elusive: the authors might be Hispanics who live in North America, as is the case of the pieces that discuss New York City and Montreal; or the artists, figures or artistic expression might be analyzed within their country of origin as offered by the chapters on Pancho Villa and Benet i Jornet and the reflection by Borinsky. While it provesdifficult topindownthese overarchingconcepts in the volume, this eclecticism allows the collection to underscore one central notion related to cities, authors, the Iberian and Latin American cultures and translation: that of “crossing” or the term “trans-”.What better way to privilege the lens of translation than by emphasizing linguistic movement on a larger scale? Generic transfer guides the analyses of many of these contributions. In Barcelona, Rodoreda’s novel becomes a play; in Mexico City, Pancho Villa transforms from political figure to protagonist of a biography to monumental statue; in New York City, Martí’s writing strategies translate into templates for contemporary media hubs; in Buenos Aires, linguistic interactions cross into the stylized tango dance. That the volume’s editors choose to include a plethora of writing forms speaks also to this idea of “trans-” in which genre-crossing allows readers to approach these concepts of translationand the city througha spectrumof lenses.A creativeapproach to the academic anthology, this volume is refreshing in both its scope and form.
{"title":"Translation and transmigration","authors":"Loredana Polezzi","doi":"10.1080/14781700.2021.1984291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14781700.2021.1984291","url":null,"abstract":"reflection to poetry to scholarly article, the objects of study of the chapters include cultural topics such as dance andmonuments, as well as texts of a variety of genres including theatrical plays, poetry, fictional narrative, biography and journalism. In addition, the focus of the contributions shifts between the city as the guiding perspective on authorship and translation, and literary texts and writers as leading a textual analysis on the city and translation. The volume’s understanding of Iberian and Latin American content is similarly elusive: the authors might be Hispanics who live in North America, as is the case of the pieces that discuss New York City and Montreal; or the artists, figures or artistic expression might be analyzed within their country of origin as offered by the chapters on Pancho Villa and Benet i Jornet and the reflection by Borinsky. While it provesdifficult topindownthese overarchingconcepts in the volume, this eclecticism allows the collection to underscore one central notion related to cities, authors, the Iberian and Latin American cultures and translation: that of “crossing” or the term “trans-”.What better way to privilege the lens of translation than by emphasizing linguistic movement on a larger scale? Generic transfer guides the analyses of many of these contributions. In Barcelona, Rodoreda’s novel becomes a play; in Mexico City, Pancho Villa transforms from political figure to protagonist of a biography to monumental statue; in New York City, Martí’s writing strategies translate into templates for contemporary media hubs; in Buenos Aires, linguistic interactions cross into the stylized tango dance. That the volume’s editors choose to include a plethora of writing forms speaks also to this idea of “trans-” in which genre-crossing allows readers to approach these concepts of translationand the city througha spectrumof lenses.A creativeapproach to the academic anthology, this volume is refreshing in both its scope and form.","PeriodicalId":46243,"journal":{"name":"Translation Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59844326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-09DOI: 10.1080/14781700.2021.1984290
Robert Reay-Jones
{"title":"Circulation of academic thought: Rethinking translation in the academic field","authors":"Robert Reay-Jones","doi":"10.1080/14781700.2021.1984290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14781700.2021.1984290","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46243,"journal":{"name":"Translation Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42555596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：