Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.53277/2519-2442-2022.3-02
A. Muratbekova
Xi Jinping and Narendra Modi are transformative leaders who aspire to leave their names in history. With a strong political portfolio and extensive growth in the economy, they are developing a confident and robust stance towards the role of their country in the global order. The paper aims to analyze the domestic and international strategies of Xi Jinping and Narendra Modi in order to explore the implications of their leadership on the border issue. The paper first explores the theoretical frameworks of leadership studies and their implications for security aspects. Then the contextual and individual characteristics of leaders are assessed. Further, the paper focuses on the foreign policy approaches of both leaders that impact the border issue and prospects for a border settlement. In the conclusion, the author summarizes the possible outcomes of the leaders’ policy on the development of the border issue.
{"title":"LEADERSHIP STYLES OF XI JINPING AND NARENDRA MODI: IMPACT ON THE BORDER ISSUE","authors":"A. Muratbekova","doi":"10.53277/2519-2442-2022.3-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53277/2519-2442-2022.3-02","url":null,"abstract":"Xi Jinping and Narendra Modi are transformative leaders who aspire to leave their names in history. With a strong political portfolio and extensive growth in the economy, they are developing a confident and robust stance towards the role of their country in the global order. The paper aims to analyze the domestic and international strategies of Xi Jinping and Narendra Modi in order to explore the implications of their leadership on the border issue. The paper first explores the theoretical frameworks of leadership studies and their implications for security aspects. Then the contextual and individual characteristics of leaders are assessed. Further, the paper focuses on the foreign policy approaches of both leaders that impact the border issue and prospects for a border settlement. In the conclusion, the author summarizes the possible outcomes of the leaders’ policy on the development of the border issue.","PeriodicalId":46491,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Journal of Educational Research","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80497063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.53277/2519-2442-2022.3-01
V. da Silva Bezerra
NATO-Russia’s conflictual relationship represents one of the main elements of the international system, at least since the end of the Cold War, having a significant impact in the rivalry involving Great Powers, such as: the United States, Russia, Germany, Great Britain, France and others. In fact, this intricate relationship between the Atlantic Alliance and Moscow has been tainted by mistrust, mutual accusations and ‘security dilemma’ situations, that has brought a constant state of tension in NATO-Russia interactions over the years. This paper aims to summarize, starting from the Cold War era, the main political events that led to the establishment of mistrust between these two actors, bringing forth both NATO’s and Russia’s views about how each other’s actions prompted long-standing perceptions of enmity that culminated in the current scenario of an almost ‘impending war’ due to the situation in Ukraine.
{"title":"NATO-RUSSIA’s ‘CONFLICTUAL RELATIONSHIP’: ‘INSTABILITY’ AS A DEFINING FACTOR IN THE POLITICAL INTERACTION BETWEEN MOSCOW AND THE ATLANTIC ALLIANCE","authors":"V. da Silva Bezerra","doi":"10.53277/2519-2442-2022.3-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53277/2519-2442-2022.3-01","url":null,"abstract":"NATO-Russia’s conflictual relationship represents one of the main elements of the international system, at least since the end of the Cold War, having a significant impact in the rivalry involving Great Powers, such as: the United States, Russia, Germany, Great Britain, France and others. In fact, this intricate relationship between the Atlantic Alliance and Moscow has been tainted by mistrust, mutual accusations and ‘security dilemma’ situations, that has brought a constant state of tension in NATO-Russia interactions over the years. This paper aims to summarize, starting from the Cold War era, the main political events that led to the establishment of mistrust between these two actors, bringing forth both NATO’s and Russia’s views about how each other’s actions prompted long-standing perceptions of enmity that culminated in the current scenario of an almost ‘impending war’ due to the situation in Ukraine.","PeriodicalId":46491,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Journal of Educational Research","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90210015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.53277/2519-2442-2022.3-03
Faruk Hadžić
The paper analyzes the normative-formative framework that denotes the connection between memory and identity as a crucial origin of conflicts. In addition to concerns about memory politics, historical revisionism and ethnonational identity collectivism, the paper dissolves the connection between phenomena highlighting outcomes of the peace process, transitional justice, and its ethical/moral connotations. The study argues that Western Balkan’s sociopolitical stability depends on declining conflicting and contradictory memory order within radical sociopolitical processes. The revisionist contention memorializes conflicts and wars as the fundamental concept of ethnicity/religion/nation. It overlaps with the neoliberal and neoconservative reduction of all competitive relations, in which only the stronger have the right to existence. Discarding dominant ethnopolitical narratives is essential for conflict transformation and transitional justice for all ethnoreligious communities. The Balkan historical events and conflicting memory (WW2, Yugoslav wars) caused sociopolitical dominion shaping the collective behavior of ethnic groups. The damaging ethnic/religious practice of genocide denial and honoring war crimes within people’s social lives can become a matrix for future conflicts. Placing memory politics with radical populism is a critical condition of collective identity politics in the former Yugoslavia. Scientific rationality can provide a solid path through the anomalies in the form of political ideologies.
