Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1177/0117196820964984
Mustafa Aksakal
This paper addresses some key factors influencing the career development of highly qualified migrants during their stay abroad. It is based on 44 qualitative interviews with international students and highly qualified migrant workers from China and India, most of whom were temporarily residing in Germany. The findings show that different types of social capital might co-exist and perform multiple functions. Some migrants engage in entrepreneurial activities, availing themselves of links between their country of origin and Europe, which could help them to advance their professional goals. The study found that the political assessment of migrants also plays an important role. The paper concludes that the category of highly qualified migrants is heterogenous which comprises migrants who have different aspirations as well as divergent career trajectories.
{"title":"Uneven professional paths: A study on highly qualified Chinese and Indian migrants in Germany","authors":"Mustafa Aksakal","doi":"10.1177/0117196820964984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0117196820964984","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses some key factors influencing the career development of highly qualified migrants during their stay abroad. It is based on 44 qualitative interviews with international students and highly qualified migrant workers from China and India, most of whom were temporarily residing in Germany. The findings show that different types of social capital might co-exist and perform multiple functions. Some migrants engage in entrepreneurial activities, availing themselves of links between their country of origin and Europe, which could help them to advance their professional goals. The study found that the political assessment of migrants also plays an important role. The paper concludes that the category of highly qualified migrants is heterogenous which comprises migrants who have different aspirations as well as divergent career trajectories.","PeriodicalId":46248,"journal":{"name":"Asian and Pacific Migration Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"381 - 401"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88585169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1177/0117196820968293
Mustafa Aksakal, Kerstin Schmidt
Temporary migration (TM) has always been central in the global history of migration (Oltmer, 2016). In the 20th century, after the Second World War, the most common formof TM tookplace in the context of bilateralworker programs, such as the Bracero program between the United States and Mexico (Driscoll, 1999), the guest worker programs in Europe (Castles andKosack, 1973), or in the temporary recruitment of migrant workers, mostly from Asia, by the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries (Battistella, 2015). While the guest worker schemes have been abandoned in Europe during the 1970s, which consequently led to a gradual decline of temporary labor movements, it expanded and continues to dominate population movements in the GCC and Asia. In comparison to these migration contexts, movements in the AsianEuropean system were, with few exceptions (e.g. migration from India and Pakistan to the UK), less significant and might have received, therefore, only modest research attention. The volumes edited by Pitk€anen et al. (2017, 2019), which compiled diverse studies on the two-way migration processes between Asia and Europe, are a notable exception. Some other studies have probed TM of specific migrant categories in the Asia-Europe migration system: European expatriates in China (Cai and Su, 2020), mobile academics returning to China (Wang, 2020), international students moving from Asia to Europe (Aksakal et al., 2019) and from Europe to Asia (Baas, 2019), or Thai berry-pickers working seasonally in Sweden and Finland (Niyomsilpa et al., 2017), have been scrutinized. Despite these efforts to understand the reasons for and the outcomes of TM, the question remains: what exactly is temporary migration?
临时移民(TM)一直是全球移民史的中心(Oltmer, 2016)。在20世纪，第二次世界大战后，最常见的跨国劳工形式发生在双边劳工计划的背景下，如美国和墨西哥之间的Bracero计划(Driscoll, 1999)，欧洲的客工计划(Castles and kosack, 1973)，或海湾合作委员会(GCC)国家临时招募移民工人(主要来自亚洲)(Battistella, 2015)。虽然在1970年代欧洲已放弃客工计划，因此导致临时劳工流动逐渐减少，但它扩大并继续在海湾合作委员会和亚洲的人口流动中占主导地位。与这些移民背景相比，除了少数例外(例如，从印度和巴基斯坦到英国的移民)，亚欧体系中的移民运动不那么重要，因此可能只得到很少的研究关注。Pitk€anen等人(2017,2019)编辑的卷汇编了关于亚洲和欧洲之间双向移民过程的各种研究，这是一个明显的例外。其他一些研究也探讨了亚欧移民系统中特定移民类别的TM:在中国的欧洲外籍人士(Cai和Su, 2020)，返回中国的流动学者(Wang, 2020)，从亚洲到欧洲的国际学生(Aksakal等人，2019)和从欧洲到亚洲的国际学生(Baas, 2019)，或在瑞典和芬兰季节性工作的泰国浆果采摘者(Niyomsilpa等人，2017)。尽管这些努力都是为了理解临时移民的原因和结果，但问题仍然存在:究竟什么是临时移民?
