Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.53277/2519-2442-2023.1-06
Zhengizkhan Zhanaltay
Thorsten Beck and Yung Chul Park (Eds.). Prospects of the Global Economy after COVID-19. Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) Press. 2022. pp. 131.
{"title":"PROSPECTS OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY AFTER COVID-19","authors":"Zhengizkhan Zhanaltay","doi":"10.53277/2519-2442-2023.1-06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53277/2519-2442-2023.1-06","url":null,"abstract":"Thorsten Beck and Yung Chul Park (Eds.). Prospects of the Global Economy after COVID-19. Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) Press. 2022. pp. 131.","PeriodicalId":46491,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Journal of Educational Research","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83724448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.53277/2519-2442-2023.1-03
K. Makhanov
This study analyzes the transformation of the urban system in Kazakhstan from 1979 to 2022 by studying the interrelationship between population change in large cities and demographic trends in nearby towns and rural areas. The findings suggest that the collapse of the USSR triggered a large-scale spatial realignment of the population leading to dramatic changes in the population size of urban settlements. The estimations largely failed to confirm relationships between the growth of large cities vs population change in mid-size and small urban settlements that would hold throughout the entire sample period. However, the analysis of district-level data showed that remote and rural areas were more prone to depopulation while districts around rapidly growing large cities had significantly higher rates of population growth. The population in large cities and regional centers was found to be growing much faster than in periphery areas, which is very much in line with findings from studies done on other former Soviet states.
{"title":"SOVIET AND POST-SOVIET TRANSFORMATIONS OF URBAN SYSTEM: CASE OF KAZAKHSTAN FROM 1979 TO 2022","authors":"K. Makhanov","doi":"10.53277/2519-2442-2023.1-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53277/2519-2442-2023.1-03","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzes the transformation of the urban system in Kazakhstan from 1979 to 2022 by studying the interrelationship between population change in large cities and demographic trends in nearby towns and rural areas. The findings suggest that the collapse of the USSR triggered a large-scale spatial realignment of the population leading to dramatic changes in the population size of urban settlements. The estimations largely failed to confirm relationships between the growth of large cities vs population change in mid-size and small urban settlements that would hold throughout the entire sample period. However, the analysis of district-level data showed that remote and rural areas were more prone to depopulation while districts around rapidly growing large cities had significantly higher rates of population growth. The population in large cities and regional centers was found to be growing much faster than in periphery areas, which is very much in line with findings from studies done on other former Soviet states.","PeriodicalId":46491,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Journal of Educational Research","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86148957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.53277/2519-2442-2023.1-02
A. Khitakhunov
The European Union (EU) is one of the key economic and political partners of the countries of Central Asia (CA). The EU adopted two strategies toward CA and acts through partnership and cooperation agreements. The recent geopolitical crisis in Eurasia improved bilateral relations between the regions. The EU reconsidered its CA strategy. The paper aims to analyze the current accelerated rapprochement between the EU and CA. Its main findings are as follows. First, bilateral trade between the regions became less diversified, increasing risks for Central Asia as trade became an important political tool. Second, the EU-CA strategic rapprochement will require institutional reforms in Central Asia, while for now, the EU pursues its geopolitical and economic goals in the region.
{"title":"NEW PHASE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION – CENTRAL ASIA COOPERATION: TEMPORARY OR STRATEGIC RAPPROCHEMENT?","authors":"A. Khitakhunov","doi":"10.53277/2519-2442-2023.1-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53277/2519-2442-2023.1-02","url":null,"abstract":"The European Union (EU) is one of the key economic and political partners of the countries of Central Asia (CA). The EU adopted two strategies toward CA and acts through partnership and cooperation agreements. The recent geopolitical crisis in Eurasia improved bilateral relations between the regions. The EU reconsidered its CA strategy. The paper aims to analyze the current accelerated rapprochement between the EU and CA. Its main findings are as follows. First, bilateral trade between the regions became less diversified, increasing risks for Central Asia as trade became an important political tool. Second, the EU-CA strategic rapprochement will require institutional reforms in Central Asia, while for now, the EU pursues its geopolitical and economic goals in the region.","PeriodicalId":46491,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Journal of Educational Research","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86235148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.53277/2519-2442-2023.1-01
Mustafa Tuter
China-Russia strategic partnership has evolved into a new stage where the two great powers share increasing overlapping and complementary interests. The Greater Eurasia Partnership (GEP) framework offers an integrated approach to conducting their relations by deepening collaborative partnerships through regional development and security cooperation. This article aims to analyze evolving nature of the GEP by focusing on domestic and regional elements of foreign policy convergence. Although connecting the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) to the GEP illustrates the domestic level of convergence in their foreign policies, the regional context reflects a partial convergence that entails further policy coordination in managing potential risks and challenges, particularly in Central Asia and more broadly in Eurasia. In examining the evolving nature of GEP, the international political economy perspective is applied to foreign policy analysis with a particular focus on the development-security nexus. The article concludes with a discussion of the main drivers and future trajectory of the GEP with regard to regional and global stability.
