The present study examines the role of the Hellenic Police during the COVID-19 Pandemic. In particular, based on data available through various sources, it will attempt to describe how the Hellenic Police dealt with what was unanimously described as an “unprecedented crisis” at a global level. In order to so, it will endorse a bi-fold approach. Firstly, we will seek to identify the policies and strategies implemented by the Hellenic Police during the COVID-19 crisis; Secondly, we will attempt to assess the effectiveness of these strategies and identify whether this affected the relationship between the Police and the public. Although our analysis indicated that the Hellenic Police played an important role in protecting the public from the effects of the pandemic, there is a lack of consistent and comprehensive data regarding citizens’ views of police legitimacy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our study concludes that more studies should focus on the effect of COVID-19 on the citizens’ trust in the police as a government institution that during the COVID-19 era was in charge of enforcing a number of policies and strategies that were far from pleasant.
{"title":"Policing the world’s oldest democracy during the pandemic","authors":"N. Petropoulos","doi":"10.1093/police/paac085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paac085","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The present study examines the role of the Hellenic Police during the COVID-19 Pandemic. In particular, based on data available through various sources, it will attempt to describe how the Hellenic Police dealt with what was unanimously described as an “unprecedented crisis” at a global level. In order to so, it will endorse a bi-fold approach. Firstly, we will seek to identify the policies and strategies implemented by the Hellenic Police during the COVID-19 crisis; Secondly, we will attempt to assess the effectiveness of these strategies and identify whether this affected the relationship between the Police and the public. Although our analysis indicated that the Hellenic Police played an important role in protecting the public from the effects of the pandemic, there is a lack of consistent and comprehensive data regarding citizens’ views of police legitimacy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our study concludes that more studies should focus on the effect of COVID-19 on the citizens’ trust in the police as a government institution that during the COVID-19 era was in charge of enforcing a number of policies and strategies that were far from pleasant.","PeriodicalId":47186,"journal":{"name":"Policing-A Journal of Policy and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45309401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Sondhi, Richard Harding, Linda Maguire, E. Williams
Prolonged stress leading to job-related burnout is of increasing interest in policing. Police officers involved in rape and serious sexual offences (RASSO) investigations experience heightened scrutiny alongside increased forensic demands whilst providing an accountable, victim-orientated service. The objective of the study was to examine correlates associated with burnout symptoms [emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization and lack of personal accomplishment (PA)]. RASSO investigators (n = 538) completed a cross-sectional online survey across five police force areas in England and Wales. Measures were screened using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator method, and three regression models were run against the three outcome measures. Excessive job demands encompassing workload, work–life balance and team pressures from colleagues and managers were strongly related to EE and DP. Male officers reported elevated levels of depersonalization. The learning climate was associated with all three burnout measures. The findings suggest that creating an effective learning environment for RASSO investigations and establishing effective organizational health policies to enhance team cohesion can reduce burnout. Further work is required to understand male officers’ higher levels of depersonalization.
{"title":"Understanding Factors Associated with Burnout Symptoms amongst Investigators working on Rape and Serious Sexual Offence (RASSO) investigations in England and Wales","authors":"A. Sondhi, Richard Harding, Linda Maguire, E. Williams","doi":"10.1093/police/paad020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paad020","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Prolonged stress leading to job-related burnout is of increasing interest in policing. Police officers involved in rape and serious sexual offences (RASSO) investigations experience heightened scrutiny alongside increased forensic demands whilst providing an accountable, victim-orientated service. The objective of the study was to examine correlates associated with burnout symptoms [emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization and lack of personal accomplishment (PA)]. RASSO investigators (n = 538) completed a cross-sectional online survey across five police force areas in England and Wales. Measures were screened using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator method, and three regression models were run against the three outcome measures. Excessive job demands encompassing workload, work–life balance and team pressures from colleagues and managers were strongly related to EE and DP. Male officers reported elevated levels of depersonalization. The learning climate was associated with all three burnout measures. The findings suggest that creating an effective learning environment for RASSO investigations and establishing effective organizational health policies to enhance team cohesion can reduce burnout. Further work is required to understand male officers’ higher levels of depersonalization.","PeriodicalId":47186,"journal":{"name":"Policing-A Journal of Policy and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45373415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Correction to: Sexual posttraumatic stress among investigators of child sexual abuse material","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/police/paad059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paad059","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47186,"journal":{"name":"Policing-A Journal of Policy and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44631981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Globally, police and law enforcement agencies have looked to Body-Worn Cameras (BWC) for the promise they may offer to address the many and varied complex issues faced in policing a rapidly changing modern society. This paper discusses the evaluation of the use of BWCs in the 17,000+ officer New South Wales Police Force (NSWPF) and the results specifically associated with implications for the topical and widely impactful complaints against police domain. The evaluative research is one of the first of its kind in Australia and the quantitative and qualitative data (from questionnaires and interviews) was sourced from members of the community, legal profession, judiciary, front line police officers, police managers, victims of crime advocacy groups, multicultural group representatives and organizational data, to inform on the potential impact from the deployment of BWCs by NSWPF officers. The results indicate potential, substantial advantages with data trends indicating a reduction in the number of complaints received and a reduction in the number of citizen complaints against officers upheld. The efficiency of triaging complaint submissions and the associated reported increase in officer morale are key areas to which the literature to date is an under-explored aspect of the police use of BWCs. This study offers a contribution to the constantly evolving body of literature and importantly contributing to informing policing policy, operational procedures and initiatives in safeguarding police officers and the community they serve.
