IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences最新文献_第10页

Radiomics and Machine Learning for Skeletal Muscle Injury Recovery Prediction 放射组学和机器学习用于骨骼肌损伤恢复预测

IF 4.4 Q1 Physics and Astronomy

IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences

Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1109/TRPMS.2023.3291848

Vasileios Eleftheriadis, José Raul Herance Camacho, Valentina Paneta, B. Paun, Carolina Aparicio, Vanesa Venegas, Mario Marotta, M. Masa, G. Loudos, P. Papadimitroulas

Radiomics as a novel quantitative approach to medical imaging is an emerging area in the field of radiology. Artificial intelligence offers promising tools for exploiting and analyzing radiomics. The objective of the present study is to propose a methodology for the design, development, and evaluation of machine learning (ML) models for the prediction of the recovery progress of skeletal muscle injury over time in rats using radiomics. Radiomics were extracted from contrast enhanced computed tomography (CT) data and ML algorithms were trained and compared for their predictive value based on different CT imaging parameters. Ten different ML regression algorithms were tested and the optimal combination of radiomics for each algorithm and CT imaging parameter settings combination was studied. The best ensemble learning model, trained on the 70 kVp, 100 mA imaging parameter dataset, achieved a mean absolute error score of 1.22. The results suggest that radiomics extracted from CT images can be used as input in ML regression algorithms to predict the volume of a skeletal muscle injury in rats. Moreover, the results show that CT imaging settings impact the predictive performance of the ML regression models, indicating that lower values of tube current and peak kilovoltage contribute to more accurate predictions.

放射组学作为一种新的医学影像定量方法，是放射学领域的一个新兴领域。人工智能为开发和分析放射组学提供了很有前途的工具。本研究的目的是提出一种设计、开发和评估机器学习(ML)模型的方法，用于使用放射组学预测大鼠骨骼肌损伤随时间的恢复过程。从对比增强计算机断层扫描(CT)数据中提取放射组学，训练ML算法并比较其基于不同CT成像参数的预测值。测试了10种不同的ML回归算法，并研究了每种算法的放射组学最佳组合和CT成像参数设置组合。在70 kVp, 100 mA成像参数数据集上训练的最佳集成学习模型的平均绝对误差得分为1.22。结果表明，从CT图像中提取的放射组学可以作为ML回归算法的输入来预测大鼠骨骼肌损伤的体积。此外，结果表明，CT成像设置影响ML回归模型的预测性能，表明较低的管电流和峰值千伏值有助于更准确的预测。

{"title":"Radiomics and Machine Learning for Skeletal Muscle Injury Recovery Prediction","authors":"Vasileios Eleftheriadis, José Raul Herance Camacho, Valentina Paneta, B. Paun, Carolina Aparicio, Vanesa Venegas, Mario Marotta, M. Masa, G. Loudos, P. Papadimitroulas","doi":"10.1109/TRPMS.2023.3291848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TRPMS.2023.3291848","url":null,"abstract":"Radiomics as a novel quantitative approach to medical imaging is an emerging area in the field of radiology. Artificial intelligence offers promising tools for exploiting and analyzing radiomics. The objective of the present study is to propose a methodology for the design, development, and evaluation of machine learning (ML) models for the prediction of the recovery progress of skeletal muscle injury over time in rats using radiomics. Radiomics were extracted from contrast enhanced computed tomography (CT) data and ML algorithms were trained and compared for their predictive value based on different CT imaging parameters. Ten different ML regression algorithms were tested and the optimal combination of radiomics for each algorithm and CT imaging parameter settings combination was studied. The best ensemble learning model, trained on the 70 kVp, 100 mA imaging parameter dataset, achieved a mean absolute error score of 1.22. The results suggest that radiomics extracted from CT images can be used as input in ML regression algorithms to predict the volume of a skeletal muscle injury in rats. Moreover, the results show that CT imaging settings impact the predictive performance of the ML regression models, indicating that lower values of tube current and peak kilovoltage contribute to more accurate predictions.","PeriodicalId":46807,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87682228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

CdTe-DSD SPECT-I: An Ultrahigh-Resolution Multi-Isotope Tomographic Imager for Mice CdTe-DSD SPECT-I:用于小鼠的超高分辨率多同位素层析成像仪

IF 4.4 Q1 Physics and Astronomy

IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences

Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1109/TRPMS.2023.3291756

S. Takeda, T. Orita, Atsushi Yagishita, M. Katsuragawa, G. Yabu, R. Tomaru, Fumiki Moriyama, Hirotaka Sugawara, Shin Watanabe, H. Mizuma, Y. Kanayama, K. Ohnuki, Hirofumi Fujii, L. Furenlid, Tadayuki Takahashi

Multi-isotope imaging in vivo is an appealing molecular imaging approach that provides extensive information about molecular pathways that cannot be accessed in usual imaging methods with a single radioactive probe. However, conventional imaging systems have limited energy resolution; as a result, the images obtained from multi-isotope imaging are associated with problems, such as nonnegligible noise and spectral crosstalk, owing to the photons emitted from radioisotopes being simultaneously used in the experiments. This study proposes a novel small-animal SPECT system, called CdTe-DSD SPECT-I, based on the cadmium telluride double-sided strip detector (CdTe-DSD), which was originally developed to observe high-energy X-rays and gamma rays in space. The detector has an energy resolution of 1–2 keV (FWHM) in 10–100 keV and 1.6% (FWHM) at 140 keV, which is approximately three times better than those of currently available high-grade semiconductor SPECT systems. Through imaging with phantoms, we demonstrate that the proposed system achieves an ultrahigh spatial resolution of over 0.35 mm for several radioisotopes. Furthermore, we demonstrate via animal experiments that the high-energy resolution and the crosstalk-subtraction method work effectively to suppress image noise and spectral crosstalk. We believe that the proposed system will allow investigators to choose various combinations of radioisotopes in their multi-isotope studies without much concern regarding potential spectral contaminations. Simultaneous visualization of drugs and probes distributed in small volumes in a mouse is possible with it.

