Pub Date : 2025-03-14DOI: 10.1109/TRPMS.2025.3546120
Fabiana M. Ribeiro;Pedro M. C. C. Encarnação;Ana L. M. Silva;Pedro M. M. Correia;Afonso X. Pinto;Ismael F. Castro;Ana C. Santos;João F. C. A. Veloso
EasyPET.3D is a preclinical positron emission tomography (PET) scanner using a unique scanning method based on two face-to-face detector modules with two axes of motion. The sensitivity and spatial resolution were optimized for mouse imaging by studying the operating parameters related to motor motion (speed and step angle), following the NEMA NU 4-2008 Standards. Moreover, the impact of the energy window and positron range on the images was assessed. The fan motor should operate at a speed of 20 full steps/s, while the fan (${F}=0.014^{circ }$ –0.113°) and axial (${A}=0.9^{circ }$ –9.0°) step angles are chosen depending on the study’s purpose. The image quality experiment demonstrated the high-resolution capability of easyPET.3D. A 200–750 keV energy window maximized the sensitivity (+200%) without significantly increasing scatter fraction (SF) (+35%). In contrast, the acquisition protocol made it difficult to conclude about the positron range effect. The feature with the most impact on the scanner’s performance is the fan motor speed. A lower fan motor speed of 20 steps/s enhanced sensitivity and spatial resolution by +122% and +60%, respectively, increased noise equivalent count rate by 155%, decreased SF by 7%, and improved recovery coefficient by +35%.
EasyPET。3D是一种临床前正电子发射断层扫描（PET）扫描仪，采用独特的扫描方法，基于两个具有两个运动轴的面对面检测器模块。根据NEMA NU 4-2008标准，通过研究与运动相关的操作参数（速度和步进角），优化小鼠成像的灵敏度和空间分辨率。此外，还评估了能量窗和正电子范围对图像的影响。风机电机应以20整步/秒的速度运行，风机（${F}=0.014^{circ}$ -0.113°）和轴向（${a}=0.9^{circ}$ -9.0°）步进角根据研究目的选择。图像质量实验验证了easyPET.3D的高分辨率能力。200-750 keV的能量窗使灵敏度达到最大值（+200%），而散射分数（SF）没有显著增加（+35%）。相比之下，获取协议使得正电子距离效应难以得出结论。对扫描仪性能影响最大的特性是风扇电机的转速。当风扇电机转速为20步/秒时，灵敏度和空间分辨率分别提高+122%和+60%，噪声等效计数率提高155%，SF降低7%，恢复系数提高+35%。
{"title":"Sensitivity and Spatial Resolution Optimization of a High-Resolution Preclinical PET With a Unique Acquisition Method","authors":"Fabiana M. Ribeiro;Pedro M. C. C. Encarnação;Ana L. M. Silva;Pedro M. M. Correia;Afonso X. Pinto;Ismael F. Castro;Ana C. Santos;João F. C. A. Veloso","doi":"10.1109/TRPMS.2025.3546120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TRPMS.2025.3546120","url":null,"abstract":"EasyPET.3D is a preclinical positron emission tomography (PET) scanner using a unique scanning method based on two face-to-face detector modules with two axes of motion. The sensitivity and spatial resolution were optimized for mouse imaging by studying the operating parameters related to motor motion (speed and step angle), following the NEMA NU 4-2008 Standards. Moreover, the impact of the energy window and positron range on the images was assessed. The fan motor should operate at a speed of 20 full steps/s, while the fan (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${F}=0.014^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>–0.113°) and axial (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${A}=0.9^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>–9.0°) step angles are chosen depending on the study’s purpose. The image quality experiment demonstrated the high-resolution capability of easyPET.3D. A 200–750 keV energy window maximized the sensitivity (+200%) without significantly increasing scatter fraction (SF) (+35%). In contrast, the acquisition protocol made it difficult to conclude about the positron range effect. The feature with the most impact on the scanner’s performance is the fan motor speed. A lower fan motor speed of 20 steps/s enhanced sensitivity and spatial resolution by +122% and +60%, respectively, increased noise equivalent count rate by 155%, decreased SF by 7%, and improved recovery coefficient by +35%.","PeriodicalId":46807,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences","volume":"9 7","pages":"959-969"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-14DOI: 10.1109/TRPMS.2025.3551520
Eiji Yoshida;Fujino Obata;Taiga Yamaya
