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Digital platforms and development: Risks to competition and their regulatory implications in developing countries 数字平台与发展:发展中国家的竞争风险及其监管影响
IF 5.7 2区 管理学 Q1 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2024.100525
Annabelle Gawer, Carla Bonina

Digital platforms contribute significantly to sustainable development yet pose specific risks to developing countries. Using a World Bank global database of antitrust actions complemented by secondary data, we empirically analyze developing countries' regulatory responses to threats to competition and innovation associated with digital platforms. We ask: (1) Which types of anticompetitive agreements and abuse of dominance practices were associated with various platform types? (2) For mergers, which salient characteristics of the acquiring platform drove the antitrust investigations, and what actions were taken by the enforcement authorities? We find that two types of platforms (transaction and hybrid) give rise to distinct competitive concerns and elicit different responses from enforcement authorities. We then discuss our findings in the broader context of policy responses from developing countries to challenges related to digital platforms. We offer recommendations for policymakers and suggest avenues for future research.

数字平台为可持续发展做出了巨大贡献,但也给发展中国家带来了特定风险。利用世界银行全球反托拉斯行动数据库以及二手数据,我们实证分析了发展中国家针对与数字平台相关的竞争和创新威胁所采取的监管对策。我们的问题是:(1) 哪些类型的反竞争协议和滥用支配地位行为与各种平台类型相关?(2) 对于兼并,收购平台的哪些显著特征推动了反垄断调查,执法机构采取了哪些行动?我们发现,两种类型的平台(交易型和混合型)会引发不同的竞争问题,并引起执法机构的不同反应。然后,我们将从发展中国家应对数字平台相关挑战的政策这一更广阔的背景下讨论我们的发现。我们为政策制定者提供了建议,并提出了未来研究的途径。
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引用次数: 0
Boundary work and high-reliability organizing in interorganizational collaborations 组织间合作中的边界工作和高可靠性组织工作
IF 5.7 2区 管理学 Q1 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-06-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2024.100524
Tammy E. Beck , Stephanie T. Solansky , Daniel J. Davis , Karen Ford-Eickhoff , Donde Plowman

Consider the massive recovery response that included over 25,000 professionals and volunteers representing more than 120 organizations tasked with locating both human remains and vehicle debris following the Columbia Space Shuttle tragedy. Despite the daunting scope of the initial search area – 2.28 million acres of land – participating members were successful in their efforts to achieve the collective's goals. We contend that the response effort was effective because relatively disparate organizations and governmental agencies came together and ultimately exemplified the hallmarks of high reliability organizing (HRO). Our study explores how the transition in boundaries made this possible. Using interview and secondary data from our case study, we explore how individuals engaged in boundary work that facilitated boundary transformation. Specifically, we document how individuals interacted with a data visualization system to temper the physical, social, temporal, and scope boundary tensions initially present following the disaster. Amidst an emergent, messy, and complex setting, the interaction with a boundary object allowed for unity in diversity of participating organizations, a common language through mapping, a form of trichordal temporal and rapid sensemaking, and a foundation for dynamic decision making. Therefore, our study yields critical insights into how organizational members engage in boundary work to aid HRO collaborations.

在航天飞机失事后,有代表 120 多个组织的 25 000 多名专业人员和志愿者参与了大规模的恢复工作,他们的任务是寻找遗骸和飞行器碎片。尽管最初的搜索区域范围巨大(228 万英亩土地),但参与成员成功地实现了集体目标。我们认为,这次应对行动之所以有效,是因为相对不同的组织和政府机构走到了一起,并最终体现了高可靠性组织(HRO)的特点。我们的研究探讨了边界的转换是如何实现这一点的。利用案例研究中的访谈和二手数据,我们探讨了个人如何参与边界工作,从而促进边界转型。具体来说,我们记录了个人如何与数据可视化系统互动,以缓和灾后最初出现的物理、社会、时间和范围边界紧张关系。在一个突发、混乱和复杂的环境中,与边界对象的互动使参与组织在多样性中实现了统一,通过制图获得了共同语言,形成了一种三和弦的时间和快速感知,并为动态决策奠定了基础。因此,我们的研究对组织成员如何参与边界工作以帮助人力资源外包合作提出了重要见解。
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引用次数: 0
The impact of platform business models on the valuations of unicorn companies 平台商业模式对独角兽公司估值的影响
IF 5.7 2区 管理学 Q1 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-06-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2024.100521
Michael A. Cusumano , Annabelle Gawer , David B. Yoffie , Sarah von Bargen , Kwesi Acquay