体内多同位素成像是一种很有吸引力的分子成像方法，它提供了单个放射性探针无法获得的常规成像方法所不能获得的分子途径的广泛信息。然而，传统成像系统的能量分辨率有限;结果，由于实验中同时使用放射性同位素发射的光子，多同位素成像获得的图像存在不可忽略的噪声和光谱串扰等问题。本研究提出了一种新型的小动物SPECT系统，称为CdTe-DSD SPECT- i，该系统基于碲化镉双面条形探测器(CdTe-DSD)，该探测器最初是为了在太空中观测高能x射线和伽马射线而开发的。该探测器在10-100 keV时的能量分辨率为1 - 2kev (FWHM)，在140 keV时的能量分辨率为1.6% (FWHM)，大约是目前可用的高级半导体SPECT系统的三倍。通过幻影成像，我们证明了所提出的系统对几种放射性同位素实现了超过0.35 mm的超高空间分辨率。此外，我们还通过动物实验证明了高能分辨率和串扰减法可以有效地抑制图像噪声和光谱串扰。我们相信，所提出的系统将允许研究人员在他们的多同位素研究中选择不同的放射性同位素组合，而不必担心潜在的光谱污染。同时可视化药物和探针分布在小体积的老鼠是可能的。

{"title":"CdTe-DSD SPECT-I: An Ultrahigh-Resolution Multi-Isotope Tomographic Imager for Mice","authors":"S. Takeda, T. Orita, Atsushi Yagishita, M. Katsuragawa, G. Yabu, R. Tomaru, Fumiki Moriyama, Hirotaka Sugawara, Shin Watanabe, H. Mizuma, Y. Kanayama, K. Ohnuki, Hirofumi Fujii, L. Furenlid, Tadayuki Takahashi","doi":"10.1109/TRPMS.2023.3291756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TRPMS.2023.3291756","url":null,"abstract":"Multi-isotope imaging in vivo is an appealing molecular imaging approach that provides extensive information about molecular pathways that cannot be accessed in usual imaging methods with a single radioactive probe. However, conventional imaging systems have limited energy resolution; as a result, the images obtained from multi-isotope imaging are associated with problems, such as nonnegligible noise and spectral crosstalk, owing to the photons emitted from radioisotopes being simultaneously used in the experiments. This study proposes a novel small-animal SPECT system, called CdTe-DSD SPECT-I, based on the cadmium telluride double-sided strip detector (CdTe-DSD), which was originally developed to observe high-energy X-rays and gamma rays in space. The detector has an energy resolution of 1–2 keV (FWHM) in 10–100 keV and 1.6% (FWHM) at 140 keV, which is approximately three times better than those of currently available high-grade semiconductor SPECT systems. Through imaging with phantoms, we demonstrate that the proposed system achieves an ultrahigh spatial resolution of over 0.35 mm for several radioisotopes. Furthermore, we demonstrate via animal experiments that the high-energy resolution and the crosstalk-subtraction method work effectively to suppress image noise and spectral crosstalk. We believe that the proposed system will allow investigators to choose various combinations of radioisotopes in their multi-isotope studies without much concern regarding potential spectral contaminations. Simultaneous visualization of drugs and probes distributed in small volumes in a mouse is possible with it.","PeriodicalId":46807,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85499625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Time and Energy Characterization of Semi-Monolithic Detectors With Different Treatments and SiPMs Suitable for Clinical Imaging 适用于临床成像的不同处理和SiPMs半单片探测器的时间和能量表征

IF 4.4 Q1 Physics and Astronomy

IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences

Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1109/TRPMS.2023.3300747

J. Barrio, N. Cucarella, M. Freire, C. Valladares, J. Benlloch, Antonio J. Gonzalez

The use of detectors based on semi-monolithic crystals can be of interest to clinical positron emission tomography scanners due to their time of flight (TOF) and depth of interaction (DOI) capabilities. In this work, timing and energy characterization of four different detector configurations based on arrays of eight lutetium yttrium oxyorthosilicate slabs of $25.4times 3.1times 20$ mm3 each coupled to silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) have been carried out. On the one hand, two different surface treatments have been studied. In one configuration, all the slab surfaces were treated with enhanced specular reflector (named ESR). In the other configuration, a retroreflector layer was added to the entrance face and the pixelated external faces were painted black (named ESR+B+RR). On the other hand, two different SiPM array models belonging to the series S13 and S14 from Hamamatsu Photonics were also compared. In all cases, the readout was performed by the TOFPET2 application specific integrated circuit. The results show an energy resolution and a detector time resolution (DTR) as good as 12.5% and 193 ps, respectively, for the ESR treatment and the S13 photosensor. For the ESR+B+RR treatment and S13, the energy resolution and DTR are 14.6% and 238 ps, respectively. When using the S14, the energy resolutions and DTRs are, respectively, 11.6% and 219 ps for the ESR treatment, and 14.2% and 339 ps for the ESR+B+RR treatment.