We have developed a crosshair light-sharing (CLS) detector to obtain time-of-flight and depth-of-interaction (DOI) information; the detector consists of a 2-D crystal array with three layers of reflective material, and has a loop structure within a pair of crystal bars. In this work, we modified the detector structure by removing optical glue between the crystals forming the loop structure for the purpose of simplifying the assembly process. The modified CLS was made of fast lutetium-gadolinium oxyorthosilicate (LGSO) crystals with dimensions of $1.45times 1.45times 15$ mm3 that were optically coupled to the multipixel photon counter (MPPC) array. Most optical windows of the top and bottom layers of the new Air-CLS were so-called air gaps. Only the optical windows that contribute to maintaining the 3-D structure of the reflective material were optically bonded, and a grid of reflective material was formed within the MPPC protective cover. This approach also improved the coincidence resolving time (CRT). The Air-CLSs and previous room temperature vulcanized (RTV)-CLSs were read out by TOFPET2 application-specific integrated circuits, respectively. For Air-CLS (RTV-CLS), we obtained CRT of 188 ps (197 ps), energy resolution of 14.3% (13.1%), and DOI resolution of 3.6 mm (2.9 mm). The Air-CLS significantly simplifies the assembly process while achieving the CRT of less than 190 ps.
{"title":"Air-CLS Detector: A Modified Crosshair Light-Sharing PET Detector With Air Gaps in the U-Shape Light Path","authors":"Eiji Yoshida;Fujino Obata;Taiga Yamaya","doi":"10.1109/TRPMS.2025.3551520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TRPMS.2025.3551520","url":null,"abstract":"We have developed a crosshair light-sharing (CLS) detector to obtain time-of-flight and depth-of-interaction (DOI) information; the detector consists of a 2-D crystal array with three layers of reflective material, and has a loop structure within a pair of crystal bars. In this work, we modified the detector structure by removing optical glue between the crystals forming the loop structure for the purpose of simplifying the assembly process. The modified CLS was made of fast lutetium-gadolinium oxyorthosilicate (LGSO) crystals with dimensions of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.45times 1.45times 15$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm3 that were optically coupled to the multipixel photon counter (MPPC) array. Most optical windows of the top and bottom layers of the new Air-CLS were so-called air gaps. Only the optical windows that contribute to maintaining the 3-D structure of the reflective material were optically bonded, and a grid of reflective material was formed within the MPPC protective cover. This approach also improved the coincidence resolving time (CRT). The Air-CLSs and previous room temperature vulcanized (RTV)-CLSs were read out by TOFPET2 application-specific integrated circuits, respectively. For Air-CLS (RTV-CLS), we obtained CRT of 188 ps (197 ps), energy resolution of 14.3% (13.1%), and DOI resolution of 3.6 mm (2.9 mm). The Air-CLS significantly simplifies the assembly process while achieving the CRT of less than 190 ps.","PeriodicalId":46807,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences","volume":"9 7","pages":"872-878"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144996103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-13DOI: 10.1109/TRPMS.2025.3551208
Adrienne L. Lehnert;Marissa E. Kranz;Donald Q. DeWitt;David C. Argento;Robert D. Stewart;Robert S. Miyaoka
The University of Washington Medical Center has clinically implemented intensity modulated neutron therapy (IMNT) as a novel, high linear energy transfer modality for palliative and curative treatments of certain cancers. Because of the destructive nature of fast neutrons to electronics, this required development of a novel patient specific quality assurance (QA) system. Therefore, we developed an in-house 2-D positron emission tomography (PET) system that images patient-specific QA fields by measuring induced 11C positron activity in polyethylene plates. The scanner is built around two parallel imaging panels of $2times 16$ repurposed clinical PET detector modules. Images are reconstructed using focal plane tomography in a $14times 16$ cm2 field of view. Standard metrics (gamma analysis) are used to compare images with simulated (MCNP6) fluence maps. Studies demonstrated a linear dose-response relationship and full system [x, y] spatial resolution of [$5.2~pm ~0.30$ , $5.3~pm ~0.34$ ] mm2 with 1 mm-diameter point source. Final image spatial resolution is approximately 8.5 mm FWHM due to the geometry of the polyethylene plates. Energy resolution (FWHM) in the center crystals is $28~pm ~3$ %. Assembly, characterization, and quantitative calibration of the neutron Positron Emission Portal Imaging (nPEPI) system was completed in 2022, and more than 100 patients have since completed QA.
