Pub Date : 2023-11-24DOI: 10.1007/s10443-023-10176-y
Edwin S. Romero, Eduardo Barocio, Rodney W. Trice
Although development of high char-yielding polymers has reduced the manufacturing costs of carbon/carbon composites associated with multiple densification cycles, manufacturing highly customized complex-shaped carbon/carbon composites can still be expensive due to molds/tooling surfaces used by traditional preform production techniques. In this study, we explored whether extrusion deposition additive manufacturing (EDAM) could be used as a mold-less approach to manufacturing complex-shaped carbon/carbon composites. The thermogravimetric analysis and coupon distortion results of several short carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic polymers used for 3D printing were investigated, including polyphenylene sulfide, polyetherimide, poly sulfone, polyether ether ketone, and polyether sulfone. Although polyetherimide had the highest char yield (left(57 wt.%right)), carbon fiber-reinforced polyphenylene sulfide was the best preform for manufacturing complex shapes because of its dimensional stability, with carbonized strains of (-4.18times{10}^{-2}) and (1.82times{10}^{-1}) at 1 (^circ C/min) in the 1- and 3- direction, respectively, after heat treating to (900;^circ C). The distortion results of more complex shapes showed that EDAM can be a practical alternative over more traditional preform production techniques for manufacturing complex-shaped carbon/carbon composites.
{"title":"Evaluating Extrusion Deposited Additively Manufactured Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Polymers as Carbon/Carbon Preforms","authors":"Edwin S. Romero, Eduardo Barocio, Rodney W. Trice","doi":"10.1007/s10443-023-10176-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10443-023-10176-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Although development of high char-yielding polymers has reduced the manufacturing costs of carbon/carbon composites associated with multiple densification cycles, manufacturing highly customized complex-shaped carbon/carbon composites can still be expensive due to molds/tooling surfaces used by traditional preform production techniques. In this study, we explored whether extrusion deposition additive manufacturing (EDAM) could be used as a mold-less approach to manufacturing complex-shaped carbon/carbon composites. The thermogravimetric analysis and coupon distortion results of several short carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic polymers used for 3D printing were investigated, including polyphenylene sulfide, polyetherimide, poly sulfone, polyether ether ketone, and polyether sulfone. Although polyetherimide had the highest char yield <span>(left(57 wt.%right))</span>, carbon fiber-reinforced polyphenylene sulfide was the best preform for manufacturing complex shapes because of its dimensional stability, with carbonized strains of <span>(-4.18times{10}^{-2})</span> and <span>(1.82times{10}^{-1})</span> at 1 <span>(^circ C/min)</span> in the 1- and 3- direction, respectively, after heat treating to <span>(900;^circ C)</span>. The distortion results of more complex shapes showed that EDAM can be a practical alternative over more traditional preform production techniques for manufacturing complex-shaped carbon/carbon composites.</p>","PeriodicalId":468,"journal":{"name":"Applied Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138524227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study focuses on the effect of CNT nanofillers on the interlaminar static and fatigue crack propagation in carbon fiber reinforced composite laminates. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were dispersed over the laminate interface through solvent spraying technique. The mode I fracture toughness and R curve behavior were determined first from DCB specimens. Then, the fatigue tests were performed at different stress ratios for laminates containing different contents of CNTs to determine the delamination growth rate da/dN from fatigue crack growth (FCG) curves. When FCG curves are expressed as a function of G, where G is the energy release rate, the growth curves are dependent on the R-ratio. It was found that the addition of CNTs enhances the delamination resistance in the initial part of FCG curves, i.e. low cyclic region. As the test progresses, the effect gradually diminishes making nanofillers ineffective. It is then shown that the FCG curves can be characterized when crack growth rates are expressed as a function of the crack‐driving force (overline{Delta kappa }) used in the Hartman‐Schijve equation. Therefore, the present paper presents a methodology to account for the stress ratio effect to evaluate the crack growth rate for any given R-ratio and to obtain a valid, upper-bound FCG rate curves in CNT reinforced laminates that exhibit high degree of scatter.
