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Transport institutions and organisations in the formulation of policies for Australian local area traffic management: A 50-year retrospective 交通机构和组织在制定政策的澳大利亚地方区域交通管理:一个50年的回顾
IF 7.9 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtte.2023.07.003
John Black

A review of 115 studies on Australian local area traffic management (LATM) schemes covers network planning, computer modelling, overall design considerations, the deployment of various traffic control devices, project evaluation and numerous before and after case studies. However, no research has been published about the formulation of LATM policies and the processes involved that were formulated during the 1970s and 1980s and aimed at discouraging non-local through traffic in residential areas, improving road safety, and improving environmental amenity through physical devices. This paper develops a conceptual model of the interactions amongst institutions of government (state and local), organisations (national research institutes and universities), and civil society (the consulting industry, lobby groups and community action groups). The model is implemented through a series of unstructured interviews with key players involved with research and advocacy, capacity building, and state government policy makers that determined: who was responsible for the governance of LATM schemes? What were the respective roles of institutions and organisations in relation to the early formulation of policies and plans, especially issues of authority? Who were the key players in these institutions and organisations? To what extent did external influences of ideas by overseas agents (policy transfer) occur in decision making? A recently implemented LATM scheme (Seven Ways) by Waverley Council describes the latest approaches, including community participation. The conclusions note the importance of a society investing in road research, having universities capable of delivering high-quality professional development programs, and having a consulting industry that is willing to deliver innovative, practical advice to local governments. Suggestions are made about areas for further research.

对115项关于澳大利亚本地交通管理(LATM)方案的研究进行了审查,包括网络规划、计算机建模、总体设计考虑、各种交通控制设备的部署、项目评估以及大量前后案例研究。然而,尚未发表关于LATM政策的制定和相关流程的研究,这些政策和流程是在20世纪70年代和80年代制定的,旨在阻止住宅区的非本地直通交通,改善道路安全,并通过物理设备改善环境舒适性。本文建立了政府机构(州和地方)、组织(国家研究机构和大学)和民间社会(咨询业、游说团体和社区行动团体)之间互动的概念模型。该模型是通过对参与研究和宣传、能力建设的关键参与者以及州政府决策者进行一系列非结构化访谈来实施的,这些访谈确定:谁负责LATM计划的治理?在早期制定政策和计划,特别是权力问题方面,各机构和组织各自的作用是什么?谁是这些机构和组织的关键参与者?海外代理人的想法(政策转移)在多大程度上影响了决策?韦弗利委员会最近实施的LATM计划(Seven Ways)描述了最新的方法,包括社区参与。结论指出,社会投资于道路研究,拥有能够提供高质量专业发展计划的大学,以及拥有愿意向地方政府提供创新、实用建议的咨询行业,这些都很重要。对有待进一步研究的领域提出了建议。
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引用次数: 0
An overview of Hadoop applications in transportation big data Hadoop在交通大数据中的应用概述
IF 7.9 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtte.2023.05.003
Changxi Ma , Mingxi Zhao , Yongpeng Zhao

As an open-source cloud computing platform, Hadoop is extensively employed in a variety of sectors because of its high dependability, high scalability, and considerable benefits in processing and analyzing massive amounts of data. Consequently, to derive valuable insights from transportation big data, it is essential to leverage the Hadoop big data platform for analysis and mining. To summarize the latest research progress on the application of Hadoop to transportation big data, we conducted a comprehensive review of 98 relevant articles published from 2012 to the present. Firstly, a bibliometric analysis was performed using VOSviewer software to identify the evolution trend of keywords. Secondly, we introduced the core components of Hadoop. Subsequently, we systematically reviewed the 98 articles, identified the latest research progress, and classified the main application scenarios of Hadoop and its optimization framework. Based on our analysis, we identified the research gaps and future work in this area. Our review of the available research highlights that Hadoop has played a significant role in transportation big data research over the past decade. Specifically, the focus has been on transportation infrastructure monitoring, taxi operation management, travel feature analysis, traffic flow prediction, transportation big data analysis platform, traffic event monitoring and status discrimination, license plate recognition, and the shortest path. Additionally, the optimization framework of Hadoop has been studied in two main areas: the optimization of the computational model of Hadoop and the optimization of Hadoop combined with Spark. Several research results have been achieved in the field of transportation big data. However, there is less systematic research on the core technology of Hadoop, and the breadth and depth of the integration development of Hadoop and transportation big data are not sufficient. In the future, it is suggested that Hadoop may be combined with other big data frameworks such as Storm and Flink that process real-time data sources to improve the real-time processing and analysis of transportation big data. Simultaneously, the research on multi-source heterogeneous transportation big data is still a key focus. Improving existing big data technology to enable the analysis and even data compression of transportation big data can lead to new breakthroughs for intelligent transportation.