{"title":"An Imaging System to Support Fast Neutron Therapy Quality Assurance (QA) of Intensity Modulated Neutron Therapy (IMNT)","authors":"Adrienne L. Lehnert;Marissa E. Kranz;Donald Q. DeWitt;David C. Argento;Robert D. Stewart;Robert S. Miyaoka","doi":"10.1109/TRPMS.2025.3551208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TRPMS.2025.3551208","url":null,"abstract":"The University of Washington Medical Center has clinically implemented intensity modulated neutron therapy (IMNT) as a novel, high linear energy transfer modality for palliative and curative treatments of certain cancers. Because of the destructive nature of fast neutrons to electronics, this required development of a novel patient specific quality assurance (QA) system. Therefore, we developed an in-house 2-D positron emission tomography (PET) system that images patient-specific QA fields by measuring induced 11C positron activity in polyethylene plates. The scanner is built around two parallel imaging panels of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times 16$ </tex-math></inline-formula> repurposed clinical PET detector modules. Images are reconstructed using focal plane tomography in a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$14times 16$ </tex-math></inline-formula> cm2 field of view. Standard metrics (gamma analysis) are used to compare images with simulated (MCNP6) fluence maps. Studies demonstrated a linear dose-response relationship and full system [x, y] spatial resolution of [<inline-formula> <tex-math>$5.2~pm ~0.30$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula> <tex-math>$5.3~pm ~0.34$ </tex-math></inline-formula>] mm2 with 1 mm-diameter point source. Final image spatial resolution is approximately 8.5 mm FWHM due to the geometry of the polyethylene plates. Energy resolution (FWHM) in the center crystals is <inline-formula> <tex-math>$28~pm ~3$ </tex-math></inline-formula>%. Assembly, characterization, and quantitative calibration of the neutron Positron Emission Portal Imaging (nPEPI) system was completed in 2022, and more than 100 patients have since completed QA.","PeriodicalId":46807,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences","volume":"9 7","pages":"970-977"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Micro-CT provides tomographic information for small animals and plays an important role in preclinical research. Currently, the most micro-CT systems employ the single-source configuration and low-dose micro-focus X-ray tube, resulting in long scanning time and weak low-contrast discriminative ability. To address the two vital issues, we design a novel rotation gantry mounted triple-source conebeam micro-CT for the first time. Specifically, three pairs of tubes and detectors are installed in a single gantry. Compared with a single source configuration, the proposal increases the scanning efficiency by three times without aggravating any mechanical burden. The low-contrast discrimination is improved by multimaterial decomposition scheme based on triple-energy CT (TECT) images. Experiments were conducted using both phantoms and live rats. In the high-speed study, the proposal has reasonable agreement in signal-to-noise ratio and MTF compared to single-source scanner, even with a threefold increase in scanning speed. In the low-contrast discrimination study, on the digital phantom, the TECT correctly discriminates the materials of 2% linear attenuation coefficient difference. On the live rat, the decomposition accuracy of TECT has been enhanced by up to 21.9% compared to single-energy CT. These results validate the promising of the proposal for high-speed and low-contrast discrimination applications.