由于其飞行时间(TOF)和相互作用深度(DOI)能力，基于半单片晶体的探测器的使用可以引起临床正电子发射断层扫描仪的兴趣。在这项工作中，基于8块分别耦合到硅光电倍增管(SiPMs)的25.4 × 3.1 × 20$ mm3的氧化硅酸镥钇板阵列，进行了四种不同探测器配置的时间和能量表征。一方面，研究了两种不同的表面处理方法。在一种配置中，所有板表面都用增强镜面反射器(称为ESR)进行处理。在另一种配置中，在入口面添加了一个后向反射器层，并将像素化的外部面涂成黑色(命名为ESR+B+RR)。另一方面，比较了滨松光电公司S13系列和S14系列两种不同的SiPM阵列模型。在所有情况下，读出由TOFPET2应用专用集成电路执行。结果表明，ESR处理和S13光敏器的能量分辨率和探测器时间分辨率(DTR)分别达到12.5%和193 ps。ESR+B+RR处理和S13处理的能量分辨率和DTR分别为14.6%和238 ps。当使用S14时，ESR处理的能量分辨率和dtr分别为11.6%和219 ps, ESR+B+RR处理的能量分辨率和dtr分别为14.2%和339 ps。

{"title":"Time and Energy Characterization of Semi-Monolithic Detectors With Different Treatments and SiPMs Suitable for Clinical Imaging","authors":"J. Barrio, N. Cucarella, M. Freire, C. Valladares, J. Benlloch, Antonio J. Gonzalez","doi":"10.1109/TRPMS.2023.3300747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TRPMS.2023.3300747","url":null,"abstract":"The use of detectors based on semi-monolithic crystals can be of interest to clinical positron emission tomography scanners due to their time of flight (TOF) and depth of interaction (DOI) capabilities. In this work, timing and energy characterization of four different detector configurations based on arrays of eight lutetium yttrium oxyorthosilicate slabs of $25.4times 3.1times 20$ mm3 each coupled to silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) have been carried out. On the one hand, two different surface treatments have been studied. In one configuration, all the slab surfaces were treated with enhanced specular reflector (named ESR). In the other configuration, a retroreflector layer was added to the entrance face and the pixelated external faces were painted black (named ESR+B+RR). On the other hand, two different SiPM array models belonging to the series S13 and S14 from Hamamatsu Photonics were also compared. In all cases, the readout was performed by the TOFPET2 application specific integrated circuit. The results show an energy resolution and a detector time resolution (DTR) as good as 12.5% and 193 ps, respectively, for the ESR treatment and the S13 photosensor. For the ESR+B+RR treatment and S13, the energy resolution and DTR are 14.6% and 238 ps, respectively. When using the S14, the energy resolutions and DTRs are, respectively, 11.6% and 219 ps for the ESR treatment, and 14.2% and 339 ps for the ESR+B+RR treatment.","PeriodicalId":46807,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83224648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Design and Characterization of the Detector Readout Electronics Used in PETcoil: an RF-Penetrable TOF-PET Insert for PET/MRI 用于PET线圈的检测器读出电子器件的设计和特性:用于PET/MRI的可穿透rf的TOF-PET插入

IF 4.4 Q1 Physics and Astronomy

IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences

Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1109/TRPMS.2023.3309771

Qian Dong, I. Sacco, Chen-Ming Chang, C. Levin

This article presents a comprehensive description of the front-end detector readout electronics designed for positron emission tomography (PET) coil, an RF-penetrable TOF-PET insert for PET/MRI. The highly integrated front-end design is based on a mixed ASIC + FPGA approach and incorporates carefully designed power, thermal, and MR compatibility solutions. Experimental results show that the front-end design achieves excellent coincidence time resolution of

$mathrm {238.9 pm 0.3 ps }$

with real-time TDC bin width calibration and energy resolution of 10.9% ± 1.1%. The results also indicate good TOF position linearity and clear energy photopeaks. Additionally, the front-end design demonstrates the capability to handle high-count rate applications, with less than

$mathrm {0.005 ! %}$

data loss or corruption observed when the count rate per SiPM channel increased from 3 to 20 kcps. The detector module temperature remained stable at

$23.9{^{circ} }text{C} pm $

1.3°C throughout the entire 1-h experiment. These results indicate that this front-end design is feasible for high-sensitivity TOF PET applications.

本文全面介绍了为正电子发射断层扫描(PET)线圈设计的前端探测器读出电子器件，这是一种用于PET/MRI的可穿透射频的TOF-PET插入物。高度集成的前端设计基于混合ASIC + FPGA方法，并结合精心设计的电源，散热和MR兼容性解决方案。实验结果表明，前端设计获得了良好的符合时间分辨率$ mathm {238.9 pm 0.3 ps}$，实时TDC仓宽校准，能量分辨率为10.9%±1.1%。结果还表明，TOF位置线性良好，能量峰清晰。此外，前端设计展示了处理高计数率应用程序的能力，小于$ mathm {0.005 !当每个SiPM通道的计数率从3 kcps增加到20 kcps时，观察到数据丢失或损坏。在整个1-h的实验过程中，探测器模块温度稳定在$23.9{^{circ}}text{C} pm $ 1.3°C。这些结果表明，该前端设计在高灵敏度TOF PET应用中是可行的。