{"title":"Temporary migration and inequalities in the Asian–European migration system","authors":"Mustafa Aksakal, Kerstin Schmidt","doi":"10.1177/0117196820968293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0117196820968293","url":null,"abstract":"Temporary migration (TM) has always been central in the global history of migration (Oltmer, 2016). In the 20th century, after the Second World War, the most common formof TM tookplace in the context of bilateralworker programs, such as the Bracero program between the United States and Mexico (Driscoll, 1999), the guest worker programs in Europe (Castles andKosack, 1973), or in the temporary recruitment of migrant workers, mostly from Asia, by the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries (Battistella, 2015). While the guest worker schemes have been abandoned in Europe during the 1970s, which consequently led to a gradual decline of temporary labor movements, it expanded and continues to dominate population movements in the GCC and Asia. In comparison to these migration contexts, movements in the AsianEuropean system were, with few exceptions (e.g. migration from India and Pakistan to the UK), less significant and might have received, therefore, only modest research attention. The volumes edited by Pitk€anen et al. (2017, 2019), which compiled diverse studies on the two-way migration processes between Asia and Europe, are a notable exception. Some other studies have probed TM of specific migrant categories in the Asia-Europe migration system: European expatriates in China (Cai and Su, 2020), mobile academics returning to China (Wang, 2020), international students moving from Asia to Europe (Aksakal et al., 2019) and from Europe to Asia (Baas, 2019), or Thai berry-pickers working seasonally in Sweden and Finland (Niyomsilpa et al., 2017), have been scrutinized. Despite these efforts to understand the reasons for and the outcomes of TM, the question remains: what exactly is temporary migration?","PeriodicalId":46248,"journal":{"name":"Asian and Pacific Migration Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"319 - 332"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74631396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1177/0117196820964885
Tomoko Hayakawa
The concept of skill level offers a useful tool to policy-makers and researchers of migration to identify labor market needs, to define the type of migrants needed and to find ways to manage migration. But what this concept entails is often overlooked. This paper problematizes skill level by exploring issues and assumptions associated with its application. Following a review of the UK temporary migration programs, this paper compares the experiences of skilled and low-skilled Filipino migrants in the United Kingdom. The findings indicate that inequality between the two groups can be imposed not just by their job role or circumstances prior to migration but by immigration and social policies of the host country.
{"title":"Skill levels and inequality in migration: A case study of Filipino migrants in the UK","authors":"Tomoko Hayakawa","doi":"10.1177/0117196820964885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0117196820964885","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of skill level offers a useful tool to policy-makers and researchers of migration to identify labor market needs, to define the type of migrants needed and to find ways to manage migration. But what this concept entails is often overlooked. This paper problematizes skill level by exploring issues and assumptions associated with its application. Following a review of the UK temporary migration programs, this paper compares the experiences of skilled and low-skilled Filipino migrants in the United Kingdom. The findings indicate that inequality between the two groups can be imposed not just by their job role or circumstances prior to migration but by immigration and social policies of the host country.","PeriodicalId":46248,"journal":{"name":"Asian and Pacific Migration Journal","volume":"76 1","pages":"333 - 357"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83883282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1177/0117196820956519
Takuma Fujii
The article examines how students from Japan who attend German music colleges become integrated into Germany’s art worlds while also maintaining connections to transnational art worlds. Although Japan is one of the major countries that sends young music talents to Germany, only a few studies have examined this migration. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with Japanese music students in Germany that were conducted as part of the Asian Educational Mobilities Project, the article shows that the reasons for such migration, as well as its effects on music practices, and that future perspectives need a theoretical reorientation toward a transnational perspective. The results indicate that the art practices of aspiring Japanese students depend not only on institutional conditions in Germany but also on students´ transnational networks.
{"title":"Integration of aspiring artists: Japanese music students in Germany","authors":"Takuma Fujii","doi":"10.1177/0117196820956519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0117196820956519","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines how students from Japan who attend German music colleges become integrated into Germany’s art worlds while also maintaining connections to transnational art worlds. Although Japan is one of the major countries that sends young music talents to Germany, only a few studies have examined this migration. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with Japanese music students in Germany that were conducted as part of the Asian Educational Mobilities Project, the article shows that the reasons for such migration, as well as its effects on music practices, and that future perspectives need a theoretical reorientation toward a transnational perspective. The results indicate that the art practices of aspiring Japanese students depend not only on institutional conditions in Germany but also on students´ transnational networks.","PeriodicalId":46248,"journal":{"name":"Asian and Pacific Migration Journal","volume":"87 1","pages":"358 - 380"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81208327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1177/0117196820964999
Karen Anne S. Liao, M. Asis
The growing volume of international students has attracted research interest on their return experiences and the potential impacts of their overseas education in their home countries. This paper uses the notion of aspiration to investigate international students’ return experiences in connection to their motivations and perceived gains from studying abroad. Interviews with Filipino returnees who completed their postgraduate studies in Europe suggest that their plans to study abroad involved aspirations to return to the Philippines for different reasons, including career and family-related factors. Their aspirations also reflect their desired contributions to their respective occupational fields in the country. Their narratives of returning to the workplace, however, reveal institutional factors that either facilitate or constrain the transfer of ideas, knowledge and practices gained from their experiences abroad. Findings point to how returnees' workplace experiences, in turn, reshape their career aspirations and migration intentions.
