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Minor Orientalism: Spain in James Joyce's Ulysses 小东方主义:詹姆斯·乔伊斯《尤利西斯》中的西班牙
IF 0.7 2区 文学 0 LITERATURE Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1632/S0030812922000918
J. Venegas
Abstract James Joyce's Ulysses is rife with Western fantasies about the East: seductive odalisques, damsels with dulcimers, exotic medinas dotted with carpet shops. In invoking them, however, Joyce disarms what Edward Said called Orientalism, or Europe's imperialist stereotypes about Asia and North Africa. Postcolonial critics have seen in Joyce's reformulation of Orientalism an example of his rejection of ethnocentrism, xenophobia, and colonialism in Ireland and elsewhere. This essay expands and complicates this scholarly narrative through an examination of Orientalized images of Spain in the novel. A European yet Orientalized country like Ireland, Spain offers Joyce a point of reference to contextualize marginalized national identities beyond colonizer-colonized tensions. Drawing on Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari's notion of the “minor,” I show how Joyce's engagement with Spain can be conceptualized as a form of Orientalism that decouples Irish identity from British imperialism and the anticolonial nativism that pervaded the Irish Free State after it was established in 1922, the year Ulysses was published.
詹姆斯·乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》充斥着西方对东方的幻想:妖艳的淑女、拿着扬琴的少女、点缀着地毯店的异国情调的麦地那。然而,通过引用它们,乔伊斯解除了爱德华·萨义德所谓的东方主义,或欧洲帝国主义对亚洲和北非的刻板印象。后殖民主义评论家认为,乔伊斯对东方主义的重新表述是他拒绝爱尔兰和其他地方的种族中心主义、仇外心理和殖民主义的一个例子。本文通过对小说中西班牙的东方化形象的考察,扩展和复杂化了这一学术叙事。西班牙是一个像爱尔兰一样的欧洲但又被东方化的国家,它为乔伊斯提供了一个参考点,使边缘化的民族身份超越殖民者与殖民者之间的紧张关系。根据吉尔·德勒兹(Gilles Deleuze)和fsamlix Guattari的“未成年人”概念,我展示了乔伊斯与西班牙的接触是如何被理解为一种东方主义的形式,它将爱尔兰的身份与英国帝国主义和反殖民主义的本土主义分离开来,后者在1922年爱尔兰自由邦成立后,即《尤利西斯》出版的那一年,普遍存在。
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引用次数: 1
Aesthetic Bearings 审美轴承
IF 0.7 2区 文学 0 LITERATURE Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1632/S0030812923000019
Nan Z. Da
I recently received an education in how to look at morally significant paintings of plural human activity. The historians and critics I read asked why artists handled crucial details the way they did and made the compositional choices that they made. By “morally significant” I mean paintings that clearly wish to relay precise, terrible predicaments amid life’s plenitude and that cultivate a sense of how benevolence and malevolence work in this world. Such paintings care to represent how things can be for other people. How might such paintings communicate signs of rightness and wrongness, or something having gone wrong, if that rightness and wrongness, their timing, their magnitude, and their real plausibility are not very clear? This artcritical education comes in handy for reading absurdist, postmodern literature that has clearly not forfeited morality or truth-telling. The reader of this kind of literature is put inside rudely incoherent, informationally confusing plots and asked to keep tabs on what’s happening, who is doing what to whom, and in what sequence. Overloaded and overstimulated, these literary worlds also “warn [us] that our (reading) lives depend upon our not missing something” (Cavell 148). My literary test case is the work of Can Xue, a contemporary Chinese writer fixated on exerting this effort of depiction within absurdist, postmodern literature. Global and provincial insanity are written into every layer of her fictions. Her readers, navigating
我最近接受了一门教育,教我如何看待具有道德意义的多元人类活动画作。我读过的历史学家和评论家问我,为什么艺术家们会这样处理关键的细节,为什么他们会这样选择构图。所谓“具有道德意义”,我指的是那些明确希望在丰富的生活中传达精确、可怕的困境,并培养一种善恶在这个世界上如何发挥作用的感觉的绘画。这样的画关心的是表现别人眼中的事物。如果正确和错误,它们的时间,它们的大小,它们真正的合理性不是很清楚,这些画如何传达正确和错误的迹象,或者某些事情已经出错了?这种艺术批判教育在阅读荒诞主义、后现代主义文学作品时派上了用场,这些作品显然没有丧失道德或讲真话的能力。这类文学作品的读者会被置于极不连贯、信息混乱的情节中,并被要求密切关注发生了什么,谁对谁做了什么,以及按照什么顺序。超载和过度刺激,这些文学世界也“警告[我们],我们的(阅读)生活依赖于我们不错过一些东西”(卡维尔148)。我的文学测试案例是残雪的作品,他是一位当代中国作家,专注于在荒诞主义和后现代文学中发挥这种描绘的作用。全球性和地方性的疯狂被写进了她小说的每一层。她的读者,导航
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引用次数: 0
The Return to Philology 《回归语言学
IF 0.7 2区 文学 0 LITERATURE Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1632/S0030812923000093
Merve Emre
What is the relationship between philology and aesthetic education, the process of learning how to judge and how tomake pleasing objects? If the question strikes us as a nonstarter, it may be because recent considerations of philology as a “failed discipline,” as John Guillory characterizes it, have aligned the manual and intellectual work of philologists with historicist and hermeneutic approaches to criticism (Professing Criticism 168). This view conspicuously underwrites Frances Ferguson’s description of philology, in which philology’s task is to authenticate fragmentary or distressed texts by detailing the chronology of their creation. Philology, Ferguson explains,
文献学与美育、学习如何判断、如何制作赏心悦目的对象的过程是什么关系?如果这个问题给我们的印象是不可能的,那可能是因为最近把文献学视为一门“失败的学科”,正如约翰·吉洛里(John Guillory)所描述的那样,把文献学家的手工和智力工作与历史主义和解释学的批评方法结合在一起(《公开批评》168)。这一观点明显印证了弗朗西丝·弗格森对文献学的描述,即文献学的任务是通过详细描述其创作的年表来鉴定片断或痛苦的文本。弗格森解释说,