{"title":"Design and Characterization of the Detector Readout Electronics Used in PETcoil: an RF-Penetrable TOF-PET Insert for PET/MRI","authors":"Qian Dong, I. Sacco, Chen-Ming Chang, C. Levin","doi":"10.1109/TRPMS.2023.3309771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TRPMS.2023.3309771","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a comprehensive description of the front-end detector readout electronics designed for positron emission tomography (PET) coil, an RF-penetrable TOF-PET insert for PET/MRI. The highly integrated front-end design is based on a mixed ASIC + FPGA approach and incorporates carefully designed power, thermal, and MR compatibility solutions. Experimental results show that the front-end design achieves excellent coincidence time resolution of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$mathrm {238.9 pm 0.3 ps }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> with real-time TDC bin width calibration and energy resolution of 10.9% ± 1.1%. The results also indicate good TOF position linearity and clear energy photopeaks. Additionally, the front-end design demonstrates the capability to handle high-count rate applications, with less than <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$mathrm {0.005 ! %}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> data loss or corruption observed when the count rate per SiPM channel increased from 3 to 20 kcps. The detector module temperature remained stable at <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$23.9{^{circ} }text{C} pm $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 1.3°C throughout the entire 1-h experiment. These results indicate that this front-end design is feasible for high-sensitivity TOF PET applications.","PeriodicalId":46807,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74725375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Preclinical Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Electron-Paramagnetic-Resonance-Imaging (EPRI) Hybrid System: PET Detector Module. 临床前正电子发射断层扫描(PET)和电子顺磁共振成像(EPRI)混合系统:PET检测器模块

IF 4.6 Q1 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING

IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences

Pub Date : 2023-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-03 DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2023.3301788

Heejong Kim, Yuexuan Hua, Boris Epel, Subramanian Sundramoorthy, Howard Halpern, Chin-Tu Chen, Chien-Min Kao

We report the design and experimental validation of a compact positron emission tomography (PET) detector module (DM) intended for building a preclinical PET and electron-paramagnetic-resonance-imaging hybrid system that supports sub-millimeter image resolution and high-sensitivity, whole-body animal imaging. The DM is eight detector units (DU) in a row. Each DU contains 12×12 lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO) crystals having a 1.05 mm pitch read by 4×4 silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) having a 3.2 mm pitch. A small-footprint, highly-multiplexing readout employing only passive electronics is devised to produce six outputs for the DM, including two outputs derived from SiPM cathodes for determining event time and active DU and four outputs derived from SiPM anodes for determining energy and active crystal. Presently, we have developed two DMs that are 1.28×10.24 cm² in extent and approximately 1.8 cm in thickness, with their outputs sampled at 0.7 GS/s and analyzed offline. For both DMs, our results show successfully discriminated DUs and crystals. With no correction for SiPM nonlinearity, the average energy resolution for crystals in a DU ranges from 14% to 16%. While not needed for preclinical imaging, the DM may support 300-400 ps time-of-flight resolution.

我们报告了一种紧凑型正电子发射断层扫描(PET)检测器模块(DM)的设计和实验验证，该模块用于构建临床前PET和电子顺磁共振成像混合系统，该系统支持亚毫米图像分辨率和高灵敏度的全身动物成像。DM (detector unit)为8个检测器单元。每个DU包含$12 × 12$氧化硅酸镥钇(LYSO)晶体，其间距为1.05 mm，由$4 × 4$硅光电倍增管(SiPMs)读取，间距为3.2 mm。设计了一个占地面积小、高度复用的读出器，仅采用无源电子器件，为DM产生六个输出，包括两个来自SiPM阴极的输出，用于确定事件时间和有源DU，以及四个来自SiPM阳极的输出，用于确定能量和有源晶体。目前，我们已经开发了两个范围为$1.28 × 10.4$ cm2，厚度约为1.8 cm的dm，其输出以0.7GS/s的速度采样并离线分析。对于这两种DMs，我们的结果显示成功地区分了DUs和晶体。在不校正SiPM非线性的情况下，DU中晶体的平均能量分辨率在14%到16%之间。虽然不需要临床前成像，但DM可能支持300-400-ps的飞行时间分辨率。

{"title":"A Preclinical Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Electron-Paramagnetic-Resonance-Imaging (EPRI) Hybrid System: PET Detector Module.","authors":"Heejong Kim, Yuexuan Hua, Boris Epel, Subramanian Sundramoorthy, Howard Halpern, Chin-Tu Chen, Chien-Min Kao","doi":"10.1109/trpms.2023.3301788","DOIUrl":"10.1109/trpms.2023.3301788","url":null,"abstract":"We report the design and experimental validation of a compact positron emission tomography (PET) detector module (DM) intended for building a preclinical PET and electron-paramagnetic-resonance-imaging hybrid system that supports sub-millimeter image resolution and high-sensitivity, whole-body animal imaging. The DM is eight detector units (DU) in a row. Each DU contains 12×12 lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO) crystals having a 1.05 mm pitch read by 4×4 silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) having a 3.2 mm pitch. A small-footprint, highly-multiplexing readout employing only passive electronics is devised to produce six outputs for the DM, including two outputs derived from SiPM cathodes for determining event time and active DU and four outputs derived from SiPM anodes for determining energy and active crystal. Presently, we have developed two DMs that are 1.28×10.24 cm2 in extent and approximately 1.8 cm in thickness, with their outputs sampled at 0.7 GS/s and analyzed offline. For both DMs, our results show successfully discriminated DUs and crystals. With no correction for SiPM nonlinearity, the average energy resolution for crystals in a DU ranges from 14% to 16%. While not needed for preclinical imaging, the DM may support 300-400 ps time-of-flight resolution.","PeriodicalId":46807,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10655702/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86270197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

^99mTc/¹²³I Dual-Radionuclide Correction for Self-Scatter, Down-Scatter, and Tailing Effect for a CZT SPECT with Varying Tracer Distributions. 99mTc/123I 双放射性核素对具有不同示踪剂分布的 CZT SPECT 的自散射、向下散射和尾随效应的校正。