{"title":"A Triple-Source Conebeam Micro-CT Scanner for Fast and Spectral Imaging","authors":"Peng Jin;Xianghong Wang;Huihui Li;Lei Xu;Zhiqian Tong;Tianye Niu","doi":"10.1109/TRPMS.2025.3569740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TRPMS.2025.3569740","url":null,"abstract":"Micro-CT provides tomographic information for small animals and plays an important role in preclinical research. Currently, the most micro-CT systems employ the single-source configuration and low-dose micro-focus X-ray tube, resulting in long scanning time and weak low-contrast discriminative ability. To address the two vital issues, we design a novel rotation gantry mounted triple-source conebeam micro-CT for the first time. Specifically, three pairs of tubes and detectors are installed in a single gantry. Compared with a single source configuration, the proposal increases the scanning efficiency by three times without aggravating any mechanical burden. The low-contrast discrimination is improved by multimaterial decomposition scheme based on triple-energy CT (TECT) images. Experiments were conducted using both phantoms and live rats. In the high-speed study, the proposal has reasonable agreement in signal-to-noise ratio and MTF compared to single-source scanner, even with a threefold increase in scanning speed. In the low-contrast discrimination study, on the digital phantom, the TECT correctly discriminates the materials of 2% linear attenuation coefficient difference. On the live rat, the decomposition accuracy of TECT has been enhanced by up to 21.9% compared to single-energy CT. These results validate the promising of the proposal for high-speed and low-contrast discrimination applications.","PeriodicalId":46807,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"88-98"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145861235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-12DOI: 10.1109/TRPMS.2025.3569198
Maël Millardet;Deepak Bharkhada;Juhi Raj;Josh Schaefferkoetter;Vladimir Panin;Maurizio Conti;Samuel Matej
End-to-end deep learning positron emission tomography (PET) reconstruction significantly surpasses traditional iterative methods in speed and shows promise for surpassing them in specific scenarios, such as low-dose imaging. In 2019, a significant advancement was made by using histo-images instead of time of flight (TOF) sinograms as the network’s input. Histo-images, by leveraging the image’s geometry, are more compatible with convolutional neural networks than TOF sinograms. Typically, the network’s input comprises a PET data histo-image patch and an attenuation map patch. However, this method has shown inconsistent bias in the reconstructed images. This work demonstrates that bias present in the prior method can be mitigated with alternative representations of attenuation information. Instead of using the attenuation map directly, we propose using a multiview histo-image of the attenuation correction factors, inspired by the iterative DIRECT framework and standard statistical modeling practices. We tested using them as separate channels, as well as using them to precorrect the data, or both. This histo-image encompasses the attenuation properties of each voxel from all directions within the entire lines of response. Our approaches significantly enhances image quantification, reducing the relative difference from maximum likelihood expectation maximization to an average of 2.0% to 3.0% across 16 regions of interest, compared to 9.1% with the previous method. Our statistical hypothesis test showed that the proposed methods significantly reduced absolute bias compared to the previous method, with p-values ranging from 0.002 to 0.007.
{"title":"Improved Quantification in End-to-End Deep Learning FastPET Reconstruction Using Multiview Histo-Images of Attenuation Correction Factors","authors":"Maël Millardet;Deepak Bharkhada;Juhi Raj;Josh Schaefferkoetter;Vladimir Panin;Maurizio Conti;Samuel Matej","doi":"10.1109/TRPMS.2025.3569198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TRPMS.2025.3569198","url":null,"abstract":"End-to-end deep learning positron emission tomography (PET) reconstruction significantly surpasses traditional iterative methods in speed and shows promise for surpassing them in specific scenarios, such as low-dose imaging. In 2019, a significant advancement was made by using histo-images instead of time of flight (TOF) sinograms as the network’s input. Histo-images, by leveraging the image’s geometry, are more compatible with convolutional neural networks than TOF sinograms. Typically, the network’s input comprises a PET data histo-image patch and an attenuation map patch. However, this method has shown inconsistent bias in the reconstructed images. This work demonstrates that bias present in the prior method can be mitigated with alternative representations of attenuation information. Instead of using the attenuation map directly, we propose using a multiview histo-image of the attenuation correction factors, inspired by the iterative DIRECT framework and standard statistical modeling practices. We tested using them as separate channels, as well as using them to precorrect the data, or both. This histo-image encompasses the attenuation properties of each voxel from all directions within the entire lines of response. Our approaches significantly enhances image quantification, reducing the relative difference from maximum likelihood expectation maximization to an average of 2.0% to 3.0% across 16 regions of interest, compared to 9.1% with the previous method. Our statistical hypothesis test showed that the proposed methods significantly reduced absolute bias compared to the previous method, with p-values ranging from 0.002 to 0.007.","PeriodicalId":46807,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"63-73"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145861229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-10DOI: 10.1109/TRPMS.2025.3549617