{"title":"Characterization of Interlaminar Static and Fatigue Delamination Growth in Carbon/Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes","authors":"Millan Kumar, Pramod Kumar, Shailendra Singh Bhadauria","doi":"10.1007/s10443-023-10170-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10443-023-10170-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The present study focuses on the effect of CNT nanofillers on the interlaminar static and fatigue crack propagation in carbon fiber reinforced composite laminates. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were dispersed over the laminate interface through solvent spraying technique. The mode I fracture toughness and <i>R</i> curve behavior were determined first from DCB specimens. Then, the fatigue tests were performed at different stress ratios for laminates containing different contents of CNTs to determine the delamination growth rate da/dN from fatigue crack growth (FCG) curves. When FCG curves are expressed as a function of <i>G</i>, where <i>G</i> is the energy release rate, the growth curves are dependent on the <i>R</i>-ratio. It was found that the addition of CNTs enhances the delamination resistance in the initial part of FCG curves, i.e. low cyclic region. As the test progresses, the effect gradually diminishes making nanofillers ineffective. It is then shown that the FCG curves can be characterized when crack growth rates are expressed as a function of the crack‐driving force <span>(overline{Delta kappa })</span> used in the Hartman‐Schijve equation. Therefore, the present paper presents a methodology to account for the stress ratio effect to evaluate the crack growth rate for any given <i>R</i>-ratio and to obtain a valid, upper-bound FCG rate curves in CNT reinforced laminates that exhibit high degree of scatter.</p>","PeriodicalId":468,"journal":{"name":"Applied Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138542360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-15DOI: 10.1007/s10443-023-10177-x
Wei Hu, Ben Wang, Bailu Luo, Wenyi Bao, Hualin Fan
Woven lattice truss sandwich panel (WLTSP) has excellent debonding resistance, but is limited to the weak core shear performance. To relax the limit of mono-layer thickness and improve the shear rigidity, foam-filled double-layered WLTSPs (FDWLTSPs) were designed and manufactured by vacuum infusion process (VIP), hot-pressing technology (HPT) and filling-foam technique. Flatwise compression and edgewise compression experiments were performed to reveal the composite effects of multi-layered and filling-foam techniques on the mechanical performances of WLTSP. The results show that the strength, stiffness, and energy absorption of FDWLTSPs are significantly improved. The flatwise compression strength of FDWLTSPs is 5.03 MPa, increased by 403%. The edgewise compression strengths of FDWLTSPs with warp-warp, weft-warp, and weft-weft core arrangements, are 21.97 MPa, 24.1 MPa, and 25.63 MPa, increased by 310%, 283%, and 165%, respectively. The failure patterns of coupling of core compression and shear in flatwise compression and those of buckling and face fracture in edgewise compression were revealed.
{"title":"Foam-Filled Double-Layer Woven Lattice Truss Sandwich Panels: Manufacturing, Testing and Composite Effects","authors":"Wei Hu, Ben Wang, Bailu Luo, Wenyi Bao, Hualin Fan","doi":"10.1007/s10443-023-10177-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10443-023-10177-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Woven lattice truss sandwich panel (WLTSP) has excellent debonding resistance, but is limited to the weak core shear performance. To relax the limit of mono-layer thickness and improve the shear rigidity, foam-filled double-layered WLTSPs (FDWLTSPs) were designed and manufactured by vacuum infusion process (VIP), hot-pressing technology (HPT) and filling-foam technique. Flatwise compression and edgewise compression experiments were performed to reveal the composite effects of multi-layered and filling-foam techniques on the mechanical performances of WLTSP. The results show that the strength, stiffness, and energy absorption of FDWLTSPs are significantly improved. The flatwise compression strength of FDWLTSPs is 5.03 MPa, increased by 403%. The edgewise compression strengths of FDWLTSPs with warp-warp, weft-warp, and weft-weft core arrangements, are 21.97 MPa, 24.1 MPa, and 25.63 MPa, increased by 310%, 283%, and 165%, respectively. The failure patterns of coupling of core compression and shear in flatwise compression and those of buckling and face fracture in edgewise compression were revealed.</p>","PeriodicalId":468,"journal":{"name":"Applied Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138524242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-11DOI: 10.1007/s10443-023-10173-1
Guang-Min Luo, Chi-Hong Liang
{"title":"Strength Verification of a Carbon-fibre-reinforced Plastic Patch Used to Repair a Cracked Aluminium Alloy Plate","authors":"Guang-Min Luo, Chi-Hong Liang","doi":"10.1007/s10443-023-10173-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10443-023-10173-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":468,"journal":{"name":"Applied Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135042966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-08DOI: 10.1007/s10443-023-10171-3
E. E. Evans, R. A. Brooks, J. Liu, Z. E. C. Hall, H. Liu, T. J. E. Lowe, P. J. Withers, A. J. Kinloch, J. P. Dear
Abstract Two different experimental techniques are employed to visualize the impact damage generated by a low-velocity impact on a carbon-fibre reinforced-polymer (CFRP) composite laminate. At the relatively low impact-velocity of 1.69 m.s −1 , and a corresponding impact energy of 7.5 J, used in the present work the damage induced in the CFRP panel is barely visible to the naked eye but the techniques of ultrasonic C-scan and X-ray computed tomography (CT) can detect the damage that has occurred. This damage is mostly interlaminar damage, i.e. delaminations, between the plies due to a change in modulus from one ply to the next in the laminate. This interlaminar damage is usually accompanied by intralaminar damage, e.g. matrix cracking, in the ply itself. The type and extent of damage detected from using these two techniques is discussed and the relative merits of these techniques are compared. In general, the CT gave the better resolved picture of damage but the lateral extent of the damage was underestimated relative to C-scan which was more sensitive to very fine delamination cracks. In addition, a numerical approach, based on a finite-element analysis model, is employed to predict the type, location and extent of damage generated by the impact event and the modelling predictions are compared to the experimental results.