{"title":"Back to the Philippines: Connecting aspirations, return and social remittances in international student migration","authors":"Karen Anne S. Liao, M. Asis","doi":"10.1177/0117196820964999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0117196820964999","url":null,"abstract":"The growing volume of international students has attracted research interest on their return experiences and the potential impacts of their overseas education in their home countries. This paper uses the notion of aspiration to investigate international students’ return experiences in connection to their motivations and perceived gains from studying abroad. Interviews with Filipino returnees who completed their postgraduate studies in Europe suggest that their plans to study abroad involved aspirations to return to the Philippines for different reasons, including career and family-related factors. Their aspirations also reflect their desired contributions to their respective occupational fields in the country. Their narratives of returning to the workplace, however, reveal institutional factors that either facilitate or constrain the transfer of ideas, knowledge and practices gained from their experiences abroad. Findings point to how returnees' workplace experiences, in turn, reshape their career aspirations and migration intentions.","PeriodicalId":46248,"journal":{"name":"Asian and Pacific Migration Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"402 - 421"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88736657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1177/0117196820968901
Svitlana Odynets
The paper problematizes the concept of transit migration and analyzes individual adaptation strategies used by migrants from the former Soviet Union and South Asian countries. These migrants transited through Ukraine and ended up in the country when their plans for further migration to European Union countries or the United States of America did not materialize. It examines how migration outcomes are affected by the migrants’ social capital and sheds light on their alternative resources to cope with life in Ukraine given limited state support. The results show significant differences in the adaptation and possibilities for legal ways to migrate to other countries for migrants coming from Central Asia, Afghanistan and other Asian countries.
{"title":"Not really at home: Adaptation strategies of Asian migrants in Ukraine","authors":"Svitlana Odynets","doi":"10.1177/0117196820968901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0117196820968901","url":null,"abstract":"The paper problematizes the concept of transit migration and analyzes individual adaptation strategies used by migrants from the former Soviet Union and South Asian countries. These migrants transited through Ukraine and ended up in the country when their plans for further migration to European Union countries or the United States of America did not materialize. It examines how migration outcomes are affected by the migrants’ social capital and sheds light on their alternative resources to cope with life in Ukraine given limited state support. The results show significant differences in the adaptation and possibilities for legal ways to migrate to other countries for migrants coming from Central Asia, Afghanistan and other Asian countries.","PeriodicalId":46248,"journal":{"name":"Asian and Pacific Migration Journal","volume":"165 1","pages":"422 - 443"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76905485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1177/0117196820956520
Simone Christ
The Philippine government has been engaged in state-supported international labor migration for more than 40 years. Migrants and non-migrants alike are embedded in multifocal transnational lives as family members and friends are spread over different localities and nation-states. This study looks at the role of economic, social, cultural and symbolic capital as defined by Bourdieu (1986) in Filipino migration. The article analyzes the transformability of the different forms of capital in relation to labor migration. Moreover, the study asks how the four forms of capital are transferred from the Philippines to the destination country and back to the Philippines. Based on ethnographic data collected in the United Arab Emirates and the Philippines, the study concludes that having economic, social and cultural capital largely decides whether one is able to migrate and what destinations are accessible. Cultural capital is not easily transferable across the transnational space due to discriminating labor markets. After return, migrants have gained symbolic capital through the migration experience.
{"title":"The role of various types of capital in transnational labor migration from the Philippines","authors":"Simone Christ","doi":"10.1177/0117196820956520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0117196820956520","url":null,"abstract":"The Philippine government has been engaged in state-supported international labor migration for more than 40 years. Migrants and non-migrants alike are embedded in multifocal transnational lives as family members and friends are spread over different localities and nation-states. This study looks at the role of economic, social, cultural and symbolic capital as defined by Bourdieu (1986) in Filipino migration. The article analyzes the transformability of the different forms of capital in relation to labor migration. Moreover, the study asks how the four forms of capital are transferred from the Philippines to the destination country and back to the Philippines. Based on ethnographic data collected in the United Arab Emirates and the Philippines, the study concludes that having economic, social and cultural capital largely decides whether one is able to migrate and what destinations are accessible. Cultural capital is not easily transferable across the transnational space due to discriminating labor markets. After return, migrants have gained symbolic capital through the migration experience.","PeriodicalId":46248,"journal":{"name":"Asian and Pacific Migration Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":"444 - 466"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76946239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.1177/0117196820938603
T. Shum
This article examines how food practices contribute to the lived experience of the West African diaspora in Hong Kong. Drawing on in-depth interviews and participant observations of Africans in dif...