{"title":"CONTRADICTING HISTORICAL REVISIONIST MEMORY POLITICS, ETHNONATIONAL COLLECTIVISM, AND ANTI-TRANSFORMATION OF CONFLICTS IN FORMER-YUGOSLAVIA","authors":"Faruk Hadžić","doi":"10.53277/2519-2442-2022.3-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53277/2519-2442-2022.3-03","url":null,"abstract":"The paper analyzes the normative-formative framework that denotes the connection between memory and identity as a crucial origin of conflicts. In addition to concerns about memory politics, historical revisionism and ethnonational identity collectivism, the paper dissolves the connection between phenomena highlighting outcomes of the peace process, transitional justice, and its ethical/moral connotations. The study argues that Western Balkan’s sociopolitical stability depends on declining conflicting and contradictory memory order within radical sociopolitical processes. The revisionist contention memorializes conflicts and wars as the fundamental concept of ethnicity/religion/nation. It overlaps with the neoliberal and neoconservative reduction of all competitive relations, in which only the stronger have the right to existence. Discarding dominant ethnopolitical narratives is essential for conflict transformation and transitional justice for all ethnoreligious communities. The Balkan historical events and conflicting memory (WW2, Yugoslav wars) caused sociopolitical dominion shaping the collective behavior of ethnic groups. The damaging ethnic/religious practice of genocide denial and honoring war crimes within people’s social lives can become a matrix for future conflicts. Placing memory politics with radical populism is a critical condition of collective identity politics in the former Yugoslavia. Scientific rationality can provide a solid path through the anomalies in the form of political ideologies.","PeriodicalId":46491,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Journal of Educational Research","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72638964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.53277/2519-2442-2022.3-05
S. Mukan
Joanna Lillis. Dark Shadows: Inside the Secret World of Kazakhstan. Bloomsbury Academic, 2nd edition, 2022. pp. 368.
乔安娜Lillis。Dark Shadows: Inside the Secret World of Kazakhstan。布卢姆斯伯里学术出版社，第二版，2022年。368页。
{"title":"Book Review: DARK SHADOWS: INSIDE THE SECRET WORLD OF KAZAKHSTAN","authors":"S. Mukan","doi":"10.53277/2519-2442-2022.3-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53277/2519-2442-2022.3-05","url":null,"abstract":"Joanna Lillis. Dark Shadows: Inside the Secret World of Kazakhstan. Bloomsbury Academic, 2nd edition, 2022. pp. 368.","PeriodicalId":46491,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Journal of Educational Research","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78623356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.53277/2519-2442-2022.3-04
K. Makhanov
Arturo Oropeza García and Nikolay Shkolyar (eds.), Central Asia within the Framework of the Eurasian Economic Union. Mexico City, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 2021. pp. 358.