Hadoop作为一个开源云计算平台,由于其高可靠性、高可扩展性以及在处理和分析大量数据方面的巨大优势,被广泛应用于各个领域。因此,要想从交通大数据中获得有价值的见解,就必须利用Hadoop大数据平台进行分析和挖掘。为了总结Hadoop在交通大数据应用方面的最新研究进展,我们对2012年至今发表的98篇相关文章进行了全面综述。首先,使用VOSviewer软件进行文献计量分析,以确定关键词的演变趋势。其次,介绍了Hadoop的核心组件。随后,我们系统回顾了这98篇文章,确定了最新的研究进展,并对Hadoop及其优化框架的主要应用场景进行了分类。根据我们的分析,我们确定了这一领域的研究空白和未来的工作。我们对现有研究的回顾强调,Hadoop在过去十年的交通大数据研究中发挥了重要作用。具体而言,重点是交通基础设施监测、出租车运营管理、出行特征分析、交通流量预测、交通大数据分析平台、交通事件监测和状态识别、车牌识别和最短路径。此外,Hadoop的优化框架主要从两个方面进行了研究:Hadoop计算模型的优化和Hadoop与Spark的结合优化。在交通大数据领域已经取得了一些研究成果。然而,对Hadoop核心技术的系统研究较少,Hadoop与交通大数据融合发展的广度和深度也不够。未来,建议Hadoop可以与Storm、Flink等处理实时数据源的大数据框架相结合,提高交通大数据的实时处理和分析能力。同时,多源异构交通大数据的研究仍是重点。改进现有的大数据技术,实现交通大数据的分析甚至数据压缩,可以为智能交通带来新的突破。
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引用次数: 0
Using big data and machine learning to rank traffic signals in Tennessee 利用大数据和机器学习对田纳西州的交通信号进行排名
IF 7.9 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtte.2023.04.005
Christopher Winfrey, Piro Meleby, Lei Miao

This paper discusses low-cost approaches capable of ranking traffic intersections for the purpose of signal re-timing. We extracted intersections that are comprised of multiple roads, defined by alphanumeric traffic message channel segment codes per international classification standards. Each of these road segments includes a variety of metrics, including congestion, planning time index, and bottleneck ranking information provided by the Regional Integrated Transportation Information System. Our first approach was to use a ranking formula to calculate intersection rankings using a score between 0 and 10 by considering data for different times of the day and different days of the week, weighting weekdays more heavily than weekends and morning and evening commute times more heavily than other times of day. The second method was to utilize unsupervised machine learning algorithms, primarily k-means clustering, to accomplish the intersection ranking task. We first approach this by checking the performance of basic k-means clustering on our data set. We then explore the ranking problem further by utilizing data provided by traffic professionals in the state of Tennessee. This exploration involves using MATLAB to minimize the mean-squared error of intersection rankings to determine the optimum weights in the ranking formula based on a city's professional data. We then attempted an optimization of our weights via a brute-force search approach to minimize the distance from ranking formula results to the clustering results. All the ranking information was aggregated into an online SQL database hosted by Amazon web services that utilized the PHP scripting language.