{"title":"Culinary diaspora space: Food culture and the West African diaspora in Hong Kong:","authors":"T. Shum","doi":"10.1177/0117196820938603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0117196820938603","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines how food practices contribute to the lived experience of the West African diaspora in Hong Kong. Drawing on in-depth interviews and participant observations of Africans in dif...","PeriodicalId":46248,"journal":{"name":"Asian and Pacific Migration Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"283-311"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72557650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.1177/0117196820930309
Christopher Cheng
In the early 20th century, modern school curricula and new-style schools mushroomed in the Chinese remittance landscape of southern China. Breaking away from the two-and-a-half millennia of Confucian tradition, their creation marked a pivotal point of departure between the nation’s past and future. Since overseas migration and modern education both provide a fruitful context for the circulation of new objects and a cross-fertilization of ideas, new schools serve as barometers of social-material change. Research in the present-day cities of Zhongshan and Zhuhai (formerly Heung San County) suggests that diaspora-funded schools were beacons of modern learning within the China–Australia corridor. Both their physical structures and material manifestations invited a new engagement with the modern world.
{"title":"Beacons of modern learning: Diaspora-funded schools in the China-Australia corridor","authors":"Christopher Cheng","doi":"10.1177/0117196820930309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0117196820930309","url":null,"abstract":"In the early 20th century, modern school curricula and new-style schools mushroomed in the Chinese remittance landscape of southern China. Breaking away from the two-and-a-half millennia of Confucian tradition, their creation marked a pivotal point of departure between the nation’s past and future. Since overseas migration and modern education both provide a fruitful context for the circulation of new objects and a cross-fertilization of ideas, new schools serve as barometers of social-material change. Research in the present-day cities of Zhongshan and Zhuhai (formerly Heung San County) suggests that diaspora-funded schools were beacons of modern learning within the China–Australia corridor. Both their physical structures and material manifestations invited a new engagement with the modern world.","PeriodicalId":46248,"journal":{"name":"Asian and Pacific Migration Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"139 - 162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81875772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.1177/0117196820935684
Siu-lun Wong
The Chinese and Indian diasporas constituted two of the most massive migration flows in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Yet they were seldom compared. This commentary explores one of their key differences, namely, how they handled their lost souls. For the Chinese migrants of that period, what they dreaded most was dying alone in a foreign land and becoming a stray ghost. Their fervent wish was for their bones and souls to be reunited with their forebears in the ancestral graves. Much effort was made individually and collectively to ensure that this final wish would be realized. However, for the Hindu migrants, the same dread induced quite a different response. Their physical remains were of little importance to them. There was no urgency in seeking a return of their souls to their ancestral land. Their fervent wish was for their souls to be ritually purified and reunited with their ancestors in the sacred cosmos. This commentary further examines how these cultural differences also bear on how Chinese and Hindu migrants differ in their remittance behavior, network patterns and homeland ties.
{"title":"Soul-searching in the Chinese and Indian diasporas","authors":"Siu-lun Wong","doi":"10.1177/0117196820935684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0117196820935684","url":null,"abstract":"The Chinese and Indian diasporas constituted two of the most massive migration flows in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Yet they were seldom compared. This commentary explores one of their key differences, namely, how they handled their lost souls. For the Chinese migrants of that period, what they dreaded most was dying alone in a foreign land and becoming a stray ghost. Their fervent wish was for their bones and souls to be reunited with their forebears in the ancestral graves. Much effort was made individually and collectively to ensure that this final wish would be realized. However, for the Hindu migrants, the same dread induced quite a different response. Their physical remains were of little importance to them. There was no urgency in seeking a return of their souls to their ancestral land. Their fervent wish was for their souls to be ritually purified and reunited with their ancestors in the sacred cosmos. This commentary further examines how these cultural differences also bear on how Chinese and Hindu migrants differ in their remittance behavior, network patterns and homeland ties.","PeriodicalId":46248,"journal":{"name":"Asian and Pacific Migration Journal","volume":"33 1","pages":"269 - 282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88353292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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