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Politics and eminent domain: Evidence from the 1879 California constitution 政治与征用权:来自1879年加州宪法的证据
IF 2.3 1区 历史学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2023.101546
Mark Kanazawa

This paper explores the politics of eminent domain, using a specific historical episode: the enactment of the new California constitution in 1879. It presents evidence that the failure of a constitutional provision that would have codified eminent domain powers for water development resulted from a complex interchange of economic interests among farmers, miners, and urban residents. This evidence was manifested in delegate behavior on the floor of the constitutional convention in 1878, including various roll-call votes, which are subjected to an econometric analysis. The results have implications for the interpretation of legislative eminent domain decisions, and the degree to which economic development processes are shaped by the institutional environment in which they occur.

本文探讨了征用权的政治,使用一个特定的历史事件:1879年新加州宪法的颁布。它提供的证据表明,由于农民、矿工和城市居民之间复杂的经济利益交换,宪法条款未能将水资源开发的土地征用权编入法律。这一证据体现在1878年制宪会议上代表们的行为上,包括各种唱名表决,这些都是计量经济学分析的对象。研究结果影响了对立法领域决定的解释,以及经济发展过程在多大程度上受其发生的制度环境的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Land rights in historical Vietnam: Theory and evidence 历史上越南的土地权利:理论与证据
IF 2.3 1区 历史学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2023.101551
Hoang-Anh Ho

I develop a theory to study the determination of land rights in precolonial Vietnam, in which the state uses restrictive land rights to tie landless peasants to their land, in order to collect head taxes and enforce unpaid labor services and military conscription. Using a unique national land registry in nineteenth-century Vietnam, I find suggestive evidence supporting a hypothesis that higher population density is associated with lower prevalence of private land rights. The experience of historical Vietnam stands in contrast to the standard prediction that private land rights should become more widespread when population density increases and land becomes more valuable. A comparison with the enclosure movement in premodern England provides useful lessons on the development of private land rights in an agricultural economy.

我发展了一种理论来研究前殖民时期越南土地权利的确定,在越南,国家使用限制性土地权利将无地农民束缚在他们的土地上,以征收人头税和强制执行无偿劳动服务和征兵。利用19世纪越南独特的国家土地登记,我发现了暗含性的证据,支持一个假设,即较高的人口密度与较低的私有土地权利流行率有关。历史上越南的经验与标准预测相反,即当人口密度增加、土地变得更有价值时,私人土地权利应该变得更广泛。将其与前现代英国的圈地运动进行比较,可以为农业经济中私有土地权利的发展提供有益的借鉴。
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引用次数: 0
Women’s educational attainment, marriage, and fertility: Evidence from the 1944 G.I. Bill 妇女受教育程度、婚姻和生育:来自1944年《美国军人权利法案》的证据
IF 2.3 1区 历史学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2023.101539
Conor Lennon

In contemporary settings, greater earnings among women are typically associated with reduced marriage rates and lower fertility. One way that women’s earnings may increase is via changes in educational attainment. To study whether educational attainment affects marriage and fertility choices in a historical setting, I rely on the variation in educational attainment among female WWII veterans created by the 1944 G.I. Bill. Using data from the long-form 1980 census, I first show that WWII veteran status is associated with reduced rates of marriage, increased age at first marriage, and lower fertility, which suggests that G.I. Bill-related education could have had an important effect for veteran women. I then use age at the time of the G.I. Bill announcement as an instrument to establish a causal effect of educational attainment on marriage and fertility outcomes among female veterans. My instrumental variable estimates suggest that each year of G.I. Bill-induced educational attainment is associated with an 8 percentage point decrease in the probability of ever getting married, a 4.7 year increase in age at first marriage, and a 0.67 reduction in the number of children. Using age at the time of the G.I. Bill announcement as an instrument is valid because the benefits could not have been easily anticipated, women had to be 21 to enlist, and the generosity of one’s G.I. Bill benefits depended on the number of years of WWII service.