IF 4.6 Q1 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING

IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences

Pub Date : 2023-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-27 DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2023.3297443

Alexandre F Velo, Peng Fan, Huidong Xie, Xiongchao Chen, Nabil Boutagy, Attila Feher, Albert J Sinusas, Michael Ljungberg, Chi Liu

SPECT systems distinguish radionuclides by using multiple energy windows. For CZT detectors, the energy spectrum has a low energy tail leading to additional crosstalk between the radionuclides. Previous work developed models to correct the scatter and crosstalk for CZT-based dedicated cardiac systems with similar ^99mTc/¹²³I tracer distributions. These models estimate the primary and scatter components by solving a set of equations employing the MLEM approach. A penalty term is applied to ensure convergence. The present work estimates the penalty term for any ^99mTc/¹²³I activity level. An iterative approach incorporating Monte Carlo into the iterative image reconstruction loops was developed to estimate the penalty terms. We used SIMIND and XCAT phantoms in this study. Distribution of tracers in the myocardial tissue and blood pool were varied to simulate a dynamic acquisition. Evaluations of the estimated and the real penalty terms were performed using simulations and large animal data. The myocardium to blood pool ratio was calculated using ROIs in the myocardial tissue and the blood pool for quantitative analysis. All corrected images yielded a good agreement with the gold standard images. In conclusion, we developed a CZT crosstalk correction method for quantitative imaging of ^99mTc/¹²³I activity levels by dynamically estimating the penalty terms.

SPECT 系统通过使用多个能量窗口来区分放射性核素。对于 CZT 检测器来说，能谱有一个低能尾，导致放射性核素之间产生额外的串扰。之前的工作开发了一些模型，用于校正基于 CZT 的专用心脏系统的散射和串扰，这些系统具有类似的 99mTc/123I 示踪剂分布。这些模型通过求解一组采用 MLEM 方法的方程来估计主成分和散射成分。为确保收敛性，采用了惩罚项。本研究针对任何 99mTc/123I 放射性活度水平估算惩罚项。为了估算惩罚项，我们开发了一种将蒙特卡罗纳入迭代图像重建循环的迭代方法。我们在这项研究中使用了 SIMIND 和 XCAT 模型。示踪剂在心肌组织和血池中的分布各不相同，以模拟动态采集。利用模拟和大型动物数据对估计和实际惩罚项进行了评估。使用心肌组织和血池中的 ROI 计算心肌与血池的比率，以进行定量分析。所有校正后的图像都与金标准图像有很好的一致性。总之，我们开发了一种 CZT 串扰校正方法，通过动态估算惩罚项对 99mTc/123I 活性水平进行定量成像。

{"title":"99mTc/123I Dual-Radionuclide Correction for Self-Scatter, Down-Scatter, and Tailing Effect for a CZT SPECT with Varying Tracer Distributions.","authors":"Alexandre F Velo, Peng Fan, Huidong Xie, Xiongchao Chen, Nabil Boutagy, Attila Feher, Albert J Sinusas, Michael Ljungberg, Chi Liu","doi":"10.1109/trpms.2023.3297443","DOIUrl":"10.1109/trpms.2023.3297443","url":null,"abstract":"SPECT systems distinguish radionuclides by using multiple energy windows. For CZT detectors, the energy spectrum has a low energy tail leading to additional crosstalk between the radionuclides. Previous work developed models to correct the scatter and crosstalk for CZT-based dedicated cardiac systems with similar 99mTc/123I tracer distributions. These models estimate the primary and scatter components by solving a set of equations employing the MLEM approach. A penalty term is applied to ensure convergence. The present work estimates the penalty term for any 99mTc/123I activity level. An iterative approach incorporating Monte Carlo into the iterative image reconstruction loops was developed to estimate the penalty terms. We used SIMIND and XCAT phantoms in this study. Distribution of tracers in the myocardial tissue and blood pool were varied to simulate a dynamic acquisition. Evaluations of the estimated and the real penalty terms were performed using simulations and large animal data. The myocardium to blood pool ratio was calculated using ROIs in the myocardial tissue and the blood pool for quantitative analysis. All corrected images yielded a good agreement with the gold standard images. In conclusion, we developed a CZT crosstalk correction method for quantitative imaging of 99mTc/123I activity levels by dynamically estimating the penalty terms.","PeriodicalId":46807,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11090119/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78505336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development of a Deformable Anthropomorphic Liver Phantom for Multimodal Imaging With Ultrasound and CT 用于超声和CT多模态成像的可变形拟人化肝影的研制

IF 4.4 Q1 Physics and Astronomy

IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences

Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1109/TRPMS.2023.3303534

M. E. Konovalov, D. D. Klimov, Y. Poduraev

This study aimed to create a deformable anthropomorphic multimodal liver phantom, including vascular structures and multiple tissue lesions, allowing medical research by ultrasound and CT. For preliminary tests, several samples were made to mimic liver parenchyma and tumors. In addition to medical imaging tests, the tissue specimens were tested on an insertion force recording bench. The silicone phantom is similar to the human liver in its mechanical properties and the results of medical imaging by ultrasound and CT scanning due to the fillers used in the composition. Both neoplasms integrated into the phantom and the vascular structure with previously injected contrast were visualized during the study using ultrasound and CT scans. The phantom images were similar to those of actual patients. Studies have established the power of needle insertion into materials imitating healthy and affected liver tissues. A multimodal anthropomorphic human liver phantom with integrated tumors and an internal vascular structure was produced by pouring a silicone mixture with fillers into the mold. Such an approach makes it possible to change the structure, geometric dimensions, or location of the affected tissues in the simulated phantom in a short period of time.