{"title":"Book Review: CENTRAL ASIA WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION","authors":"K. Makhanov","doi":"10.53277/2519-2442-2022.3-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53277/2519-2442-2022.3-04","url":null,"abstract":"Arturo Oropeza García and Nikolay Shkolyar (eds.), Central Asia within the Framework of the Eurasian Economic Union. Mexico City, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 2021. pp. 358.","PeriodicalId":46491,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Journal of Educational Research","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77049231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-15DOI: 10.53277/2519-2442-2022.2-01
Alioguz Dirioz
A route, via ships and underwater electric connectors established across the Caspian Sea, could enable goods from Central Asia to be transported to Turkey and through Turkey to other markets. Natural gas-rich countries could transport gas to European markets via this route by converting their natural gas into LNG. In cases where building LNG installations would be uneconomical, they can export energy directly, by conveying gas-generated electricity via underwater electric connectors across the Caspian Sea or by electricity-generating power ships. With the transformation of this route into a new trade corridor due to energy transportation, other products could also be transported to Europe more easily and this would positively impact their economic development, attract investors and promote regional cooperation. This dynamism may create a new commercial corridor for the global supply chain in the context of the Silk Road concept but separate from China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
{"title":"AN ENERGY-FOCUSED ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY ROUTE TO THE SILK ROAD","authors":"Alioguz Dirioz","doi":"10.53277/2519-2442-2022.2-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53277/2519-2442-2022.2-01","url":null,"abstract":"A route, via ships and underwater electric connectors established across the Caspian Sea, could enable goods from Central Asia to be transported to Turkey and through Turkey to other markets. Natural gas-rich countries could transport gas to European markets via this route by converting their natural gas into LNG. In cases where building LNG installations would be uneconomical, they can export energy directly, by conveying gas-generated electricity via underwater electric connectors across the Caspian Sea or by electricity-generating power ships. With the transformation of this route into a new trade corridor due to energy transportation, other products could also be transported to Europe more easily and this would positively impact their economic development, attract investors and promote regional cooperation. This dynamism may create a new commercial corridor for the global supply chain in the context of the Silk Road concept but separate from China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).","PeriodicalId":46491,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Journal of Educational Research","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82370186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-15DOI: 10.53277/2519-2442-2022.2-04
A. Akhmetova
Development assistance, humanitarian, technical and military aid in the international landscape began after World War II. The definition of the concept of foreign aid is to cover the main company by providing food, housing or medical care to save lives in the event of conflicts, crises or natural disasters. The international assistance service has such categories as “old” / “traditional” / “Northern” and “new” / “emerging” / “Southern”.
{"title":"MODERNITY, DEVELOPMENT AND DECOLONIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE IN CENTRAL ASIA: KAZAKHSTAN AS A FOREIGN AID PROVIDER","authors":"A. Akhmetova","doi":"10.53277/2519-2442-2022.2-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53277/2519-2442-2022.2-04","url":null,"abstract":"Development assistance, humanitarian, technical and military aid in the international landscape began after World War II. The definition of the concept of foreign aid is to cover the main company by providing food, housing or medical care to save lives in the event of conflicts, crises or natural disasters. The international assistance service has such categories as “old” / “traditional” / “Northern” and “new” / “emerging” / “Southern”.","PeriodicalId":46491,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Journal of Educational Research","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83008286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-15DOI: 10.53277/2519-2442-2022.2-03
Mohamad Zreik
The great Chinese economic progress has become a source of concern to the United States, so former U.S. President Donald Trump announced the trade war to curb and slow Chinese economic progress following the vision of the U.S. The Trump administration has highlighted economic protectionism against what he calls “unfairness.” Still, it is becoming inevitable that applying this strategy is no longer viable in current foreign policy, given that the world is no longer unipolar and that the U.S. is defying fierce competition by China. A major economic powerhouse. This research paper comprehensively discusses the historical evolution of events that made China a major player, the direction the U.S. has followed in adapting to such change, and the new balance of power-driven by emerging markets. This academic work will aim to understand how the U.S.-International role is redefined under the grasp of China evolved and enhanced international trade dominance. The study will mainly target how the trade war between the two giants may proceed to the next level and create serious international trade challenges.