{"title":"GREATER EURASIA PARTNERSHIP: DOMESTIC AND REGIONAL ELEMENTS OF FOREIGN POLICY CONVERGENCE","authors":"Mustafa Tuter","doi":"10.53277/2519-2442-2023.1-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53277/2519-2442-2023.1-01","url":null,"abstract":"China-Russia strategic partnership has evolved into a new stage where the two great powers share increasing overlapping and complementary interests. The Greater Eurasia Partnership (GEP) framework offers an integrated approach to conducting their relations by deepening collaborative partnerships through regional development and security cooperation. This article aims to analyze evolving nature of the GEP by focusing on domestic and regional elements of foreign policy convergence. Although connecting the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) to the GEP illustrates the domestic level of convergence in their foreign policies, the regional context reflects a partial convergence that entails further policy coordination in managing potential risks and challenges, particularly in Central Asia and more broadly in Eurasia. In examining the evolving nature of GEP, the international political economy perspective is applied to foreign policy analysis with a particular focus on the development-security nexus. The article concludes with a discussion of the main drivers and future trajectory of the GEP with regard to regional and global stability.","PeriodicalId":46491,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Journal of Educational Research","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83146151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-09DOI: 10.53277/2519-2442-2022.4-06
D.Zh. Zhailybayev
Johannes Reckel, Merle Schatz. Flying Deer and Sun Gods (Prehistoric Societies in Central Asian Rock Art). Nunnerich-Asmus Verlag and Media. 2022. pp. 400.
{"title":"FLYING DEER AND SUN GODS (PREHISTORIC SOCIETIES IN CENTRAL ASIAN ROCK ART)","authors":"D.Zh. Zhailybayev","doi":"10.53277/2519-2442-2022.4-06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53277/2519-2442-2022.4-06","url":null,"abstract":"Johannes Reckel, Merle Schatz. Flying Deer and Sun Gods (Prehistoric Societies in Central Asian Rock Art). Nunnerich-Asmus Verlag and Media. 2022. pp. 400.","PeriodicalId":46491,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Journal of Educational Research","volume":"358 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76353993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-09DOI: 10.53277/2519-2442-2022.4-02
Murat Tekbaş
In order to contribute to the ongoing discussions on the environment-economy relationship, the relationship between renewable energy consumption, export diversification, economic growth and CO2 emission in the countries considered as transformation economies was investigated in the period between 1997 and 2014 in the current study. In the study, IPS, LLC unit root tests, Pedroni and Kao cointegration tests, and FMOLS and DOLS coefficient estimation methods, which are frequently used in the literature, were used. As a result of the analyses, it was concluded that renewable energy consumption, economic growth and export diversification have negative effects on CO2 emissions, while trade openness has a positive effect. In the Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test results, a bidirectional causality relationship was found between renewable energy production and trade openness and CO2 emissions. Within the scope of these results, it is considered important to implement incentive policies for export diversification and renewable energy production in countries of transformation economy. Given the positive effect of trade openness on CO2 emissions, it is considered necessary to reduce the share of sectors polluting the environment in trade and to increase the share of sectors that do not have a negative impact on the environment.