本文讨论了一种低成本的方法,该方法能够对交通交叉口进行排序,以实现信号重新计时。我们提取了由多条道路组成的交叉口,这些交叉口由符合国际分类标准的字母数字交通信息通道段代码定义。这些路段中的每一个都包括各种指标,包括拥堵、规划时间指数和区域综合交通信息系统提供的瓶颈排名信息。我们的第一种方法是使用排名公式,通过考虑一天中不同时间和一周中不同日子的数据,使用0到10之间的分数来计算十字路口排名,工作日比周末更重要,早晚通勤时间比一天中其他时间更重要。第二种方法是利用无监督的机器学习算法,主要是k均值聚类,来完成交集排序任务。我们首先通过检查数据集上基本k均值聚类的性能来实现这一点。然后,我们利用田纳西州交通专业人员提供的数据进一步探讨排名问题。这项探索包括使用MATLAB最小化交叉口排名的均方误差,以根据城市的专业数据确定排名公式中的最佳权重。然后,我们尝试通过蛮力搜索方法优化权重,以最小化从排序公式结果到聚类结果的距离。所有排名信息都被聚合到一个在线SQL数据库中,该数据库由使用PHP脚本语言的亚马逊网络服务托管。
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引用次数: 0
Bibliometric study and critical individual literature review of driving behavior analysis methods based on brain imaging from 1993 to 2022 1993 - 2022年基于脑成像的驾驶行为分析方法的文献计量学研究和批判性个人文献综述
IF 7.9 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtte.2023.07.004
Yunjie Ju , Feng Chen , Xiaonan Li , Dong Lin

Brain imaging methods have effectively revealed drivers' underlying psychological and neural processes when they perform driving tasks and promote driving behavior research in a more scientific direction. With research no longer limited to indirect inferences about external behavior, some researchers combine behavior and driver brain activity to understand the human factors in driving essentially. However, most researchers in the field of driving behavior still have little understanding of how brain imaging methods are used. This paper aims to review and analyze the application of brain imaging methods in driving behavior research, including bibliometric analysis and an individual critical literature review. Regarding bibliometric analysis, this field's knowledge structure and development trend are described macroscopically, using data such as annual distribution of publications, country/region statistics and partnerships, publication sources, literature co-citation analysis, and keyword co-occurrence analysis. In a review of the individual critical literature, eight research themes were identified that examined driving behavior using brain imaging methods: substance consumption, fatigue or sleep deprivation, workload, distraction, aging brains, brain impairment and other diseases, automated/semi-automated environments, emotions influence and risk-taking, and general driving process. In addition, the study reports on six brain imaging methods and their advantages and disadvantages, involving electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), magnetoencephalography (MEG), positron emission tomography (PET), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The contribution of this study is twofold. The first part relates to providing the researchers with a comprehensive understanding of the field's knowledge structure and development trends. The second part goes beyond reviewing and analyzing previous studies, and the discussion section points out the directions and challenges for future research.

大脑成像方法有效地揭示了驾驶员在执行驾驶任务时的潜在心理和神经过程,并推动驾驶行为研究朝着更科学的方向发展。随着研究不再局限于对外部行为的间接推断,一些研究人员将行为和驾驶员的大脑活动结合起来,从本质上理解驾驶中的人为因素。然而,驾驶行为领域的大多数研究人员对大脑成像方法的使用方式仍知之甚少。本文旨在回顾和分析大脑成像方法在驾驶行为研究中的应用,包括文献计量分析和个人批判性文献综述。关于文献计量分析,使用出版物的年度分布、国家/地区统计和伙伴关系、出版物来源、文献共引分析和关键词共现分析等数据,宏观描述了该领域的知识结构和发展趋势。在对个人批评文献的回顾中,确定了八个研究主题,使用大脑成像方法检查驾驶行为:物质消耗、疲劳或睡眠不足、工作量、分心、大脑老化、大脑损伤和其他疾病、自动化/半自动化环境、情绪影响和冒险以及一般驾驶过程。此外,该研究报告了六种大脑成像方法及其优缺点,包括脑电图(EEG)、功能磁共振成像(fMRI)、功能近红外光谱(fNIRS)、脑磁图(MEG)、正电子发射断层扫描(PET)和经颅磁刺激(TMS)。这项研究的贡献是双重的。第一部分旨在让研究人员全面了解该领域的知识结构和发展趋势。第二部分在回顾和分析前人研究的基础上,指出了未来研究的方向和挑战。
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引用次数: 0
A review on close-in blast performance of RC bridge columns 钢筋混凝土桥梁立柱近炸性能研究综述
IF 7.9 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtte.2023.07.001
Sujing Yuan , Yazhu Li , Zhouhong Zong , Minghong Li , Yajun Xia