Yu-Nong Lin;Shao-Yi Huang;Cheng-Han Tsai;Han-Wei Wang;Meng-Chen Chung;Enhao Gong;Ing-Tsung Hsiao;Kevin T. Chen
Positron emission tomography (PET) with [18F]-fludeoxyglucose (FDG) can visualize the spatial pattern of neurodegeneration-related glucose hypometabolism. We proposed the “MRI-styled PET,” leveraging anatomical information from T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging to enhance the structural details and quantitative accuracy of FDG-PET, which is degraded by partial volume effects (PVE). The proposed framework comprised a baseline encoder-decoder image fusion model and several task-specific modules; notably, the alternative anatomical input significantly contributes to correcting the under/overestimation of gray/white matter while the adaptive multiscale structural similarity loss utilized learnable ratios across various receptive fields to modulate attention to tissue contrast. Compared to a traditional anatomy-guided post-reconstruction PVE correction method (PVC-PET), MRI-styled PET demonstrated significantly higher structural similarity and peak signal-to-noise ratio than the baseline image fusion model (Baseline), showcasing the effectiveness of the proposed task-specific modules. In several Alzheimer’s Disease-related brain regions, MRI-styled PET exhibited consistent increases in corrective effects regardless of disease stage, compared to Baseline and PVC-PET. In conclusion, this study represented an initial exploration of a deep-learning approach for correcting PVE in PET without prior knowledge regarding the correction method or the underlying radiotracer uptake and without assumptions about the system point-spread function. Our implementation is available at https://github.com/NTUMMIO/MRI-styled-PET.
{"title":"MRI-Styled PET: A Dual Modality Fusion Approach to PET Partial Volume Correction","authors":"Yu-Nong Lin;Shao-Yi Huang;Cheng-Han Tsai;Han-Wei Wang;Meng-Chen Chung;Enhao Gong;Ing-Tsung Hsiao;Kevin T. Chen","doi":"10.1109/TRPMS.2025.3549617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TRPMS.2025.3549617","url":null,"abstract":"Positron emission tomography (PET) with [18F]-fludeoxyglucose (FDG) can visualize the spatial pattern of neurodegeneration-related glucose hypometabolism. We proposed the “MRI-styled PET,” leveraging anatomical information from T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging to enhance the structural details and quantitative accuracy of FDG-PET, which is degraded by partial volume effects (PVE). The proposed framework comprised a baseline encoder-decoder image fusion model and several task-specific modules; notably, the alternative anatomical input significantly contributes to correcting the under/overestimation of gray/white matter while the adaptive multiscale structural similarity loss utilized learnable ratios across various receptive fields to modulate attention to tissue contrast. Compared to a traditional anatomy-guided post-reconstruction PVE correction method (PVC-PET), MRI-styled PET demonstrated significantly higher structural similarity and peak signal-to-noise ratio than the baseline image fusion model (Baseline), showcasing the effectiveness of the proposed task-specific modules. In several Alzheimer’s Disease-related brain regions, MRI-styled PET exhibited consistent increases in corrective effects regardless of disease stage, compared to Baseline and PVC-PET. In conclusion, this study represented an initial exploration of a deep-learning approach for correcting PVE in PET without prior knowledge regarding the correction method or the underlying radiotracer uptake and without assumptions about the system point-spread function. Our implementation is available at <uri>https://github.com/NTUMMIO/MRI-styled-PET</uri>.","PeriodicalId":46807,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences","volume":"9 7","pages":"939-950"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10918787","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A data-driven head motion correction (MoCo) method was tested on 11C-Methionine brain positron emission tomography (PET) images in a cohort of 44 pediatric patients with brain tumors referred to a PET/MR study. Its impact was investigated both qualitatively and quantitatively. For each patient, PET images were reconstructed offline both with (PETddMoCo) and without (PETnoMoCo) MoCo algorithm. An expert Nuclear Medicine physician qualitatively evaluated PET images, and segmented PET positive lesions in both datasets, extracting the following PET parameters: maximum and mean standardized uptake value (SUVmax and SUVmean, respectively), and metabolic tumor volume (MTV). PET parameters before and after MoCo were compared and their absolute percentage difference was calculated ($Delta $ %). Contrast-to-noise (CNR) and its difference ($Delta $ ) before and after MoCo were calculated. Thirty-one patients had a “low” level of motion, 8 patients “medium” and 5 patients “high.” Twenty-one patients out of forty-four had positive 11C-Methionine uptake (26 lesions). Qualitatively, no difference was evident in negative patients, while two PET positive lesions could be better defined after MoCo. Quantitatively, CNR increased significantly after MoCo for “medium+high” lesions, while none of the PET parameters showed significant difference. Increasing the sample of patients might confirm these results.