在当代环境中,妇女收入的增加通常与结婚率的降低和生育率的降低有关。女性收入增加的一种方式是通过教育程度的变化。为了研究受教育程度是否会影响历史背景下的婚姻和生育选择,我依赖于1944年《美国军人权利法案》(G.I. Bill)对二战女性退伍军人受教育程度的影响。利用1980年长期人口普查的数据,我首先表明,二战退伍军人的身份与结婚率下降、初婚年龄增加和生育率下降有关,这表明与《退伍军人法案》相关的教育可能对退伍军人女性产生了重要影响。然后,我用《退伍军人权利法案》公布时的年龄作为工具,在女性退伍军人中建立受教育程度对婚姻和生育结果的因果关系。我的工具变量估计表明,《退伍军人法案》导致的受教育程度每提高一年,结婚的可能性就会降低8个百分点,初婚年龄会提高4.7岁,子女数量会减少0.67个百分点。使用《退伍军人权利法案》公布时的年龄作为衡量标准是有效的,因为福利不可能被轻易预测到,女性必须年满21岁才能入伍,而且一个人的《退伍军人权利法案》福利的慷慨程度取决于二战的服役年限。
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引用次数: 0
Fueling the party machine: Evidence from Greece during Metapolitefsi 为政党机器加油:来自希腊的证据
IF 2.3 1区 历史学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2023.101538
Pantelis Kammas , Maria Poulima , Vassilis Sarantides

The establishment of the Third Hellenic Republic in 1974 (Metapolitefsi) was characterized by an increased public demand for a less centralized political system. The main political parties that emerged responded by giving priority to the development of local and regional organizations and creating a wide network of grassroots movements. This led to a gradual introduction of more decentralized political institutions and a significant increase of expenses to prefectures and subsidies to municipalities. Building on two novel hand-collected datasets at the prefectural and municipal levels, our analysis provides empirical evidence of party favoritism in the spatial allocation of intergovernmental transfers during the first two decades of Metapolitefsi. We argue that governing parties diverted intergovernmental transfers towards their political strongholds and politically aligned mayors, as local authorities played the role of the focal points in the process of party building.

1974年建立的第三希腊共和国(Metapolitefsi)的特点是公众对一个不那么集中的政治体系的要求越来越高。出现的主要政党的反应是优先发展地方和区域组织,并建立广泛的基层运动网络。这导致逐步引入更分散的政治机构,并大大增加了县的开支和对市政当局的补贴。我们的分析基于两个全新的地级和市级手工收集的数据集,提供了实证证据,证明在大城市建设的前20年政府间转移支付的空间分配中存在政党偏袒。我们认为,执政党将政府间转移转移到他们的政治据点和政治结盟的市长身上,因为地方当局在党的建设过程中发挥了焦点的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Historical height measurement consistency: Evidence from colonial Trinidad 历史高度测量一致性:来自特立尼达殖民地的证据
IF 2.3 1区 历史学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2023.101549
Alexander Persaud

Economists have used historical heights as markers of health, living standards, and long-run development. Although possible selection bias has been debated, height measurement error is less studied. I analyze novel administrative data of male Indian indentured laborers with repeated measurements of adult height to answer an important underlying question of precision. Laborers were measured by British colonial officials on departure in India and again several years later when opting to return to India. I find no height differences for men who had attained full height in India. Younger men continued to grow even into their twenties. A caste subgroup analysis finds mostly similar results. This paper provides some of the first evidence showing height consistency in repeated measurements of adult heights.

经济学家将历史高度作为健康、生活水平和长期发展的标志。尽管可能的选择偏差一直存在争议,但对身高测量误差的研究较少。我通过重复测量成年身高来分析印度男性契约劳工的新行政数据,以回答一个重要的潜在精度问题。劳工在离开印度时由英国殖民官员测量,几年后选择返回印度时再次测量。我发现,在印度,达到完全身高的男性没有身高差异。年轻人甚至到了二十多岁还在继续成长。种姓亚组分析发现了大部分类似的结果。本文提供了一些第一个证据显示高度一致性在成人身高的重复测量。
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引用次数: 0
Stock returns and the Spanish flu, 1918–1920 1918-1920年,股票收益和西班牙流感
IF 2.3 1区 历史学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2023.101543
Marco Del Angel , Caroline Fohlin , Marc D. Weidenmier

We study the impact of the 1918 Spanish Flu on U.S. stock prices. Using a new weekly hand collected sample of 131 firms that traded on the NYSE, we examine the impact of the four waves of the flu on stock returns using panel regressions. We find that the second and fourth wave of the pandemic significantly lowered stock returns by 65.5 and 21.6 percent relative to the sample mean return, respectively. The large, but temporary impact of the virus on stock returns can probably be attributed to the fact that, unlike Covid-19, the flu hit the working age population particularly hard.