In recent decades, the increase in terrorist attacks highlights the necessity and importance of understanding of structural performance under accidental and intentionally malicious blast loads. As an important part of transportation infrastructure, bridges would inevitably suffer explosion hazards especially close-in explosion. Reinforced concrete (RC) bridge column is the most critical components of bridge structures, which is more prone to severe local damage under the action of close-in blast loading and can lead to progressive collapse with catastrophic consequences in most cases. Therefore, the blast performance of RC bridge columns under close-in explosions is of particular concern. Towards a better RC bridge column protection against close-in blast loadings, efforts have been mainly devoted to understanding dynamic response predictions of RC columns, numerical simulation techniques of close-in explosion and damage assessment of blast-damaged RC columns. This article presents a state-of-the-art review of the research status of RC columns subjected to close-in blast loads. The blast loading, experimental study and failure mode, uncoupled and coupled simulation method, damage assessment based on residual axial capacity, vulnerability analysis and machine learning are considered and reviewed. The merits and defects of the existing approaches are discussed, and some suggestions for possible improvement are proposed. Further investigation into the future development of this topic has also been identified.

近几十年来,恐怖袭击事件的增加凸显了了解意外和故意恶意爆炸荷载下结构性能的必要性和重要性。桥梁作为交通基础设施的重要组成部分,不可避免地会发生爆炸危险,尤其是在爆炸附近。钢筋混凝土(RC)桥柱是桥梁结构中最关键的构件,在近距离爆炸荷载作用下更容易发生严重的局部破坏,在大多数情况下会导致渐进式倒塌,造成灾难性后果。因此,钢筋混凝土桥柱在近距离爆炸作用下的爆破性能尤其受到关注。为了更好地保护钢筋混凝土桥柱免受近距离爆炸荷载的影响,人们主要致力于了解钢筋混凝土柱的动力响应预测、近距离爆炸的数值模拟技术以及爆炸损伤钢筋混凝土柱损伤评估。本文对钢筋混凝土柱在近距离爆炸荷载作用下的研究现状进行了综述。对爆炸载荷、实验研究和失效模式、解耦和耦合模拟方法、基于剩余轴向承载力的损伤评估、易损性分析和机器学习等进行了考虑和综述。讨论了现有方法的优缺点,并提出了一些可能的改进建议。还确定了对该主题未来发展的进一步调查。
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引用次数: 0
Review on degradation mechanism and health state estimation methods of lithium-ion batteries 锂离子电池降解机理及健康状态评价方法综述
IF 7.9 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtte.2023.06.001
Yongtao Liu , Chuanpan Liu , Yongjie Liu , Feiran Sun , Jie Qiao , Ting Xu

State of health (SOH) estimation is important for a lithium-ion battery (LIB) health state management system, and accurate estimation of SOH is influenced by the degree of degradation of the LIB. However, considering the complex electrochemical reactions within Li electrons and the influence of many external factors on internal reactions, it is difficult to accurately estimate the SOH based on the surface state characteristics of the battery (including current, voltage, and temperature). Thus, in this study, the knowledge graph method is employed to analyze keyword co-occurrences and citations in the literature on LIB degradation and SOH estimation to determine research hotspots. Based on the research trends, findings regarding the internal and external degradation mechanisms and influencing factors of (LIBs) are reorganized, and chemical and physical degradation processes, including solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer formation, fracture, Li plating, and dendrite formation, are systematically introduced based on the modeling perspective. The interrelationships between these degradation factors and their effects on capacity and power decay as well as their correlation with SOH estimation are evaluated. Additionally, a comparative analysis of existing SOH estimation methods is presented, and the applicable scenarios and technical problems of each method are summarized. The key issues such as model simplification, estimation methods based on random data, and second-life SOH are also analyzed and discussed. The results show that the estimation results of methods mixing multiple models tend to be more accurate. Finally, the development trend of SOH estimation methods under complex degradation conditions and usage scenarios is analytically discussed.