Despite the importance of digital platforms in the global economy, there has been little systematic or quantitative analysis of how investors value platforms and the scope of their business models in private or public markets. This paper seeks to fill this gap in part by analyzing how unicorn valuations are affected by “platformness” (the degree to which a firm incorporates at least some elements of a multisided business model with the potential to generate network effects). We investigated 959 unicorns (private companies valued at $1 billion or more) existing as of December 31, 2021, to assess whether investors placed a higher value on firms in different regions of the world and operating with platform businesses rather than offering only “standalone” products or services. We found that companies with some elements of a platform business model commanded a significantly higher average valuation compared to non-platform companies. These higher average valuations also varied by location: North America 129%, Europe 68%, and Asia-Pacific (APAC) 39%. The geographical variations are likely due to greater investor interest in platform businesses in the United States as well as other characteristics more common among North American unicorn platforms. More than half of the unicorn sample and more than half of platform unicorns originated in North America. We also found that investors paid 34% more for “innovation platforms” (these enable third-party complementary innovations through application programming interfaces) versus “transaction platforms” (these bring together two market sides as in product or service marketplaces, financial exchanges, or social media and messaging websites). Platform unicorns with the potential to generate and exploit global network effects also had approximately 26% higher valuations than platforms limited to non-global network effects.

尽管数字平台在全球经济中举足轻重,但对于投资者如何评价平台及其在私人或公开市场上的业务模式范围,却鲜有系统或定量的分析。本文试图通过分析独角兽企业的估值如何受到 "平台性"(一家公司至少在多方面业务模式中融入了某些元素,并有可能产生网络效应的程度)的影响来填补这一空白。我们对截至 2021 年 12 月 31 日的 959 家独角兽企业(估值 10 亿美元或以上的私营企业)进行了调查,以评估投资者是否更看重位于世界不同地区、以平台业务运营而非仅提供 "独立 "产品或服务的企业。我们发现,与非平台公司相比,具有平台业务模式某些要素的公司的平均估值要高得多。这些较高的平均估值也因地区而异:北美为 129%,欧洲为 68%,亚太地区为 39%。这种地域差异可能是由于投资者对美国平台企业的兴趣更大,以及北美独角兽平台更常见的其他特征。半数以上的独角兽样本和半数以上的平台型独角兽源自北美。我们还发现,投资者为 "创新平台"(这些平台通过应用程序接口实现第三方互补创新)和 "交易平台"(这些平台汇集了两个市场,如产品或服务市场、金融交易所或社交媒体和信息网站)支付的费用高出34%。具有产生和利用全球网络效应潜力的平台型独角兽企业的估值也比仅限于非全球网络效应的平台高出约 26%。
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引用次数: 0
Bureaucracies in information securing: Transitioning from iron cages to iron shields 信息安全中的官僚机构:从铁笼过渡到铁盾
IF 5.7 2区 管理学 Q1 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-06-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2024.100526
Yaojie Li , Clay Posey , Thomas Stafford

Drawing inspiration from bureaucracy and information security literature, we develop the theory of security bureaucracy—an evolutionary framework that describes how organizations arrive at their information-securing approaches. Within this framework, we describe three general bureaucratic archetypes (i.e., Security Prototype, Security Structure, and Security Superstructure) that emerge from the interplay between control and expertise. We also expound on the phenomenon of security bureaucracy and delineate how organizations can transition from coercive “iron cages” to enabling “iron shields” in information securing. We also use our security establish-enforce-enculturate (3E) evolutionary framework to inform a proposed variance model of security bureaucracy. Our efforts offer significant insights and implications for organizational information security research and practice.