{"title":"Through an Australian Lens: The Influence of Body-Worn Cameras on Complaints Against Police—Beyond the Numbers","authors":"A. Davies, Ghaleb Krame","doi":"10.1093/police/paad015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paad015","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Globally, police and law enforcement agencies have looked to Body-Worn Cameras (BWC) for the promise they may offer to address the many and varied complex issues faced in policing a rapidly changing modern society. This paper discusses the evaluation of the use of BWCs in the 17,000+ officer New South Wales Police Force (NSWPF) and the results specifically associated with implications for the topical and widely impactful complaints against police domain. The evaluative research is one of the first of its kind in Australia and the quantitative and qualitative data (from questionnaires and interviews) was sourced from members of the community, legal profession, judiciary, front line police officers, police managers, victims of crime advocacy groups, multicultural group representatives and organizational data, to inform on the potential impact from the deployment of BWCs by NSWPF officers. The results indicate potential, substantial advantages with data trends indicating a reduction in the number of complaints received and a reduction in the number of citizen complaints against officers upheld. The efficiency of triaging complaint submissions and the associated reported increase in officer morale are key areas to which the literature to date is an under-explored aspect of the police use of BWCs. This study offers a contribution to the constantly evolving body of literature and importantly contributing to informing policing policy, operational procedures and initiatives in safeguarding police officers and the community they serve.","PeriodicalId":47186,"journal":{"name":"Policing-A Journal of Policy and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47261367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Police organizations around the world are facing new challenges never previously experienced or anticipated. This is largely due to the advancement in information and communication technology and prolonged COVID-19 pandemic, both of which are reshaping the nature of social relationships. In particular, the prevalence and frequency of online fraud are increasing sharply, resulting in social harm that is also expected to rise without proactive prevention efforts that emasculate criminals when they first attempt to approach potential victims. Drawing on literature for both problem-oriented governance and police innovation, this paper discusses the importance of developing the core capabilities of problem-oriented governance to address many complex, uncertain, and unprecedented crime-related problems that have arisen during the COVID era. Police organizations should continue to learn and adapt, and their anticrime efforts should involve stakeholders other than traditional police force members by developing a consolidated database system to make such efforts more efficient, effective, and sustainable.
{"title":"Proactive crime prevention through problem-oriented governance: A case study of South Korea’s recent efforts to tackle new types of fraud","authors":"Chongmin Na","doi":"10.1093/police/paac080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paac080","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Police organizations around the world are facing new challenges never previously experienced or anticipated. This is largely due to the advancement in information and communication technology and prolonged COVID-19 pandemic, both of which are reshaping the nature of social relationships. In particular, the prevalence and frequency of online fraud are increasing sharply, resulting in social harm that is also expected to rise without proactive prevention efforts that emasculate criminals when they first attempt to approach potential victims. Drawing on literature for both problem-oriented governance and police innovation, this paper discusses the importance of developing the core capabilities of problem-oriented governance to address many complex, uncertain, and unprecedented crime-related problems that have arisen during the COVID era. Police organizations should continue to learn and adapt, and their anticrime efforts should involve stakeholders other than traditional police force members by developing a consolidated database system to make such efforts more efficient, effective, and sustainable.","PeriodicalId":47186,"journal":{"name":"Policing-A Journal of Policy and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49240463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. L. González-Álvarez, Rosa Viñas-Racionero, Jorge Santos-Hermoso, E. Carbonell-Vayá, María Paz Bermúdez-Sánchez, David Pineda-Sánchez, Carmen Borrás-Sansaloni, Sandra Chiclana-de la Fuente, Andrés Sotoca-Plaza, J. J. López-Ossorio, María José Garrido-Antón
With the turn of the new century, the Spanish government developed a series of initiatives to eradicate gender violence and intimate partner femicides. Among these initiatives, the Secretary of State for Security (SSS) of the Ministry of Interior organized a National Project (Team) for the Detailed Review of Intimate Partner Homicides—a police-led team that partnered with 21 Spanish universities and several correctional facilities across 50 provinces—to conduct a concurrent embedded, correlational mixed-methods study of a nationally representative sample of 171 femicide cases and a control group of 210 non-lethal partner abuse cases (2006–2021). The results of this study served to improve current law enforcement femicide risk prediction tools (Valoracion Policial del Riesgo, VPR) and to develop different offender typologies aiming at guiding treatment interventions. New recommendations were also provided to enhance collaboration between law enforcement and other agencies so extant partner violence cases can be appropriately managed.
