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DIPLOMATIC DEXTERITY: MONGOL QAGHANS OF THE YUAN DYNASTY AND THE QUEST FOR EAST ASIAN HEGEMONY 外交技巧:元朝的蒙古汗与对东亚霸权的追求
Q3 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2023-11-13 DOI: 10.53277/2519-2442-2023.4-02
Kubilay ATIK
This study examines the foreign policy and diplomacy pursued by the Mongol Khans during the Yuan Dynasty (1268-1369), who held the titles of both Mongol qaghan and Chinese Emperor. Specifically, Qubilai Qaghan, who received the title of Khan at a qurultai held in the city of Shangdu, located in present-day Beijing, rather than the Orkhon region traditionally used for convening qurultais, and without the participation of all Mongol nobles, had to establish his legitimacy throughout his life both among the Mongols and the people he conquered in Asia. For this purpose, he utilized diplomacy and foreign policy as much as conquests. Within the scope of this study, the rhetoric and legitimacy foundations used in diplomacy are examined, taking into account not only the Goryeo kingdom in Korea, which became a vassal of the Mongol Empire but also regional states such as Japan, which did not acknowledge Mongol superiority and dominion, as well as diplomacy conducted with states in Southeast Asia and Europe. During this period, the Yuan Dynasty successfully blended elements of legitimacy belonging to China with those from the Turkic-Mongol tradition in its foreign policy, thereby leaving a lasting diplomatic legacy, especially in East Asia.
本研究考察了蒙古可汗在元朝(1268-1369)期间所奉行的外交政策和外交政策,他们同时拥有蒙古汗和中国皇帝的头衔。具体来说,在上都(位于今天的北京)举行的古尔兀勒泰上,而不是在传统上召开古尔兀勒泰的额尔沁地区,并且没有所有蒙古贵族的参与,接受了可汗称号的曲必烈汗,必须在蒙古人和他在亚洲征服的人民中建立他的合法性。为了达到这个目的,他不仅利用了征服,还利用了外交和外交政策。在本研究的范围内,研究了外交中使用的修辞和合法性基础,不仅考虑了成为蒙古帝国附庸的高丽王国,还考虑了不承认蒙古优越性和统治权的地区国家,如日本,以及与东南亚和欧洲国家进行的外交。在此期间,元朝在外交政策中成功地将属于中国的合法性元素与突厥-蒙古传统的合法性元素融合在一起,从而留下了持久的外交遗产,特别是在东亚。
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引用次数: 0
NEW GAME CHANGER POWER IN EURASIA: SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION 欧亚大陆新的改变游戏规则的力量:上海合作组织
Q3 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2023-11-13 DOI: 10.53277/2519-2442-2023.4-05
Merve Suna OZEL OZCAN
The Eurasian geography is a strategic intersection for great powers which are currently interested in the region. After the collapse of the USSR, the Russian Federation seemed to slow down politically between 1990 and 2000 to regain its lost power and maintain its influence in the region. Geography continues to impact states’ survival and foreign policies in the Eurasian region. After the Cold War, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization became one of the critical organizations in the Eurasian region. The paper discusses the organization’s influence and power in the region’s geopolitical significance. Its methodology will be a comparative literature interpretation on the axis of qualitative data. The study assumes that this region remains a game-changer where great powers focus. The paper also evaluates the latest situation based on regional and global developments.