健康状态(SOH)估计对于锂离子电池(LIB)健康状态管理系统来说是重要的,并且SOH的准确估计受到LIB退化程度的影响。然而,考虑到锂电子内部复杂的电化学反应以及许多外部因素对内部反应的影响,很难根据电池的表面状态特性(包括电流、电压和温度)准确估计SOH。因此,在本研究中,采用知识图方法分析了LIB退化和SOH估计文献中的关键词共现和引用,以确定研究热点。基于研究趋势,对LIBs的内外降解机制和影响因素进行了重组,并从建模的角度系统地介绍了化学和物理降解过程,包括固体电解质界面(SEI)层的形成、断裂、Li电镀和枝晶的形成。评估了这些退化因子之间的相互关系及其对容量和功率衰减的影响,以及它们与SOH估计的相关性。此外,对现有的SOH估计方法进行了比较分析,总结了每种方法的适用场景和技术问题。对模型简化、基于随机数据的估计方法、二次生命SOH等关键问题进行了分析和讨论。结果表明,混合多个模型的方法的估计结果往往更准确。最后,分析讨论了复杂退化条件和使用场景下SOH估计方法的发展趋势。
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引用次数: 2
Evaluation of intersection conflict warning system at unsignalized intersections: A review 无信号交叉口冲突预警系统的评价
IF 7.9 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtte.2023.04.003
Yashasvi Rachakonda, Digvijay S. Pawar

Unsignalized intersections are identified as the critical locations due to higher number of road crashes at these locations. The primary causes of crashes at unsignalized intersections are limited sight distance, incorrect assessment of gaps by drivers on the minor road, and higher speeds of vehicles on the major road. In an effort to improve safety and reduce the severity of crashes at unsignalized intersections, an intelligent transportation system (ITS) called the intersection conflict warning system (ICWS) has been developed. The ICWS consists of an activated warning sign and sensors that detect vehicles approaching the intersection. This paper aims to summarize the performance evaluation of ICWS that has been published in the literature. The review commences with an overview of the purpose of designing and installing ICWS at unsignalized intersections. It then discusses driving performance measures considered to evaluate the effectiveness of ICWS in three different environments, i.e., real world, driving simulator, and simulations, and their results are presented. The paper also discusses the type of sensors used to detect vehicles approaching the intersection and their accuracy in vehicle detection. The results reveal that ICWS had substantially improved driver behaviour. In the presence of ICWS, drivers resulted in shorter reaction time, lower approach speed, increased critical gap acceptance, and reduction in conflicts. An improvement in the performance of ICWS can be achieved by educating drivers about the sign, maintaining system reliability, and further examining the effect of various traffic factors, driver factors, and environmental factors on ICWS. The findings of this study can help researchers and engineers to design a better ICWS that can greatly enhance driving performance and safety at unsignalized intersections.

无信号交叉口被确定为关键位置,因为这些位置发生的车祸数量更高。在无信号交叉口发生车祸的主要原因是视距有限、驾驶员在次要道路上对间隙的错误评估以及车辆在主要道路上的较高速度。为了提高安全性并降低无信号交叉口撞车事故的严重程度,开发了一种称为交叉口冲突预警系统(ICWS)的智能交通系统(ITS)。ICWS由一个激活的警告标志和检测接近十字路口的车辆的传感器组成。本文旨在总结已发表在文献中的ICWS的性能评估。审查首先概述了在无信号交叉口设计和安装ICWS的目的。然后讨论了在现实世界、驾驶模拟器和模拟三种不同环境中评估ICWS有效性所考虑的驾驶性能指标,并给出了其结果。本文还讨论了用于检测接近十字路口的车辆的传感器类型及其在车辆检测中的准确性。结果表明,ICWS显著改善了驾驶员的行为。在ICWS存在的情况下,驾驶员的反应时间更短,接近速度更低,临界间隙接受度增加,冲突减少。通过对驾驶员进行标志教育,保持系统可靠性,并进一步检查各种交通因素、驾驶员因素和环境因素对ICWS的影响,可以提高ICWS的性能。这项研究的发现可以帮助研究人员和工程师设计更好的ICWS,大大提高无信号交叉口的驾驶性能和安全性。
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引用次数: 0
Smartphones and traffic signals: A quantitative assessment for phone usage behavior on performance of signalized intersections 智能手机和交通信号:电话使用行为对信号交叉口性能的定量评估
IF 7.9 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtte.2022.06.005
Wael ElDessouki, Abdulrahman AlManeea