{"title":"Comparison of X-ray Computed Tomography and Ultrasonic C-Scan Techniques and Numerical Modelling of Impact Damage in a CFRP Composite Laminate","authors":"E. E. Evans, R. A. Brooks, J. Liu, Z. E. C. Hall, H. Liu, T. J. E. Lowe, P. J. Withers, A. J. Kinloch, J. P. Dear","doi":"10.1007/s10443-023-10171-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10443-023-10171-3","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Two different experimental techniques are employed to visualize the impact damage generated by a low-velocity impact on a carbon-fibre reinforced-polymer (CFRP) composite laminate. At the relatively low impact-velocity of 1.69 m.s −1 , and a corresponding impact energy of 7.5 J, used in the present work the damage induced in the CFRP panel is barely visible to the naked eye but the techniques of ultrasonic C-scan and X-ray computed tomography (CT) can detect the damage that has occurred. This damage is mostly interlaminar damage, i.e. delaminations, between the plies due to a change in modulus from one ply to the next in the laminate. This interlaminar damage is usually accompanied by intralaminar damage, e.g. matrix cracking, in the ply itself. The type and extent of damage detected from using these two techniques is discussed and the relative merits of these techniques are compared. In general, the CT gave the better resolved picture of damage but the lateral extent of the damage was underestimated relative to C-scan which was more sensitive to very fine delamination cracks. In addition, a numerical approach, based on a finite-element analysis model, is employed to predict the type, location and extent of damage generated by the impact event and the modelling predictions are compared to the experimental results.","PeriodicalId":468,"journal":{"name":"Applied Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135341070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-19DOI: 10.1007/s10443-023-10167-z
Chaman Srivastava, Pietro Agostino, Antonios G. Stamopoulos, Ben Alcock, Are Strandlie, Sotirios Grammatikos
Abstract Filament winding is a technique to manufacture tubular composite structures and, therefore, is among the most appealing techniques for fabricating critical structures such as hollow tubes. Despite the recent advances, these structures are prone to a varying degree of porosity that may affect their mechanical performance. Therefore, the accurate detection and quantification of the manufacturing porosity is crucial. Micro-CT is most suitable for performing this activity at various scales. This work employs micro-CT for studying porosity inside an as-manufactured filament-winded composite structure. Void characteristics like volume, orientation, size, and relative volume fraction inside the hoop and helical layers are quantified inside a representative curved panel extracted from a glass fiber-vinyl ester tubular composite structure, which has not been studied in detail previously. It was observed that most voids are present in the matrix region. The voids are elliptical rod-like and spherical, with the latter present in the helical layers, which also host the majority of voids and the highest void volume fractions. The voids are highly aligned along the fiber orientation direction with higher misorientations for helical layers than the hoop layer. Large voids in base layers were created due to gaps formed during the winding process. Hence, the main goal of this study is to measure the voids' characteristics and the volumetric fraction during the stacking of filament wound hoop and helical layers during a generic filament winding pattern. The data can be further exploited as input for modeling filament winded composites in the presence of voids by researchers.
{"title":"Three-Dimensional Analysis of Porosity in As-Manufactured Glass Fiber/Vinyl Ester Filament Winded Composites Using X-Ray Micro-Computed Tomography","authors":"Chaman Srivastava, Pietro Agostino, Antonios G. Stamopoulos, Ben Alcock, Are Strandlie, Sotirios Grammatikos","doi":"10.1007/s10443-023-10167-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10443-023-10167-z","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Filament winding is a technique to manufacture tubular composite structures and, therefore, is among the most appealing techniques for fabricating critical structures such as hollow tubes. Despite the recent advances, these structures are prone to a varying degree of porosity that may affect their mechanical performance. Therefore, the accurate detection and quantification of the manufacturing porosity is crucial. Micro-CT is most suitable for performing this activity at various scales. This work employs micro-CT for studying porosity inside an as-manufactured filament-winded composite structure. Void characteristics like volume, orientation, size, and relative volume fraction inside the hoop and helical layers are quantified inside a representative curved panel extracted from a glass fiber-vinyl ester tubular composite structure, which has not been studied in detail previously. It was observed that most voids are present in the matrix region. The voids are elliptical rod-like and spherical, with the latter present in the helical layers, which also host the majority of voids and the highest void volume fractions. The voids are highly aligned along the fiber orientation direction with higher misorientations for helical layers than the hoop layer. Large voids in base layers were created due to gaps formed during the winding process. Hence, the main goal of this study is to measure the voids' characteristics and the volumetric fraction during the stacking of filament wound hoop and helical layers during a generic filament winding pattern. The data can be further exploited as input for modeling filament winded composites in the presence of voids by researchers.","PeriodicalId":468,"journal":{"name":"Applied Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135729816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}