欧亚地理是目前对该地区感兴趣的大国的战略交汇点。苏联解体后,俄罗斯联邦在1990年至2000年期间似乎在政治上放慢了脚步,以恢复其失去的权力并保持其在该地区的影响力。地理继续影响着欧亚地区国家的生存和外交政策。冷战结束后,上海合作组织成为欧亚地区的重要组织之一。本文讨论了该组织的影响力和权力在该地区的地缘政治意义。它的方法论将是一种以定性数据为轴心的比较文学解释。该研究假设该地区仍然是大国关注的游戏规则改变者。本文还根据区域和全球发展情况评估了最新形势。
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引用次数: 0
RELATIONS BETWEEN TÜRKİYE AND CHINA IN THE CONTEXT OF BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS “一带一路”背景下tÜrkİye与中国的关系:挑战与前景
Q3 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2023-11-13 DOI: 10.53277/2519-2442-2023.4-04
Seyit Ali AVCU
The China Dream articulated by President Xi Jinping when he took office in 2012 guides China’s new Global Strategy, particularly the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) announced in 2013. Türkiye is also interested in this initiative and embraces it politically, with the idea that it will strengthen regional connectivity and thus increase commercial and economic gains. As a result, it completed many transportation projects on its route. However, Türkiye still faces a number of problems such as regional instability, security risks, lack of mutual trust and lack of robust guarantee mechanisms. On the other hand, Chinese businesses in Türkiye also face higher financing risk, strong competition and operational risks. In addition, there are other non-economic risks arising from politics, security and cultural differences. In this article, using SWOT analysis, the strengths and opportunities for Türkiye will be analyzed while the weaknesses and threats for BRI will be examined.
土耳其政府也对这一倡议感兴趣,并在政治上支持它,认为它将加强区域连通性,从而增加商业和经济收益。因此,它在其路线上完成了许多交通项目。然而,基耶耶仍面临地区不稳定、安全风险、缺乏互信、缺乏健全保障机制等问题。另一方面,中国企业在缅甸也面临着较高的融资风险、激烈的竞争和经营风险。此外,还有政治、安全和文化差异带来的其他非经济风险。在本文中,使用SWOT分析,将分析 rkiye的优势和机会,同时研究BRI的弱点和威胁。
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引用次数: 0
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF KAZAKHSTAN 哈萨克斯坦的农业发展
Q3 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2023-11-13 DOI: 10.53277/2519-2442-2023.4-03
Zhengizkhan ZHANALTAY
This paper aims to analyze the dynamics of key indicators and reveal challenges for Kazakhstan’s agricultural sector. In so doing, the paper applies statistical and comparative methods. The paper shows a significant transformation in Kazakhstan’s agriculture. At the same time, many important issues such as low levels of investment and development of agricultural technologies, changing production patterns, and policy inefficiencies. Climate change and water deficit also pose significant threats to the agricultural sector. The government of Kazakhstan develops policies to strengthen the agricultural capacities of the country. The paper provides policy recommendations, that can complement the developed programs and contribute to competitiveness improvement. These policy recommendations cover both domestic and international directions.
本文旨在分析关键指标的动态,并揭示哈萨克斯坦农业部门面临的挑战。在此过程中,本文采用了统计和比较方法。这篇论文显示了哈萨克斯坦农业的重大转变。与此同时,许多重要问题,如农业技术投资和发展水平低、生产方式变化和政策效率低下。气候变化和水资源短缺也对农业部门构成重大威胁。哈萨克斯坦政府制定了加强该国农业能力的政策。本文提供了政策建议,可以补充已制定的方案,有助于提高竞争力。这些政策建议涵盖国内和国际两个方向。
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: CLIMATE CHANGE IN CENTRAL ASIA: DECARBONIZATION, ENERGY TRANSITION AND CLIMATE POLICY 书评:中亚的气候变化:脱碳、能源转型和气候政策
Q3 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2023-11-13 DOI: 10.53277/2519-2442-2023.4-06
Kanat MAKHANOV
Rahat Sabyrbekov, Indra Overland, Roman Vakulchuk (eds.). Climate Change in Central Asia Decarbonization, Energy Transition and Climate Policy. Springer: Briefs in Climate Studies, 2023, pp. 170.