{"title":"EMPIRICAL FINDINGS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION, EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION AND CO2 EMISSIONS IN TRANSFORMATION ECONOMIES","authors":"Murat Tekbaş","doi":"10.53277/2519-2442-2022.4-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53277/2519-2442-2022.4-02","url":null,"abstract":"In order to contribute to the ongoing discussions on the environment-economy relationship, the relationship between renewable energy consumption, export diversification, economic growth and CO2 emission in the countries considered as transformation economies was investigated in the period between 1997 and 2014 in the current study. In the study, IPS, LLC unit root tests, Pedroni and Kao cointegration tests, and FMOLS and DOLS coefficient estimation methods, which are frequently used in the literature, were used. As a result of the analyses, it was concluded that renewable energy consumption, economic growth and export diversification have negative effects on CO2 emissions, while trade openness has a positive effect. In the Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test results, a bidirectional causality relationship was found between renewable energy production and trade openness and CO2 emissions. Within the scope of these results, it is considered important to implement incentive policies for export diversification and renewable energy production in countries of transformation economy. Given the positive effect of trade openness on CO2 emissions, it is considered necessary to reduce the share of sectors polluting the environment in trade and to increase the share of sectors that do not have a negative impact on the environment.","PeriodicalId":46491,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Journal of Educational Research","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83424938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-09DOI: 10.53277/2519-2442-2022.4-05
Omer Demir
This study examines the linear and nonlinear effects of foreign direct investment on the long-run economic growth in Türkiye for the period of 1970-2020, within the framework of a simple endogenous growth model represented by a production function in the form of Cobb-Douglas, where the assumptions of constant returns to scale and decreasing productivity are valid for all collectible capital inputs. For this purpose, the study investigates whether the changes in fixed capital and foreign direct investment rates affect the GDP per capita growth rate linearly and non-linearly by using the ARDL & NARDL approach. The findings show that there is a linear and a nonlinear cointegration relationship between the foreign direct investment rate and GDP per capita growth rate, but the foreign direct investment rate does not make significant contributions to the growth rate in the long run. According to another finding, positive and negative shocks in the foreign direct investment rate, depending on the contraction and expansion periods of the Turkish economy, do not significantly and asymmetrically affect the growth rate in the long run.
{"title":"TESTING THE LONG-RUN GROWTH EFFECTS OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN TÜRKIYE: EVIDENCE FROM ARDL & NARDL ANALYSIS","authors":"Omer Demir","doi":"10.53277/2519-2442-2022.4-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53277/2519-2442-2022.4-05","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the linear and nonlinear effects of foreign direct investment on the long-run economic growth in Türkiye for the period of 1970-2020, within the framework of a simple endogenous growth model represented by a production function in the form of Cobb-Douglas, where the assumptions of constant returns to scale and decreasing productivity are valid for all collectible capital inputs. For this purpose, the study investigates whether the changes in fixed capital and foreign direct investment rates affect the GDP per capita growth rate linearly and non-linearly by using the ARDL & NARDL approach. The findings show that there is a linear and a nonlinear cointegration relationship between the foreign direct investment rate and GDP per capita growth rate, but the foreign direct investment rate does not make significant contributions to the growth rate in the long run. According to another finding, positive and negative shocks in the foreign direct investment rate, depending on the contraction and expansion periods of the Turkish economy, do not significantly and asymmetrically affect the growth rate in the long run.","PeriodicalId":46491,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Journal of Educational Research","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83172586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-09DOI: 10.53277/2519-2442-2022.4-03
R. Pomfret
Regionalism in Central Asia has attracted much attention but little action. This paper argues that, as the countries accept WTO trade law as the baseline, the time is ripe for agreeing on trade rules that go beyond the WTO, with a focus on areas especially relevant to Central Asia. A modern trade agreement should not follow 20th century patterns of aiming for a customs union or free trade area; with low tariffs such preferential tariff arrangements are of little value. More important is to agree on areas where WTO rules are inadequate or non-existent, such as sanitary and phytosanitary measures and digitalization. For the framework for such an agreement, Central Asian countries can benefit from existing best practice, agreements with a chapter structure that permits focus on the most relevant areas while leaving more contentious areas for future negotiations.