从官僚制和信息安全文献中汲取灵感,我们提出了安全官僚制理论--一个描述组织如何形成其信息安全方法的进化框架。在这一框架内,我们描述了三种一般的官僚机构原型(即安全原型、安全结构和安全上层建筑),它们产生于控制和专业知识之间的相互作用。我们还阐述了安全官僚主义现象,并描述了组织如何在信息安全中从强制的 "铁笼 "过渡到有利的 "铁盾"。我们还利用我们的安全建立-强化-文化(3E)演化框架,为提出的安全官僚主义差异模型提供信息。我们的努力为组织信息安全研究和实践提供了重要的启示和影响。
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引用次数: 0
Organizing for value creation in blockchain information systems 组织区块链信息系统创造价值
IF 6.3 2区 管理学 Q1 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-06-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2024.100522
Liudmila Zavolokina , Ingrid Bauer-Hänsel , Janine Hacker , Gerhard Schwabe

Many blockchain consortia have been established to build blockchain information systems. While the developed blockchain information systems were promising, few have reached market entry. Indeed, blockchain consortia often lost development focus due to high system complexity and a lack of understanding of how to create a system that will serve the needs and bring value to all stakeholders. Thus, stakeholders struggled to leverage blockchain information systems' full value. Prior studies demonstrated that blockchain systems pose not only technical but also organizational challenges. Analysing six blockchain consortia, we identify their value mechanisms, organizational problems, and organizational solutions that successful blockchain consortia experience while organizing themselves for value. As a result, we propose a new organizational form, i.e., a layered organization, for blockchain consortia to achieve better value creation.

许多区块链联盟已经成立,以建立区块链信息系统。虽然开发出的区块链信息系统前景广阔,但进入市场的却寥寥无几。事实上,区块链联盟往往因系统复杂性高以及不了解如何创建一个满足所有利益相关者需求并为其带来价值的系统而失去发展重点。因此,利益相关者很难充分利用区块链信息系统的价值。先前的研究表明,区块链系统不仅带来了技术上的挑战,也带来了组织上的挑战。通过分析六个区块链联盟,我们确定了它们的价值机制、组织问题以及成功的区块链联盟在组织自身价值时所经历的组织解决方案。因此,我们为区块链联盟提出了一种新的组织形式,即分层组织,以实现更好的价值创造。
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引用次数: 0
Ignoring and collective passivity in relation to information systems: How actors avoided engagement with data about wait times in Swedish healthcare 对信息系统的忽视和集体被动:行动者如何避免接触瑞典医疗机构的等待时间数据
IF 6.3 2区 管理学 Q1 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-06-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2024.100523
David Ebbevi , Anna Essén , Anna Stevenson

Although digital technology (DT) is often introduced with the aim of enhancing organizational knowledge transfer and learning, these aims often fail to materialize. The information systems (IS) literature attributes such unexpected outcomes to inappropriate technology design and implementation, as well as to overuse, misuse, and non-use of technology. However, we know little about how actors misuse or fail to use technology and data, thereby failing to acquire and act upon the knowledge necessary to achieve organizational learning. Leveraging the literature on strategic ignorance, we explore how actors expected to use technology for learning purposes justify their non-engagement with it. Studying an implementation of a DT with the purpose of facilitating organizational learning on basis of provided data in health care, we identify seven ignoring justifications through which the target users of the DT avoided key knowledge acquisition and knowledge-based action activities. These sensemaking behaviors accumulated to a state of collective passivity in relation to the DT. Our conceptualization contributes to and connects theories of organizational learning in the IS literature and strategic ignoring.

尽管引入数字技术(DT)的目的往往是为了加强组织的知识转移和学习,但这些目的往往无法实现。信息系统(IS)文献将这种意想不到的结果归咎于不恰当的技术设计和实施,以及过度使用、滥用和不使用技术。然而,我们对行动者如何滥用或不使用技术和数据,从而无法获取实现组织学习所需的知识并据此采取行动却知之甚少。利用有关战略无知的文献,我们探讨了预期将技术用于学习目的的行动者如何证明他们不使用技术是合理的。通过研究以促进组织学习为目的、基于医疗保健领域所提供数据的数据挖掘技术的实施情况,我们发现了数据挖掘技术的目标用户回避关键知识获取和基于知识的行动活动的七种忽视理由。这些 "感知制造 "行为导致了与数据传输相关的集体被动状态。我们的概念设计有助于将信息系统文献中的组织学习理论与战略忽视联系起来。
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引用次数: 0
Organizational diversity of social-mission platforms: Advancing a configurational research agenda 社会任务平台的组织多样性:推进配置研究议程
IF 6.3 2区 管理学 Q1 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-05-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2024.100514
Elodie Dessy , Johanna Mair , Virginie Xhauflair