{"title":"Data-Driven Motion Correction of 11C-Methionine PET Images on a Cohort of Pediatric Patients With Brain Tumor in a PET/MRI Study","authors":"Ilaria Neri;Matthew Spangler-Bickell;Federico Fallanca;Giovanna Gattuso;Maurizio Barbera;Samuele Ghezzo;Carolina Bezzi;Paola Mapelli;Sara Pizzamiglio;Paolo Verderio;Andrea Falini;Maura Massimino;Filippo Spreafico;Arturo Chiti;Cristina Baldoli;Maria Picchio;Paola Scifo","doi":"10.1109/TRPMS.2025.3568136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TRPMS.2025.3568136","url":null,"abstract":"A data-driven head motion correction (MoCo) method was tested on 11C-Methionine brain positron emission tomography (PET) images in a cohort of 44 pediatric patients with brain tumors referred to a PET/MR study. Its impact was investigated both qualitatively and quantitatively. For each patient, PET images were reconstructed offline both with (PETddMoCo) and without (PETnoMoCo) MoCo algorithm. An expert Nuclear Medicine physician qualitatively evaluated PET images, and segmented PET positive lesions in both datasets, extracting the following PET parameters: maximum and mean standardized uptake value (SUVmax and SUVmean, respectively), and metabolic tumor volume (MTV). PET parameters before and after MoCo were compared and their absolute percentage difference was calculated (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$Delta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>%). Contrast-to-noise (CNR) and its difference (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$Delta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>) before and after MoCo were calculated. Thirty-one patients had a “low” level of motion, 8 patients “medium” and 5 patients “high.” Twenty-one patients out of forty-four had positive 11C-Methionine uptake (26 lesions). Qualitatively, no difference was evident in negative patients, while two PET positive lesions could be better defined after MoCo. Quantitatively, CNR increased significantly after MoCo for “medium+high” lesions, while none of the PET parameters showed significant difference. Increasing the sample of patients might confirm these results.","PeriodicalId":46807,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences","volume":"10 2","pages":"240-248"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Range errors in proton therapy can pose critical problems due to the steep dose gradient. Previously proposed range detectors using photomultiplier tubes and optical fibers have several limitations including use of external high-voltage sources, vulnerability to external forces, and complex signal transmission, which can cause inaccuracies in range measurement. This study aims to develop and assess a novel proton range detector that utilizes a scintillator disk with copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells to overcome these challenges. The detector, consisting of a plastic scintillator disk, CIGS solar cells, and a data acquisition module, measures voltage signals from the solar cells through radioluminescence generated by the scintillator. We evaluated the dosimetric characteristics of our detector, focusing on range accuracy, dose linearity, dose rate dependence, energy dependence, spot position dependence. The detector showed range discrepancies of less than 1 mm, excellent dose linearity, dose rate independence within 1%, and energy independence within ±3%. In addition, the signals near the disk’s center were consistent within 4% error across various spot positions. These findings suggest that the proposed detector, with its simplified configuration, offers high measurement accuracy and could be a promising alternative to other detectors based on photomultiplier tubes and optical fibers.