{"title":"A REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENT FOR CENTRAL ASIA?","authors":"R. Pomfret","doi":"10.53277/2519-2442-2022.4-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53277/2519-2442-2022.4-03","url":null,"abstract":"Regionalism in Central Asia has attracted much attention but little action. This paper argues that, as the countries accept WTO trade law as the baseline, the time is ripe for agreeing on trade rules that go beyond the WTO, with a focus on areas especially relevant to Central Asia. A modern trade agreement should not follow 20th century patterns of aiming for a customs union or free trade area; with low tariffs such preferential tariff arrangements are of little value. More important is to agree on areas where WTO rules are inadequate or non-existent, such as sanitary and phytosanitary measures and digitalization. For the framework for such an agreement, Central Asian countries can benefit from existing best practice, agreements with a chapter structure that permits focus on the most relevant areas while leaving more contentious areas for future negotiations.","PeriodicalId":46491,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Journal of Educational Research","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85505493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-09DOI: 10.53277/2519-2442-2022.4-01
Ilir Kalemaj, Eleni Kalemaj
In the ever challenging post-pandemic world with emerging threats of revisionist global order and growing regional challenges, the Western Balkans region cannot be immune. From threats of destabilization of Bosnia-Herzegovina, the volatile situation in northern Kosovo, and the ongoing Serbia-Kosovo talks to the internal and external threats vis-à-vis Montenegro, the region is facing unprecedented challenges. The freezing of the European Union integration process, the new ideas of “Associate Members” and the new “clusters” methodology have led to enlargement fatigue not only from Brussels but also from regional capitals as well. On the other hand, the growing threats of Russia’s geopolitical ruptures and China’s economic penetration through “debt trap” diplomacy and other mechanisms are making governments and observers in the region increasingly skeptical. This paper tends to explore some of the insights and the economic effects both fiscal and monetary impact they have.
{"title":"POLITICAL INSTABILITY, ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL CHALLENGES IN THE WESTERN BALKANS IN THE POST-PANDEMIC WORLD","authors":"Ilir Kalemaj, Eleni Kalemaj","doi":"10.53277/2519-2442-2022.4-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53277/2519-2442-2022.4-01","url":null,"abstract":"In the ever challenging post-pandemic world with emerging threats of revisionist global order and growing regional challenges, the Western Balkans region cannot be immune. From threats of destabilization of Bosnia-Herzegovina, the volatile situation in northern Kosovo, and the ongoing Serbia-Kosovo talks to the internal and external threats vis-à-vis Montenegro, the region is facing unprecedented challenges. The freezing of the European Union integration process, the new ideas of “Associate Members” and the new “clusters” methodology have led to enlargement fatigue not only from Brussels but also from regional capitals as well. On the other hand, the growing threats of Russia’s geopolitical ruptures and China’s economic penetration through “debt trap” diplomacy and other mechanisms are making governments and observers in the region increasingly skeptical. This paper tends to explore some of the insights and the economic effects both fiscal and monetary impact they have.","PeriodicalId":46491,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Journal of Educational Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89890768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-09DOI: 10.53277/2519-2442-2022.4-04
Emre Çıtak
This study analyzes agroterrorism, a potential threat. Considered a sub-title of bioterrorism, agroterrorism refers to the attacks that terrorist organizations could carry out by using biological agents and pests on the agriculture and food sector. The existence of biological attacks against opposing parties at various times in history and the execution of special biological weapons programs by states reveal the possibility of terrorist organizations reaching this potential as an element of fear. The possibilities of increasing the possibilities and capacities of terrorist organizations, which constitute one dimension of the new terrorism debate, to the extent that weapons of mass destruction could be used are discussed throughout the study. The study aims to contribute to the field by evaluating the threats that agroterrorism may pose and how prepared societies are for bioterrorist attacks.
{"title":"HOW PREPARED ARE WE FOR THE NEW FACE OF TERRORISM? ASSESSMENT ON THE POTENTIAL THREAT OF AGROTERRORISM","authors":"Emre Çıtak","doi":"10.53277/2519-2442-2022.4-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53277/2519-2442-2022.4-04","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzes agroterrorism, a potential threat. Considered a sub-title of bioterrorism, agroterrorism refers to the attacks that terrorist organizations could carry out by using biological agents and pests on the agriculture and food sector. The existence of biological attacks against opposing parties at various times in history and the execution of special biological weapons programs by states reveal the possibility of terrorist organizations reaching this potential as an element of fear. The possibilities of increasing the possibilities and capacities of terrorist organizations, which constitute one dimension of the new terrorism debate, to the extent that weapons of mass destruction could be used are discussed throughout the study. The study aims to contribute to the field by evaluating the threats that agroterrorism may pose and how prepared societies are for bioterrorist attacks.","PeriodicalId":46491,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Journal of Educational Research","volume":"186 5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81083388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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