{"title":"U.S.-CHINA RELATIONS IN THE ERA OF MULTI-POLARISM: TRADE WAR BETWEEN THE TWO ECONOMIC GIANTS","authors":"Mohamad Zreik","doi":"10.53277/2519-2442-2022.2-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53277/2519-2442-2022.2-03","url":null,"abstract":"The great Chinese economic progress has become a source of concern to the United States, so former U.S. President Donald Trump announced the trade war to curb and slow Chinese economic progress following the vision of the U.S. The Trump administration has highlighted economic protectionism against what he calls “unfairness.” Still, it is becoming inevitable that applying this strategy is no longer viable in current foreign policy, given that the world is no longer unipolar and that the U.S. is defying fierce competition by China. A major economic powerhouse. This research paper comprehensively discusses the historical evolution of events that made China a major player, the direction the U.S. has followed in adapting to such change, and the new balance of power-driven by emerging markets. This academic work will aim to understand how the U.S.-International role is redefined under the grasp of China evolved and enhanced international trade dominance. The study will mainly target how the trade war between the two giants may proceed to the next level and create serious international trade challenges.","PeriodicalId":46491,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Journal of Educational Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78997408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-15DOI: 10.53277/2519-2442-2022.2-05
O. Hanayi
When we talk about Eurasian Historical Geography, usually the vast steppes between Asia and Europe come to mind. However, this geography included the great lands of Eurasia spanning from East to West that was connected by the historical Silk Road that contained important ancient cities along the road. Names of the cities that we remembered or forgotten about have lived and reached today in the memories of the societies, archival materials and maps. There are numerous books has written and will be published in the future as well that examines the perception of space and time in the historical background of the place names.
{"title":"EURASIAN HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY AS REFLECTED IN GEOGRAPHICAL LITERATURE AND IN MAPS FROM THE 13TH TO THE MID-17TH CENTURIES","authors":"O. Hanayi","doi":"10.53277/2519-2442-2022.2-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53277/2519-2442-2022.2-05","url":null,"abstract":"When we talk about Eurasian Historical Geography, usually the vast steppes between Asia and Europe come to mind. However, this geography included the great lands of Eurasia spanning from East to West that was connected by the historical Silk Road that contained important ancient cities along the road. Names of the cities that we remembered or forgotten about have lived and reached today in the memories of the societies, archival materials and maps. There are numerous books has written and will be published in the future as well that examines the perception of space and time in the historical background of the place names.","PeriodicalId":46491,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Journal of Educational Research","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83682823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-15DOI: 10.53277/2519-2442-2022.2-02
G. Nadirova
Due to the ongoing global and regional economic, political and social processes, educational systems of several Central Asian countries (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan), once being parts of a unified educational system, have been drifting away from each other, transforming in their unique ways, under the pressure of their local circumstances. The article discusses the evolution and the current state of higher education institutions (HEI) in Central Asian countries, concentrating on such topics as the accessibility of tertiary education, its funding, digitalization, global mobility, and accreditation processes. The systems are analyzed and compared within the given categories. The purpose of this article is to characterize some trends in the development of higher education systems in these countries, which are characteristic of the current period of their political and social development.
{"title":"CURRENT TRENDS IN CENTRAL ASIAN HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEMS","authors":"G. Nadirova","doi":"10.53277/2519-2442-2022.2-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53277/2519-2442-2022.2-02","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the ongoing global and regional economic, political and social processes, educational systems of several Central Asian countries (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan), once being parts of a unified educational system, have been drifting away from each other, transforming in their unique ways, under the pressure of their local circumstances. The article discusses the evolution and the current state of higher education institutions (HEI) in Central Asian countries, concentrating on such topics as the accessibility of tertiary education, its funding, digitalization, global mobility, and accreditation processes. The systems are analyzed and compared within the given categories. The purpose of this article is to characterize some trends in the development of higher education systems in these countries, which are characteristic of the current period of their political and social development.","PeriodicalId":46491,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Journal of Educational Research","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78303882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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