Social-mission platforms (SMPs), or platforms that facilitate the interactions between stakeholders across sectors and help them exchange resources to make progress on social and environmental problems, have emerged on a global scale. However, despite their prevalence, little is known about how SMPs organize to orchestrate collective efforts of social innovation. Taking stock of information systems and organizational literature on platforms, we identify four dimensions inherent in platform organizing (i.e., identity, boundary, governance, and technology). We then analyze three case studies to interrogate how these organizing dimensions manifest in SMPs. As a result, we offer a conceptual framework highlighting the trade-offs SMPs face, specifying the design choices they can make, and exposing the interdependences between dimensions. We further illustrate how these interdependences inform a configurational perspective of SMPs and suggest avenues to advance a configurational research agenda to deepen understanding of SMPs as effective vehicles to address Grand Challenges.

社会使命平台(SMPs),即促进各部门利益相关者之间互动并帮助他们交换资源以在社会和环境问题上取得进展的平台,已在全球范围内出现。然而,尽管SMPs非常普遍,但人们对其如何组织协调社会创新的集体努力却知之甚少。通过对有关平台的信息系统和组织文献进行总结,我们确定了平台组织的四个内在维度(即身份、边界、治理和技术)。然后,我们分析了三个案例研究,以探究这些组织维度在小型企业中的表现形式。因此,我们提供了一个概念框架,强调了小型企业市场组织所面临的权衡,明确了它们可以做出的设计选择,并揭示了各维度之间的相互依存关系。我们进一步说明了这些相互依存关系如何为 SMP 的配置视角提供信息,并提出了推进配置研究议程的途径,以加深对 SMP 作为应对重大挑战的有效工具的理解。
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引用次数: 0
“Keeping the Queen’s Peace”: A Sociomaterial Study of Police and Guns in a “Mangle of Risk” "维护女王的和平":风险纠结 "中的警察与枪支的社会物质研究
IF 6.3 2区 管理学 Q1 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-05-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2024.100513
Amy L. Fraher , Shireen Kanji , Layla J. Branicki

This sociomaterial study analyzes the ways that material agency plays a key role in the organizing dynamics of risky work through a study of the carrying and use of handguns by U.S. and U.K. police officers. Qualitative data (interviews and focus groups) were collected over a three-year period with police (N = 61) in New York, where officers routinely carry guns, and in London, where they typically do not. Police unanimously describe the agentic role non-human artefacts like guns play in: a) framing their cognitive processes, b) influencing their behaviour and decision-making processes, and c) impacting individuals around them. Expanding Pickering's theorization of a mangle of practice, we inductively develop a mangle of risk to explain how human and non-human agency become entangled in risky work contexts, where danger is real and time pressure is high. Understanding these dynamics requires analysis of both frontline police narratives and the prescribed organizational policies, procedures, and routines intended to contain risky situations. Findings reveal that the tools provided to police to do their job both frame and constrain operational capabilities, potentially escalating danger for police, suspects, and the community in a mangle of risk.

这项社会物质研究通过对美国和英国警察携带和使用手枪的研究,分析了物质代理在风险工作的组织动态中发挥关键作用的方式。在为期三年的时间里,我们收集了定性数据(访谈和焦点小组),对象是纽约和伦敦的警察(人数分别为 61 人和 61 人),纽约的警察经常携带枪支,而伦敦的警察通常不携带枪支。警察们一致描述了枪支等非人类人工制品在以下方面扮演的代理人角色:a) 框定他们的认知过程;b) 影响他们的行为和决策过程;c) 影响他们周围的人。在扩展皮克林的实践混杂理论的基础上,我们归纳出风险混杂理论,以解释在危险真实存在、时间压力很大的工作环境中,人类和非人类机构是如何纠缠在一起的。要理解这些动态变化,需要对一线警察的叙述以及旨在控制风险情况的规定组织政策、程序和例行工作进行分析。研究结果表明,为警察提供的工作工具既限制了他们的行动能力,也制约了他们的行动能力,从而使警察、嫌疑人和社区在风险的混杂中面临更大的危险。
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引用次数: 0
Technology entrepreneurship is more than one might think 科技创业精神超乎想象
IF 6.3 2区 管理学 Q1 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-04-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2024.100512
E. Burton Swanson