本研究旨在创建一个可变形的拟人化多模态肝脏幻影，包括血管结构和多个组织病变，允许通过超声和CT进行医学研究。在初步测试中，制作了几个样本来模拟肝实质和肿瘤。除了医学成像测试外，组织标本在插入力记录台上进行测试。由于在组合物中使用了填充物，硅胶假体在机械性能和超声和CT扫描的医学成像结果上与人类肝脏相似。在研究过程中，通过超声和CT扫描，可以看到两种肿瘤都融入了幻影和血管结构，之前注射了对比剂。幻觉图像与实际患者的图像相似。研究已经证实了针插入模仿健康和受损肝脏组织的材料的力量。通过将有机硅混合物与填充物注入模具中，制造出具有整合肿瘤和内部血管结构的多模态拟人肝脏幻影。这种方法使得在短时间内改变模拟幻影中受影响组织的结构、几何尺寸或位置成为可能。

{"title":"Development of a Deformable Anthropomorphic Liver Phantom for Multimodal Imaging With Ultrasound and CT","authors":"M. E. Konovalov, D. D. Klimov, Y. Poduraev","doi":"10.1109/TRPMS.2023.3303534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TRPMS.2023.3303534","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to create a deformable anthropomorphic multimodal liver phantom, including vascular structures and multiple tissue lesions, allowing medical research by ultrasound and CT. For preliminary tests, several samples were made to mimic liver parenchyma and tumors. In addition to medical imaging tests, the tissue specimens were tested on an insertion force recording bench. The silicone phantom is similar to the human liver in its mechanical properties and the results of medical imaging by ultrasound and CT scanning due to the fillers used in the composition. Both neoplasms integrated into the phantom and the vascular structure with previously injected contrast were visualized during the study using ultrasound and CT scans. The phantom images were similar to those of actual patients. Studies have established the power of needle insertion into materials imitating healthy and affected liver tissues. A multimodal anthropomorphic human liver phantom with integrated tumors and an internal vascular structure was produced by pouring a silicone mixture with fillers into the mold. Such an approach makes it possible to change the structure, geometric dimensions, or location of the affected tissues in the simulated phantom in a short period of time.","PeriodicalId":46807,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82641047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Antibiofilm Efficacies of Direct and Remote Plasmas and Plasma-Treated Water on Extremophile Halomonas Caseinilytica 直接等离子体、远程等离子体和等离子体处理过的水对嗜极卤单胞菌的抗生物膜功效

IF 4.4 Q1 Physics and Astronomy

IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences

Pub Date : 2023-10-23 DOI: 10.1109/TRPMS.2023.3326408

Tamer Akan;Ahmet Çabuk;Pınar Aytar Çelik;E. Serhat Yavaş;Çağrı Durmuş

In this study, three plasma treatments on biofilm forms of Halomonas caseinilytica (an extremophile organism) i.e., direct and remote nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTAPP), and plasma-treated water (PTW) were investigated. In contrast to the direct and the remote NTAPP methods, the distilled water (DW) was separately treated with the direct NTAPP, and then, the PTW was applied to the biofilm forms of H. caseinilytica. This indirect treatment method was compared to direct and remote NTAPP treatments. NTAPPs were also applied to the planktonic forms of H. caseinilytica. The petri dishes exposed both directly and remotely to NTAPPs displayed considerable inhibition zones for bacteria, indicating the plasma’s bactericidal effectiveness against planktonic H. caseinilytica. We found that the direct NTAPP exposure resulted in a four-log reduction in colony-forming unit (CFU) count after 15 s of treatment (complete inactivation time was 180 s) while remote NTAPP exposure resulted in a slightly larger than a two-log reduction in CFU count after 15 s of treatment (complete inactivation time was 300 s), against H. caseinilytica biofilms. When the H. caseinilytica biofilms were suspended in PTW, it took 300 s to achieve complete inactivation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate changes in the structure of the H. caseinilytica biofilms treated with direct and remote NTAPPs, and PTW.

本研究调查了三种等离子体对酪酸卤单胞菌（一种嗜极生物）生物膜形态的处理方法，即直接和远程非热大气压等离子体（NTAPP）以及等离子体处理水（PTW）。与直接和远程 NTAPP 方法不同的是，蒸馏水（DW）先用直接 NTAPP 单独处理，然后再用 PTW 处理酪蛋白水蚤的生物膜形式。这种间接处理方法与直接和远程 NTAPP 处理方法进行了比较。酪脂镰刀菌的浮游生物也使用了 NTAPP。直接和远程接触 NTAPPs 的培养皿都显示出相当大的细菌抑制区，这表明等离子体对浮游酪脂菌具有杀菌效果。我们发现，直接接触 NTAPP 15 秒（完全失活时间为 180 秒）后，菌落形成单位（CFU）数减少了 4 个对数值，而远程接触 NTAPP 15 秒（完全失活时间为 300 秒）后，针对酪脂菌生物膜的菌落形成单位（CFU）数减少了略多于 2 个对数值。当酪蛋白丝虫生物膜悬浮在 PTW 中时，需要 300 秒才能完全灭活。使用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）研究了经直接、远程 NTAPPs 和 PTW 处理的酪蛋白丝虫生物膜结构的变化。