我们研究1918年西班牙流感对美国股票价格的影响。使用新的每周手工收集的样本,在纽约证券交易所交易的131家公司,我们检查四波流感对股票回报的影响使用面板回归。我们发现,相对于样本平均回报率,第二波和第四波疫情显著降低了股票回报率65.5%和21.6%。这种病毒对股票回报的巨大但暂时的影响可能归因于这样一个事实,即与Covid-19不同,流感对劳动年龄人口的影响尤其严重。
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引用次数: 0
Morts Pour la France: A database of French fatalities of the Great War Morts Pour la France:第一次世界大战中法国死亡人数的数据库
IF 2.3 1区 历史学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2023.101550
Victor Gay , Pauline Grosjean

This article describes the construction and content of the Morts pour la France database. This database contains individual-level data on the universe of the 1.3 million French fatalities of the Great War who were officially recognized as war victims. It provides information on each soldier’s first and last names, dates of birth and death, circumstances of death, recruitment status, military rank and unit, and locations of birth and recruitment. We further provide datasets of military death rates at the level of 87 départements and 35 thousand municipalities along with relevant shapefiles and discuss potential applications of this database.

本文介绍了法国遗产数据库的结构和内容。这个数据库包含了130万法国人在一战中死亡的个人数据,这些人被官方认定为战争受害者。它提供了关于每个士兵的姓和名、出生和死亡日期、死亡情况、征兵状况、军衔和部队以及出生和征兵地点的信息。我们还提供了87个单位和35 000个市镇一级的军事死亡率数据集以及相关的形状文件,并讨论了该数据库的潜在应用。
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引用次数: 0
Debt policy in Spanish America during the seventeenth century 17世纪西班牙美洲的债务政策
IF 2.3 1区 历史学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2023.101548
Sergio Tonatiuh Serrano Hernández

This paper analyzes the policies that the Castile of the seventeenth century followed toward creating and selling short-term and long-term debt paid off from the Crown's New World revenues. We use microdata to reconstruct comprehensive fiscal accounts for Spanish America during the seventeenth century. Our new time series evidence shows that the Spanish Empire maintained differential debt policies in the center and the periphery. Spanish America issued considerably less debt, more credible than coetaneous Castilian debt. However, the issuances’ size did not reflect lower debt capacity in the New World, as the Spanish Empire restrained long-term debt issuance to emergencies. We also provide complementary evidence from debt issuances and explain why differential debt policies were maintained.

本文分析了17世纪的卡斯蒂利亚人在创造和出售短期和长期债务方面所遵循的政策,这些债务是由国王的新世界收入偿还的。我们使用微观数据来重建17世纪西班牙美洲的综合财政账户。我们新的时间序列证据表明,西班牙帝国在中心和外围维持了不同的债务政策。西班牙美洲发行的债务少得多,比同时期的卡斯蒂利亚债务更可信。然而,发行的规模并没有反映出新世界较低的债务能力,因为西班牙帝国将长期债务发行限制在紧急情况下。我们还提供了来自债务发行的补充证据,并解释了为什么维持不同的债务政策。
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引用次数: 0
Quantifying racial discrimination in the 1944 G.I. bill 量化1944年《退伍军人法案》中的种族歧视
IF 2.3 1区 历史学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2023.101542
Maya Eden

Did the G.I. bill discriminate against Black World War II veterans? Using a variety of historical sources, I estimate the average amounts of G.I. benefits received by Black and white World War II veterans, as well as their cash-equivalents. These estimates suggest that Black veterans received more in benefits than white veterans, but that their cash-equivalents were lower. However, these estimates are associated with significant uncertainty.

退伍军人法案是否歧视二战黑人退伍军人?利用各种历史资料,我估计了黑人和白人二战老兵获得的平均gi福利,以及他们的现金等价物。这些估计表明,黑人退伍军人比白人退伍军人得到更多的福利,但他们的现金等价物更低。然而,这些估计有很大的不确定性。
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引用次数: 1
The intergenerational transmission of higher education: Evidence from the 1973 coup in Chile 高等教育的代际传承:来自1973年智利政变的证据
IF 2.3 1区 历史学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2023.101540
María Angélica Bautista , Felipe González , Luis R. Martínez , Pablo Muñoz , Mounu Prem

We estimate the transmission of higher education across generations using the arrival of the Pinochet dictatorship to Chile in 1973 as natural experiment. Pinochet promoted a large contraction in the number of seats available for new students across all universities. Using census data, we find that parents who reached college age shortly after 1973 experienced a sharp decline in college enrollment. Decades after democratization, we observe that their children are also less likely to enroll in higher education. The results imply large and persistent downstream effects of educational policies over more than half a century.

我们以1973年皮诺切特独裁统治的到来作为自然实验来估计高等教育在几代人之间的传播。皮诺切特推动了所有大学新生入学名额的大幅缩减。利用人口普查数据,我们发现1973年后不久达到上大学年龄的父母在大学入学率上急剧下降。民主化几十年后,我们观察到他们的孩子也不太可能接受高等教育。研究结果表明,半个多世纪以来,教育政策产生了巨大而持久的下游效应。
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引用次数: 3
期刊
Explorations in Economic History
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