Technology entrepreneurship, by which we mean entrepreneurship on behalf of a new technology and its organizational and social acquisition, is more than one might think, given present use of the term, which focuses on technology as device. Here, taking the perspective of technology as routine capability, we reframe the concept to incorporate not only distributed agency involved around devices, but also distributed agency concerned with use through associated routines. We argue that technology acquisition in the form of capabilities concerns use and that technology entrepreneurship typically entails substantial institutional work in the promotion of adoption and use. We illustrate this in the case of the long and painful history of the acquisition of electronic health records (EHR). Our reframing leads to new insights. Among these is the identification of what we term path convergence and its importance in the social acquisition of a technology. We argue that technology entrepreneurs must attend to this path convergence, or the technology may not be widely taken up.

技术创业,我们指的是代表新技术及其组织和社会获取的创业精神,鉴于目前对该术语的使用侧重于作为设备的技术,其含义可能超出人们的想象。在这里,我们从技术作为常规能力的角度出发,重新构建了这一概念,不仅纳入了围绕设备的分布式代理,还纳入了通过相关常规使用技术的分布式代理。我们认为,以能力为形式的技术获取与使用有关,而技术创业通常需要大量的机构工作来促进采用和使用。我们以电子病历(EHR)漫长而痛苦的获取历史为例加以说明。我们的重构带来了新的启示。其中包括我们所称的路径融合及其在社会获取技术过程中的重要性。我们认为,技术企业家必须关注这种路径趋同,否则技术可能不会被广泛采用。
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引用次数: 0
Generative mechanisms of AI implementation: A critical realist perspective on predictive maintenance 人工智能实施的生成机制:预测性维护的批判现实主义视角
IF 6.3 2区 管理学 Q1 INFORMATION SCIENCE & LIBRARY SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-02-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2024.100503
Alexander Stohr , Philipp Ollig , Robert Keller , Alexander Rieger

Artificial intelligence (AI) promises various new opportunities to create and appropriate business value. However, many organizations – especially those in more traditional industries – struggle to seize these opportunities. To unpack the underlying reasons, we investigate how more traditional industries implement predictive maintenance, a promising application of AI in manufacturing organizations. For our analysis, we employ a multiple-case design and adopt a critical realist perspective to identify generative mechanisms of AI implementation. Overall, we find five interdependent mechanisms: experimentation; knowledge building and integration; data; anxiety; and inspiration. Using causal loop diagramming, we flesh out the socio-technical dynamics of these mechanisms and explore the organizational requirements of implementing AI. The resulting topology of generative mechanisms contributes to the research on AI management by offering rich insights into the cause-effect relationships that shape the implementation process. Moreover, it demonstrates how causal loop diagraming can improve the modeling and analysis of generative mechanisms.

人工智能(AI)带来了各种创造和利用商业价值的新机遇。然而,许多组织--尤其是那些传统行业的组织--都在努力抓住这些机遇。为了揭示其中的根本原因,我们研究了传统行业如何实施预测性维护,这是人工智能在制造企业中的一项前景广阔的应用。在分析中,我们采用了多案例设计,并采用批判现实主义的视角来识别人工智能实施的生成机制。总体而言,我们发现了五种相互依存的机制:实验、知识构建与整合、数据、焦虑和灵感。利用因果循环图,我们充实了这些机制的社会技术动力,并探索了实施人工智能的组织要求。由此得出的生成机制拓扑图为人工智能管理研究提供了丰富的见解,揭示了影响实施过程的因果关系。此外,它还展示了因果循环图如何改进生成机制的建模和分析。
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引用次数: 0
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