{"title":"Antibiofilm Efficacies of Direct and Remote Plasmas and Plasma-Treated Water on Extremophile Halomonas Caseinilytica","authors":"Tamer Akan;Ahmet Çabuk;Pınar Aytar Çelik;E. Serhat Yavaş;Çağrı Durmuş","doi":"10.1109/TRPMS.2023.3326408","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TRPMS.2023.3326408","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, three plasma treatments on biofilm forms of Halomonas caseinilytica (an extremophile organism) i.e., direct and remote nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTAPP), and plasma-treated water (PTW) were investigated. In contrast to the direct and the remote NTAPP methods, the distilled water (DW) was separately treated with the direct NTAPP, and then, the PTW was applied to the biofilm forms of H. caseinilytica. This indirect treatment method was compared to direct and remote NTAPP treatments. NTAPPs were also applied to the planktonic forms of H. caseinilytica. The petri dishes exposed both directly and remotely to NTAPPs displayed considerable inhibition zones for bacteria, indicating the plasma’s bactericidal effectiveness against planktonic H. caseinilytica. We found that the direct NTAPP exposure resulted in a four-log reduction in colony-forming unit (CFU) count after 15 s of treatment (complete inactivation time was 180 s) while remote NTAPP exposure resulted in a slightly larger than a two-log reduction in CFU count after 15 s of treatment (complete inactivation time was 300 s), against H. caseinilytica biofilms. When the H. caseinilytica biofilms were suspended in PTW, it took 300 s to achieve complete inactivation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate changes in the structure of the H. caseinilytica biofilms treated with direct and remote NTAPPs, and PTW.","PeriodicalId":46807,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135152743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cherenkov Light Emission in Pure Cherenkov Emitters for Prompt Gamma Imaging 用于瞬时伽马成像的纯切伦科夫发射器中的切伦科夫光发射

IF 4.4 Q1 Physics and Astronomy

IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences

Pub Date : 2023-10-13 DOI: 10.1109/TRPMS.2023.3323838

L. Rebolo;C. Trigila;J. Ellin;P. M. Mendes Correia;A. L. Silva;J. Veloso;S. St. James;E. Roncali;G. Ariño-Estrada

Proton range verification (PRV) in proton therapy by means of prompt-gamma detection is a promising but challenging approach. High-count rates, energies ranging between 1 and 7 MeV, and a strong background complicate the detection of such particles. In this work, the Cherenkov light generated by prompt-gammas in the pure Cherenkov emitters thallium bromide, thallium chloride (TlCl) and PbF2 was studied. Cherenkov light in these crystals can provide a very fast timing signal with the potential to achieve very high-count rates and to discern between prompt-gammas and background signals. Crystals of

$1times 1$

cm2 and thicknesses of 1, 2, 3, and 4 cm were simulated. Different photodetector (PD) configurations were studied for 2.3, 4.4, and 6.1-MeV prompt-gammas. TlCl achieved the greatest number of detected Cherenkov photons for all energies, detector dimensions, and PD efficiency modeling. For the highest-prompt-gamma energy simulated, TlCl yielded approximately 250 Cherenkov detected photons, using a hypothetical high-performance PD. Results show the crystal blocks of 1 cm

$times1$

cm

$times1$

cm have greater prompt-gamma detection efficiency per volume and a comparable average number of detected Cherenkov photons per event.

质子治疗中的质子量程验证（PRV）采用瞬时伽马射线检测，这是一种前景广阔但极具挑战性的方法。高计数率、1 到 7 兆电子伏特的能量以及强大的背景使这类粒子的探测变得更加复杂。在这项工作中，研究了纯切伦科夫发射体溴化铊、氯化铊（TlCl）和 PbF2 中的瞬发伽马产生的切伦科夫光。这些晶体中的切伦科夫光可以提供非常快的定时信号，有可能实现非常高的计数率，并能区分瞬时伽马和背景信号。模拟的晶体面积为 1/times 1$ cm2，厚度为 1、2、3 和 4 cm。针对 2.3、4.4 和 6.1-MeV 的瞬时伽马对不同的光电探测器（PD）配置进行了研究。在所有能量、探测器尺寸和光电探测器效率建模条件下，TlCl 检测到的切伦科夫光子数量最多。在模拟的最高前伽马能量下，使用假设的高性能 PD，氯化铂产生了大约 250 个切伦科夫探测光子。结果表明，1 厘米×1 厘米×1 厘米的晶块具有更高的单位体积瞬发伽马探测效率，每个事件探测到的切伦科夫光子平均数量也相当。

{"title":"Cherenkov Light Emission in Pure Cherenkov Emitters for Prompt Gamma Imaging","authors":"L. Rebolo;C. Trigila;J. Ellin;P. M. Mendes Correia;A. L. Silva;J. Veloso;S. St. James;E. Roncali;G. Ariño-Estrada","doi":"10.1109/TRPMS.2023.3323838","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TRPMS.2023.3323838","url":null,"abstract":"Proton range verification (PRV) in proton therapy by means of prompt-gamma detection is a promising but challenging approach. High-count rates, energies ranging between 1 and 7 MeV, and a strong background complicate the detection of such particles. In this work, the Cherenkov light generated by prompt-gammas in the pure Cherenkov emitters thallium bromide, thallium chloride (TlCl) and PbF2 was studied. Cherenkov light in these crystals can provide a very fast timing signal with the potential to achieve very high-count rates and to discern between prompt-gammas and background signals. Crystals of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$1times 1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 cm2 and thicknesses of 1, 2, 3, and 4 cm were simulated. Different photodetector (PD) configurations were studied for 2.3, 4.4, and 6.1-MeV prompt-gammas. TlCl achieved the greatest number of detected Cherenkov photons for all energies, detector dimensions, and PD efficiency modeling. For the highest-prompt-gamma energy simulated, TlCl yielded approximately 250 Cherenkov detected photons, using a hypothetical high-performance PD. Results show the crystal blocks of 1 cm \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$times1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 cm \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$times1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 cm have greater prompt-gamma detection efficiency per volume and a comparable average number of detected Cherenkov photons per event.","PeriodicalId":46807,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10285537","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136303584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Scalable, Time-of-Flight and Depth-of-Interaction Detector Units for High-Resolution PET Systems 用于高分辨率 PET 系统的可扩展飞行时间和交互深度探测器单元