随着新世纪的到来，西班牙政府制定了一系列倡议，以消除性别暴力和亲密伴侣杀害妇女的行为。在这些倡议中，内政部安全国务秘书(SSS)组织了一个详细审查亲密伴侣杀人案的国家项目(小组)，这是一个由警察领导的小组，与西班牙21所大学和50个省的几所惩教机构合作，同时开展了一项嵌入式，对171起杀害妇女案件的全国代表性样本和210起非致命伴侣虐待案件的对照组进行相关混合方法研究(2006-2021年)。本研究的结果有助于改进现有的执法杀害女性风险预测工具(Valoracion political del Riesgo, VPR)，并开发不同的罪犯类型，旨在指导治疗干预措施。还提出了新的建议，以加强执法部门与其他机构之间的合作，以便妥善处理现有的伴侣暴力案件。
{"title":"No More Women Killed in Spain! A Collaborative Femicide Prevention Effort of a Police-Led Team of Ministry of Interior and Academia","authors":"J. L. González-Álvarez, Rosa Viñas-Racionero, Jorge Santos-Hermoso, E. Carbonell-Vayá, María Paz Bermúdez-Sánchez, David Pineda-Sánchez, Carmen Borrás-Sansaloni, Sandra Chiclana-de la Fuente, Andrés Sotoca-Plaza, J. J. López-Ossorio, María José Garrido-Antón","doi":"10.1093/police/paad010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paad010","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 With the turn of the new century, the Spanish government developed a series of initiatives to eradicate gender violence and intimate partner femicides. Among these initiatives, the Secretary of State for Security (SSS) of the Ministry of Interior organized a National Project (Team) for the Detailed Review of Intimate Partner Homicides—a police-led team that partnered with 21 Spanish universities and several correctional facilities across 50 provinces—to conduct a concurrent embedded, correlational mixed-methods study of a nationally representative sample of 171 femicide cases and a control group of 210 non-lethal partner abuse cases (2006–2021). The results of this study served to improve current law enforcement femicide risk prediction tools (Valoracion Policial del Riesgo, VPR) and to develop different offender typologies aiming at guiding treatment interventions. New recommendations were also provided to enhance collaboration between law enforcement and other agencies so extant partner violence cases can be appropriately managed.","PeriodicalId":47186,"journal":{"name":"Policing-A Journal of Policy and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47945634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Apples, Oranges and Aircraft Carriers: A Comment on Weisburd and Colleagues","authors":"J. Ratcliffe","doi":"10.1093/police/paac111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paac111","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47186,"journal":{"name":"Policing-A Journal of Policy and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48027581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract American police face considerable criticism from the public about the perceived unnecessary and excessive use of deadly force in civilian interactions. Police reform advocates often call for widespread change to reduce officer-involved shootings and other forms of deadly force. Some, such as California, pursued statewide legal interventions to limit police deadly force. AB 392, the California Act to Save Lives, changed the deadly force standard so that objectively reasonable officers, when considering the totality of circumstances, can only use deadly force when necessary to defend human life. The stricter standard was designed to limit officer deadly force and reduce civilian deaths so this paper considers the efficacy of AB 392 on the incidence of fatal force in California. The results of interrupted time series and synthetic control method (SCM) analyses find no evidence of a reduction in deadly force after the passage of AB 392. Any effort to change deadly force should be coupled with legislative changes and evidence-based practices. Policymakers, practitioners, and researchers will need to explore a multi-pronged approach to reduce deadly force encounters.