Rahat Sabyrbekov, Indra Overland, Roman Vakulchuk(编)。中亚气候变化:脱碳、能源转型与气候政策。Springer:气候研究简报,2023,第170页。
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引用次数: 0
HUNGARY’S POSITION ON THE RUSSIA-UKRAINE WAR AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR COOPERATION IN THE VISEGRAD GROUP 匈牙利对俄乌战争的立场及其对维谢格拉德集团合作的影响
Q3 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2023-11-13 DOI: 10.53277/2519-2442-2023.4-01
Fulya AKGUL DURAKCAY
Visegrad Group (V4) composed of Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia is a significant subregional partnership that has influenced the European Union’s policies particularly in the area of migration policies. Although the group does not always speak with one voice in every policy area, Hungary became particularly estranged from the V4 due to its differing position on the Russia-Ukraine war. This study analyses the implications of Hungary’s stance on the Russia-Ukraine war for the V4 cooperation. With this aim, it overviews the importance of the V4 in furthering Hungary’s interests, searches for economic and political considerations influencing Hungary’s position on the Russia- Ukraine war, and discusses the diverging positions of the rest of the block on the war with its implications for the V4 cooperation. The study benefits from the analysis of primary sources such as the V4 declarations and official statements, Hungarian presidency programs, Orbán’s statements as well as the news and the secondary research. The study finds out that Hungary endorses the unified EU stance as long as it does not contradict its core interests among which its energy security prevails. Yet, Hungary’s differing position on the war from that of the EU and the V4 by being pro-Russian as a result of being pro-Hungarian stems from its divergent views on security and foreign policy objectives. Although Hungary’s stance on the war has affected the V4 cooperation adversely at the beginning, as there is no clear end to the Russia-Ukraine war soon, Hungary’s partners shifted their attitudes to focus on their shared interests inside the V4 bloc rather than on what separates them.
维谢格拉德集团(V4)由匈牙利、波兰、捷克共和国和斯洛伐克组成,是一个重要的次区域伙伴关系,影响了欧洲联盟的政策,特别是在移民政策领域。尽管四国并不总是在每个政策领域都用一个声音说话,但由于在俄乌战争上的不同立场,匈牙利与四国的关系变得特别疏远。本研究分析了匈牙利在俄乌战争中的立场对V4合作的影响。为此,本文概述了V4在促进匈牙利利益方面的重要性,寻找影响匈牙利在俄乌战争中立场的经济和政治因素,并讨论了欧盟其他国家在这场战争中的分歧立场及其对V4合作的影响。该研究得益于对V4宣言和官方声明、匈牙利总统计划、Orbán声明以及新闻和二次研究等第一手资料的分析。研究发现,只要不违背其能源安全占主导地位的核心利益,匈牙利就支持欧盟的统一立场。然而,匈牙利在战争问题上与欧盟和V4的立场不同,因为亲匈牙利而亲俄罗斯,这源于其对安全和外交政策目标的不同看法。尽管匈牙利对战争的立场在一开始就对V4的合作产生了不利影响,因为俄罗斯和乌克兰的战争还没有明确的结束,匈牙利的伙伴们改变了态度,把注意力集中在他们在V4集团内部的共同利益上,而不是把他们分开。
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引用次数: 0
TECHNOLOGICAL RISE OF CHINA 中国的科技崛起
IF 0.9 Q3 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2023-09-04 DOI: 10.53277/2519-2442-2023.3-04
R. Abdikarov
This paper reviews China’s technological development. It shows that the success of China’s technological policy came from both international cooperation at national and firm levels and state support measures. The country’s innovation development model is based on the central role of the government. Using foreign technologies, investments, and expertise, China created its own technology companies, which transformed into global corporations. Through investments in research and development and talent cultivation, China narrowed the technology gap with many developed countries, including the United States. Despite existing tensions, in particular, in the technology sector, United States corporations are interested in strengthening cooperation with China due to its growing market. This type of cooperation will further improve China’s competitiveness and accelerate its technological development.
本文回顾了中国的科技发展。研究表明,中国技术政策的成功既得益于国家和企业层面的国际合作,也得益于国家支持措施。国家的创新发展模式是建立在政府中心作用的基础上的。利用外国的技术、投资和专业知识,中国创建了自己的科技公司,这些公司转型为全球性公司。通过对研发和人才培养的投资,中国缩小了与包括美国在内的许多发达国家的技术差距。尽管存在紧张局势,特别是在技术领域,但由于中国市场不断增长,美国公司有兴趣加强与中国的合作。这种合作将进一步提高中国的竞争力,加快中国的技术发展。
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: EDUCATION POLICIES IN THE 21ST CENTURY COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES 书评:21世纪教育政策的比较视角
IF 0.9 Q3 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2023-09-04 DOI: 10.53277/2519-2442-2023.3-06
G. Nadirova
Birol Akgün, Yusuf Alpaydın (eds.). Education Policies in the 21st Century Comparative Perspectives. Singapore, Palgrave Macmillan: Maarif Global Education Series, 2022, pp. 292.