IF 4.4 Q1 Physics and Astronomy

IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences

Pub Date : 2023-10-13 DOI: 10.1109/TRPMS.2023.3324197

Vanessa Nadig;Stefan Gundacker;David Schug;Katrin Herweg;Konstantin Weindel;Harald Radermacher;Florian Mueller;Bjoern Weissler;Volkmar Schulz

Resolving the depth of interaction (DOI) of a

$gamma $

-photon in the scintillator is necessary to correct for parallax errors in organ-dedicated and large-scale time-of-flight positron emission tomography (TOF-PET) scanners or enable the precise recovery of Compton-scattered

$gamma $

-photons. Doubling the number of readout channels and moving toward more complex detector designs are methods to encode DOI, often associated with high costs. We propose a DOI-capable TOF-PET detector unit concept confining light-sharing to two detector channels, where the high benefit lies in scalability and the prospect of Compton recovery between adjacent units. We evaluate these scalable, DOI-capable unit concepts, realizing DOI encoding between two LYSO:Ce,Ca crystals (

$3 times 3 times 20$

mm3; Taiwan Applied Crystals) one-to-one coupled to two Broadcom AFBR-S4N33C013 silicon-photomultipliers (SiPMs) read out with the TOFPET2 ASIC. The best-performing unit employing a triangular reflector sheet and optical glue between the two crystals and mounted on two FBK NUV-MT SiPMs results in a DOI resolution of about 3 mm (RMSE) based on the energy ratio digitized by the two channels while maintaining a coincidence time resolution (CTR) of 226 ps (FWHM) with TOFPET2 ASIC readout, applying a linear DOI correction. Using HF readout, the CTR of the proposed detector unit was improved to 141 ps (FWHM).

解析闪烁体中伽马光子的相互作用深度（DOI）对于纠正器官专用和大规模飞行时间正电子发射断层扫描（TOF-PET）扫描仪中的视差误差或实现康普顿散射伽马光子的精确恢复是必要的。将读出通道的数量增加一倍并采用更复杂的探测器设计是对 DOI 进行编码的方法，但通常成本较高。我们提出了一种具有 DOI 能力的 TOF-PET 探测器单元概念，它将光共享限制在两个探测器通道内，其最大优点在于可扩展性和相邻单元之间康普顿恢复的前景。我们评估了这些可扩展、支持 DOI 的单元概念，在两个 LYSO:Ce,Ca 晶体（3 美元/3 次/3 次 20 美元 mm3；台湾应用晶体公司）一对一地耦合到两个用 TOFPET2 ASIC 读出的 Broadcom AFBR-S4N33C013 硅光电倍增管（SiPM）上实现了 DOI 编码。性能最佳的装置在两个晶体之间采用了三角形反射片和光学胶，并安装在两个 FBK NUV-MT SiPM 上，根据两个通道数字化的能量比，DOI 分辨率约为 3 mm（RMSE），同时在 TOFPET2 ASIC 读出时，应用线性 DOI 修正，重合时间分辨率 (CTR) 保持在 226 ps（FWHM）。使用高频读出，拟议探测器单元的 CTR 提高到 141 ps（FWHM）。

{"title":"Scalable, Time-of-Flight and Depth-of-Interaction Detector Units for High-Resolution PET Systems","authors":"Vanessa Nadig;Stefan Gundacker;David Schug;Katrin Herweg;Konstantin Weindel;Harald Radermacher;Florian Mueller;Bjoern Weissler;Volkmar Schulz","doi":"10.1109/TRPMS.2023.3324197","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TRPMS.2023.3324197","url":null,"abstract":"Resolving the depth of interaction (DOI) of a \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-photon in the scintillator is necessary to correct for parallax errors in organ-dedicated and large-scale time-of-flight positron emission tomography (TOF-PET) scanners or enable the precise recovery of Compton-scattered \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-photons. Doubling the number of readout channels and moving toward more complex detector designs are methods to encode DOI, often associated with high costs. We propose a DOI-capable TOF-PET detector unit concept confining light-sharing to two detector channels, where the high benefit lies in scalability and the prospect of Compton recovery between adjacent units. We evaluate these scalable, DOI-capable unit concepts, realizing DOI encoding between two LYSO:Ce,Ca crystals (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$3 times 3 times 20$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 mm3; Taiwan Applied Crystals) one-to-one coupled to two Broadcom AFBR-S4N33C013 silicon-photomultipliers (SiPMs) read out with the TOFPET2 ASIC. The best-performing unit employing a triangular reflector sheet and optical glue between the two crystals and mounted on two FBK NUV-MT SiPMs results in a DOI resolution of about 3 mm (RMSE) based on the energy ratio digitized by the two channels while maintaining a coincidence time resolution (CTR) of 226 ps (FWHM) with TOFPET2 ASIC readout, applying a linear DOI correction. Using HF readout, the CTR of the proposed detector unit was improved to 141 ps (FWHM).","PeriodicalId":46807,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10285456","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136305417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0