Modern smartphones differ vastly from classic cellphones with enormous capabilities, changing cellphones from making phone calls and short messages to pocket-sized computers with full internet connectivity. The downside of modern phone evolution is changing drivers' behavior and phone usage addiction. Several researchers have investigated the safety implications of phone usage while driving on accidents risk. Nevertheless, the effect of phone usage on the performance of traffic facilities did not receive equal attention.

Hence, this research aims to study the impact of smartphone usage on traffic signal operations. The parameters considered in the study were drivers' activity while waiting at the signal, startup lost time, and saturation flow rate. The study team covered 25 intersections in the study area, observed the activities of over 6800 drivers while waiting at the signal, and recorded their corresponding discharge headways. The study team then supplemented field data with a behavioral survey questionnaire for drivers living in the study area to interpret field observations. Finally, the collected data were processed and analyzed, resulting in mathematical models for the relationship between the reduction in saturation flow rate and the red time interval.

The team found two primary conclusions. The study's first finding was that the traditional concept for estimating startup lost time adopted by the highway capacity manual (HCM) appears inaccurate. The field results revealed that the lost times caused by other distracted drivers upstream in the queue were comparable to the estimated startup lost time following the HCM method for estimating startup lost time. The second finding was that the reduction in saturation flow rate at the traffic signal is an exponential function of the red time interval, reducing the overall capacity for the intersection and increasing the average delay. Finally, the authors suggest mitigating the problem and making recommendations for future research.

现代智能手机与具有巨大功能的经典手机有很大不同,它将手机从打电话和发短信变成了具有完全互联网连接的袖珍电脑。现代手机进化的不利之处在于改变驾驶员的行为和手机使用成瘾。几位研究人员调查了开车时使用手机对事故风险的安全影响。然而,电话使用对交通设施性能的影响并没有得到同等重视。因此,本研究旨在研究智能手机使用对交通信号灯操作的影响。研究中考虑的参数包括驾驶员在等待信号时的活动、启动损失时间和饱和流速。研究小组覆盖了研究区域的25个十字路口,观察了6800多名司机在信号灯处等待时的活动,并记录了他们相应的流量车头时距。研究小组随后用一份针对居住在研究区域的司机的行为调查问卷补充了现场数据,以解释现场观察结果。最后,对收集到的数据进行了处理和分析,得出了饱和流速降低与红色时间间隔之间关系的数学模型。研究小组得出了两个主要结论。该研究的第一个发现是,公路通行能力手册(HCM)采用的估算启动损失时间的传统概念似乎不准确。现场结果显示,队列上游其他分心驾驶员造成的损失时间与HCM方法估计的启动损失时间相当。第二个发现是,交通信号灯饱和流率的降低是红色时间间隔的指数函数,降低了十字路口的总体通行能力,增加了平均延误。最后,作者建议减轻这一问题,并为未来的研究提出建议。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of drivers' attributes on children injury severities in traffic crashes 驾驶员属性对交通事故中儿童伤害严重程度的影响
IF 7.9 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtte.2022.08.004
Sahima Nazneen , Ahmed Farid , Khaled Ksaibati

Every year, a substantial number of children sustain injuries and fatalities in motor vehicle crashes in Wyoming. Understanding the factors contributing to child injury is crucial for the development of appropriate mitigation measures that aid in alleviating the severity of such injuries. In this study, a hierarchical Bayesian binary logit regression model was developed to investigate the factors that contribute to children's injuries resulting from crashes while accounting for possible intra-class correlation effects (those of unobserved factors common to children involved in the same crash). A strong correlation among crashes justified the use of the hierarchical Bayesian logit model. As per the modeling results, the children's ages, safety restraint types, vehicle types, drivers' ages, alcohol/drug involvement, drivers' seat belt use habits, drivers' actions, manners of collision and environmental conditions contributed to child injury risk. The child's age was found to be inversely related to the risk of injury. Similarly, among safety restraint types, rear-facing car seats and forward-facing car seats were found to reduce injury likelihoods in crashes. When it comes to the drivers' characteristics, the probability of incurring injuries among the child population increased in the presence of young, unbuckled and impaired drivers. Furthermore, improper driving actions, such as running off the road, raised the risk of incurring injuries to children. The findings of this study may be beneficial to authorities regarding developing and implementing road safety programs aimed at ameliorating child injury concerns.