{"title":"Did California Act to Save Lives? AB 392 and fatal officer-involved shootings","authors":"Zachary A Powell","doi":"10.1093/police/paad073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paad073","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract American police face considerable criticism from the public about the perceived unnecessary and excessive use of deadly force in civilian interactions. Police reform advocates often call for widespread change to reduce officer-involved shootings and other forms of deadly force. Some, such as California, pursued statewide legal interventions to limit police deadly force. AB 392, the California Act to Save Lives, changed the deadly force standard so that objectively reasonable officers, when considering the totality of circumstances, can only use deadly force when necessary to defend human life. The stricter standard was designed to limit officer deadly force and reduce civilian deaths so this paper considers the efficacy of AB 392 on the incidence of fatal force in California. The results of interrupted time series and synthetic control method (SCM) analyses find no evidence of a reduction in deadly force after the passage of AB 392. Any effort to change deadly force should be coupled with legislative changes and evidence-based practices. Policymakers, practitioners, and researchers will need to explore a multi-pronged approach to reduce deadly force encounters.","PeriodicalId":47186,"journal":{"name":"Policing-A Journal of Policy and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135509007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract There is little research examining (collectively) recruitment, deployment, promotion, and attrition of female constables in policing, and how these issues affect organizational staffing, police practice. Presenting findings from semi-structured interviews with 46 male and female constables working in an Australian State and Territories police organization, this paper argues that exclusionary staffing practices start from the onset of recruitment because female applicants are singled-out by their sex. It argues that exclusionary staffing practices for female constables occur throughout initial recruit training, during placement within a police station or area of command, whilst being deployed or not deployed to police work, and during consideration or application of promotion related processes, which increases the probability that attrition rates of female constables will be high. Unless police organizations address these issues, it is likely that the number of female constables transitioning into senior roles will remain small; thereby reducing the likelihood that police organizations will implement or achieve equitable staffing principles. It will also diminish appropriate resources needed to run an organization and have a negative impact on staffing.
{"title":"Recruitment, deployment, promotion, and attrition of female officers: The impact on staffing and perceptions of police practice","authors":"Toby Miles-Johnson, Suzanna Fay","doi":"10.1093/police/paad060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paad060","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract There is little research examining (collectively) recruitment, deployment, promotion, and attrition of female constables in policing, and how these issues affect organizational staffing, police practice. Presenting findings from semi-structured interviews with 46 male and female constables working in an Australian State and Territories police organization, this paper argues that exclusionary staffing practices start from the onset of recruitment because female applicants are singled-out by their sex. It argues that exclusionary staffing practices for female constables occur throughout initial recruit training, during placement within a police station or area of command, whilst being deployed or not deployed to police work, and during consideration or application of promotion related processes, which increases the probability that attrition rates of female constables will be high. Unless police organizations address these issues, it is likely that the number of female constables transitioning into senior roles will remain small; thereby reducing the likelihood that police organizations will implement or achieve equitable staffing principles. It will also diminish appropriate resources needed to run an organization and have a negative impact on staffing.","PeriodicalId":47186,"journal":{"name":"Policing-A Journal of Policy and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136307501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lorna Dennison-Wilkins, Lucina Hackman, M. Hayatdavoodi
Missing person behaviour datasets indicate that a significant proportion of those reported missing are subsequently found deceased in water. Despite this, information about how human bodies move in an aquatic environment is limited. Created by a serving police officer and police search advisor, this study involved the collection and analysis of quantitative and qualitative data relating to deceased human bodies found in inland water. The analysis of this data was further enhanced by experimentation. The research aimed to identify factors that might affect body movement in water and to establish if these variables could determine search parameters more effectively and increase the chances of successful search operations and associated investigations. In this manuscript, the search and investigation approach is introduced and the key findings and implications of the application of natural sciences for police practice are discussed.
{"title":"The Body Recovery From Water Study: The application of science to missing person search","authors":"Lorna Dennison-Wilkins, Lucina Hackman, M. Hayatdavoodi","doi":"10.1093/police/paad037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paad037","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Missing person behaviour datasets indicate that a significant proportion of those reported missing are subsequently found deceased in water. Despite this, information about how human bodies move in an aquatic environment is limited. Created by a serving police officer and police search advisor, this study involved the collection and analysis of quantitative and qualitative data relating to deceased human bodies found in inland water. The analysis of this data was further enhanced by experimentation. The research aimed to identify factors that might affect body movement in water and to establish if these variables could determine search parameters more effectively and increase the chances of successful search operations and associated investigations. In this manuscript, the search and investigation approach is introduced and the key findings and implications of the application of natural sciences for police practice are discussed.","PeriodicalId":47186,"journal":{"name":"Policing-A Journal of Policy and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44077557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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