Birol akg n, Yusuf Alpaydın(编)。21世纪教育政策的比较视角。新加坡,Palgrave Macmillan: Maarif全球教育系列,2022,第292页。
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引用次数: 0
EUROPEAN UNION’S SANCTION PACKAGES AGAINST RUSSIA: CONTENTS AND IMPLICATIONS 欧盟对俄一揽子制裁:内容及影响
IF 0.9 Q3 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2023-09-04 DOI: 10.53277/2519-2442-2023.3-05
Zh. Kanapiyanova
With Russia’s attack on Ukraine on February 24, 2022, the European Union began to impose a series of sanctions on the Moscow government. The history of sanctions began with the 2014 annexation of Crimea and is now being expanded to target various industries and individuals. In this context, in the study, the contents of the sanctions implemented and their effects on Russia are discussed. Based on the evaluation of experts in different regions and statistics, it was assumed that the sanctions did not have much effect on stopping the war but were effective in slowing down the country’s economy and influencing different sectors.
随着俄罗斯于2022年2月24日袭击乌克兰,欧盟开始对莫斯科政府实施一系列制裁。制裁的历史始于2014年俄罗斯吞并克里米亚,现在扩大到针对各个行业和个人。在此背景下,本研究讨论了所实施制裁的内容及其对俄罗斯的影响。根据不同地区专家的评价和统计数据,可以认为制裁对制止战争没有多大作用,但在减缓该国经济和影响不同部门方面是有效的。
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引用次数: 0
THE EFFECT OF THE TURKISH SERIES ON THE LATIN AMERICAN SOCIETIES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CULTURE INDUSTRY 土耳其系列在文化工业背景下对拉丁美洲社会的影响
IF 0.9 Q3 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2023-09-04 DOI: 10.53277/2519-2442-2023.3.01
M. Arslan, E. Malli
Today, especially with the globalization process, Turkish TV series are becoming widespread on the international market as a product of the culture industry, and gradually increasing their impact. During this period, in which the 2000s constituted an important breaking point, Turkish TV series reached a wide audience in Latin American countries as well as in the Middle East, the Balkans, Eurasia and Southeast Asia. The fact that Turkish TV series are followed with interest and have a large audience in Latin American countries, as in many other countries of the world, shows that Turkish TV series have important effects on the social structures and audiences of Latin American countries. This study aims to examine the main factors and dynamics that make Turkish TV series effective in Latin American societies as a product of the culture industry. Within the scope of the study, the findings obtained as a result of in-depth interviews with 20 people using the qualitative research method were analyzed through descriptive analysis. The research findings revealed that Turkish TV series have positive impacts on the social structure of Latin American societies towards Türkiye, as well as stimulating the learning of eating and drinking habits, clothing preferences, and more importantly, learning Turkish language and culture, which will affect social change.
在全球化进程不断推进的今天,土耳其电视剧作为文化产业的产物在国际市场上得到广泛传播,其影响力也逐渐增强。在这一时期,土耳其电视剧在拉丁美洲国家以及中东、巴尔干半岛、欧亚大陆和东南亚获得了广泛的观众,其中2000年代是一个重要的转折点。土耳其电视剧在拉美国家和世界上许多其他国家都受到人们的兴趣追捧,拥有大量的观众,这表明土耳其电视剧对拉美国家的社会结构和受众产生了重要影响。本研究旨在研究土耳其电视剧作为文化产业的产物在拉丁美洲社会有效的主要因素和动态。在研究范围内,采用定性研究方法对20人进行深度访谈,所得结果通过描述性分析进行分析。研究结果表明,土耳其电视剧对拉丁美洲社会对土耳其人的社会结构产生了积极的影响,同时刺激了饮食习惯、服装偏好的学习,更重要的是,土耳其语言和文化的学习,这将影响社会变革。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Eurasian Journal of Educational Research
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