怀俄明州每年都有大量儿童在机动车碰撞中受伤和死亡。了解导致儿童受伤的因素对于制定有助于减轻此类伤害严重程度的适当缓解措施至关重要。在这项研究中,开发了一个分层贝叶斯二元logit回归模型,以调查导致儿童因车祸受伤的因素,同时考虑可能的班内相关性效应(参与同一车祸的儿童常见的未观察到的因素)。崩溃之间的强相关性证明了使用分层贝叶斯logit模型的合理性。根据建模结果,儿童的年龄、安全约束类型、车辆类型、驾驶员的年龄、饮酒/吸毒情况、驾驶员的安全带使用习惯、驾驶员的行为、碰撞方式和环境条件都会导致儿童受伤风险。研究发现,孩子的年龄与受伤风险呈负相关。同样,在安全约束类型中,后向汽车座椅和前向汽车座椅被发现可以降低碰撞中受伤的可能性。当涉及到司机的特征时,在年轻、未系安全带和有残疾的司机在场的情况下,儿童群体受伤的可能性增加。此外,不适当的驾驶行为,如跑路,增加了儿童受伤的风险。这项研究的结果可能有利于当局制定和实施旨在改善儿童伤害问题的道路安全计划。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluating human behaviour during a disaster evacuation process: A literature review 评估灾难疏散过程中的人类行为:文献综述
IF 7.9 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtte.2023.04.002
Elnaz Bakhshian, Beatriz Martinez-Pastor

The frequency of natural and man-made disasters has increased over the past few decades, which has doubled the significance of evacuation planning because it directly affects people's lives and properties. How evacuees behave during a disaster and the methodologies to assess their behaviour are vital factors in managing any emergency scenario. For example, during the evacuation of a transportation network, users' amount of information and how they react are imperative to achieve a resilient response to a disaster. Even though there are numerous approaches for assessing evacuee behaviour, further research is needed to determine how and when each methodology should be employed. This paper intends to evaluate and classify the methodologies that have been presented up to date to create a more consistent approach to interpreting human behaviour during an evacuation process. The majority of studies focus on how people behave during an evacuation of a building, with less attention paid to how they behave during a transport evacuation. Among the proposed methodologies in this paper, the virtual reality approach, in individual behaviour, and agent-based models, in crowd behaviour, have more advantages than other approaches. Overall, a comparison between the proposed approaches is made in the discussion part. The output of this study provides the classifications and suggestions for researchers to pick an appropriate approach based on the types of problems, and some direction for future studies are introduced. To reach the research goal, 177 papers have been reviewed between 1954 and 2022.

在过去的几十年里,自然和人为灾害的频率增加了,这使疏散计划的重要性增加了一倍,因为它直接影响到人们的生命和财产。疏散人员在灾难期间的行为以及评估他们行为的方法是管理任何紧急情况的重要因素。例如,在交通网络疏散期间,用户的信息量及其反应方式对于实现对灾难的弹性响应至关重要。尽管有许多方法可以评估撤离人员的行为,但还需要进一步的研究来确定如何以及何时使用每种方法。本文旨在对最新提出的方法进行评估和分类,以创建一种更一致的方法来解释疏散过程中的人类行为。大多数研究都集中在人们在建筑物疏散期间的行为上,而很少关注他们在交通疏散期间的表现。在本文提出的方法中,在个体行为中的虚拟现实方法和在群体行为中的基于代理的模型比其他方法更有优势。总体而言,在讨论部分对所提出的方法进行了比较。本研究的成果为研究人员根据问题类型选择合适的方法提供了分类和建议,并介绍了未来研究的一些方向。为了达到这一研究目标,在1954年至2022年间,共对177篇论文进行了综述。
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引用次数: 2
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Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering-English Edition
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