{"title":"Development of a Novel Proton Range Detector Using a Scintillator Disk Integrated With Copper Indium Gallium Selenide Solar Cells","authors":"Dong-Seok Shin;Geon Oh;Jeong-Eun Rah;Se Byeong Lee;Young Kyung Lim;Jonghwi Jeong;Haksoo Kim;Chankyu Kim;Dongho Shin;Jaeman Son","doi":"10.1109/TRPMS.2025.3568131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TRPMS.2025.3568131","url":null,"abstract":"Range errors in proton therapy can pose critical problems due to the steep dose gradient. Previously proposed range detectors using photomultiplier tubes and optical fibers have several limitations including use of external high-voltage sources, vulnerability to external forces, and complex signal transmission, which can cause inaccuracies in range measurement. This study aims to develop and assess a novel proton range detector that utilizes a scintillator disk with copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells to overcome these challenges. The detector, consisting of a plastic scintillator disk, CIGS solar cells, and a data acquisition module, measures voltage signals from the solar cells through radioluminescence generated by the scintillator. We evaluated the dosimetric characteristics of our detector, focusing on range accuracy, dose linearity, dose rate dependence, energy dependence, spot position dependence. The detector showed range discrepancies of less than 1 mm, excellent dose linearity, dose rate independence within 1%, and energy independence within ±3%. In addition, the signals near the disk’s center were consistent within 4% error across various spot positions. These findings suggest that the proposed detector, with its simplified configuration, offers high measurement accuracy and could be a promising alternative to other detectors based on photomultiplier tubes and optical fibers.","PeriodicalId":46807,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences","volume":"10 2","pages":"258-267"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10993482","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-07DOI: 10.1109/TRPMS.2025.3567663
Denis B. Zolotukhin;Alex H. Horkowitz;Michael Keidar
Immersion of a 12.5-kHz helium plasma discharge tube (DT) inside a metallic reflective bowl-like electrode enhances the anisotropy and directs the electromagnetic emission outwards from DT. Fitting the emission amplitude spatial decay by exponential functions shows that with the reflective electrode, the emission spatially decreases ~10 times slower than without the electrode. Such a way for directing the electromagnetic emission extends the effective spatial range of physical sensitization effect on UMG87 glioblastoma cancer cells from typical distance of several millimeters without the reflective electrode, up to several tens of millimeters with reflective electrode at floating or full DT central electrode potential. The decrease of UMG87 cell viability proportionally grows with the concentration of the intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species, and is detected not only at much larger axial distances (up to 10 cm), but also at nonzero radial distances from the DT center, reaching maximal effect in the vicinity of the walls of the reflective electrode. These findings look promising for the development of technology for distant nonionizing and noninvasive electromagnetic treatment of deep-lying tumors.
{"title":"Long-Range Noninvasive Electromagnetic Treatment of U87-MG Glioblastoma (in Vitro) by Plasma Discharge Tube With a Concave Reflective Electrode","authors":"Denis B. Zolotukhin;Alex H. Horkowitz;Michael Keidar","doi":"10.1109/TRPMS.2025.3567663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TRPMS.2025.3567663","url":null,"abstract":"Immersion of a 12.5-kHz helium plasma discharge tube (DT) inside a metallic reflective bowl-like electrode enhances the anisotropy and directs the electromagnetic emission outwards from DT. Fitting the emission amplitude spatial decay by exponential functions shows that with the reflective electrode, the emission spatially decreases ~10 times slower than without the electrode. Such a way for directing the electromagnetic emission extends the effective spatial range of physical sensitization effect on UMG87 glioblastoma cancer cells from typical distance of several millimeters without the reflective electrode, up to several tens of millimeters with reflective electrode at floating or full DT central electrode potential. The decrease of UMG87 cell viability proportionally grows with the concentration of the intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species, and is detected not only at much larger axial distances (up to 10 cm), but also at nonzero radial distances from the DT center, reaching maximal effect in the vicinity of the walls of the reflective electrode. These findings look promising for the development of technology for distant nonionizing and noninvasive electromagnetic treatment of deep-lying tumors.","PeriodicalId":46807,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"159-167"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145861220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-04DOI: 10.1109/TRPMS.2025.3542198
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TRPMS.2025.3542198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TRPMS.2025.3542198","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46807,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences","volume":"9 3","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10910004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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