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引用次数: 0
Archive of the Poet and Writer 诗人和作家档案
IF 0.7 2区 文学 0 LITERATURE Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1632/S0030812923000032
Kai Sina, Carlos Spoerhase, Kurt Beals
Scholars often credit Johann Wolfgang von Goethe as the originator of the idea of “world literature,” but his contribution to another core concept of modern literary studies has received comparably little attention. In the essay translated here for the first time, “Archiv des Dichters und Schriftstellers” (“Archive of the Poet andWriter”), published in 1823, Goethe formulated the concept of the Nachlass, the archival collection of a writer’s posthumous papers. It would be hard to overstate the importance of the Nachlass as a literary practice since the nineteenth century or its relevance to contemporary debates on the relationship among philology and literature, literary archives, and the politics of cultural memory. In this context, Goethe’s essay plays a key role. Its impact reaches far into themodern era of the twentieth century and indeed our present, where contemporary authors’ archives are sold on a global market. In the German context, literary authors’ collection of their own papers for archival purposes became an object of theoretical consideration only around 1800. More than any other writer of his day, Goethe offered a model for the deliberate fashioning of one’s own Nachlass, through his autobiographical writings, the authorized edition of his complete works, the publication of his correspondence, and, above all, through the meticulous organization of his personal archive. In “Archive of the Poet and Writer,” first published in Goethe’s journal Ueber Kunst und Altertum (On Art and Antiquity), Goethe reflected directly on these activities. Here, Goethe reported his satisfaction at the completion of a project: a young man “well acquainted with library and archival work” had managed to bring together all of Goethe’s papers into “perfect order,” “particularly those pertaining to my writing life, in which nothing should be neglected or dismissed as unworthy.” Two points are well to be emphasized, as they proved enduring: Goethe’s explicit connection between work and biography, and his emphasis on the total preservation of documents related to his “writing life.”
学者们通常认为约翰·沃尔夫冈·冯·歌德(Johann Wolfgang von Goethe)是“世界文学”概念的创始人,但他对现代文学研究的另一个核心概念的贡献却很少受到关注。在1823年出版的《诗人和作家的档案》(archiiv des Dichters und Schriftstellers)这篇首次翻译的文章中,歌德提出了“Nachlass”的概念,即作家死后论文的档案收藏。很难夸大Nachlass作为19世纪以来文学实践的重要性,也很难夸大它与当代关于文献学与文学、文学档案和文化记忆政治之间关系的辩论的相关性。在这一背景下,歌德的随笔起着关键作用。它的影响一直延伸到二十世纪的现代,甚至我们现在,当代作家的档案在全球市场上出售。在德国的背景下,文学作家收集自己的论文用于存档,直到1800年左右才成为理论研究的对象。歌德比同时代的任何作家都更能通过他的自传、他的全集的授权版本、他的信件的出版,以及最重要的是,通过他对个人档案的精心组织,为人们有意塑造自己的Nachlass提供了一个典范。在歌德的期刊《艺术与古代》上首次发表的《诗人与作家档案》中,歌德直接反思了这些活动。在这里,歌德报告了他对完成一个项目的满意:一个“熟悉图书馆和档案工作”的年轻人成功地将歌德的所有论文整理成“完美的秩序”,“特别是那些与我的写作生活有关的论文,其中没有任何东西应该被忽视或被视为不值得。”有两点值得强调,因为它们被证明是经久不衰的:歌德在作品和传记之间的明确联系,以及他强调全面保存与他的“写作生活”有关的文件。
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引用次数: 0
Teaching Literary Value 教学文学价值
IF 0.7 2区 文学 0 LITERATURE Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1632/S0030812922001043
Mark A. Wollaeger
MARK WOLLAEGER is professor of English at Vanderbilt University. His publications include, most recently, Modernism, Media, and Propaganda: British Narrative from 1900 to 1945 (Princeton UP, 2006) and the Oxford Handbook of Global Modernisms (Oxford UP, 2012), as well as articles inModernism/Modernity, Modern Language Quarterly, English Literary History, and James Joyce Quarterly. He is a cofounder of the Oxford University Press book series Modernist Literature and Culture and a past president of the Modernist Studies Association. My university’s first-year students are required to take a small, onesemester writing-intensive seminar, and departments hope this seminar will recruit students into their disciplines. More important, the seminar ushers students into college-level thinking and discourse in a class small enough to permit close attention to writing and to provide a space of sociality in which overwhelmed and anxious students may find not only new ways of thinking but also friends. I had a specific, somewhat personal goal in mind when I designed the seminar I discuss here. I wanted to provide the kind of educational experience I wish my own children had received in their first semesters in university. I felt my engineer son with a second major in economics would have benefited from a course in which he was encouraged to reflect on value along with quantitative analysis, and I thoughtmy policy studies daughter (initially educational policy, ultimately healthcare) would have benefited from a course focused on, say, the place of affect and creativity in contemporary society. So I designed a course on literary value titled The Uses of Literature that raised questions about what students tend to value and why, what professors tend to value and why, and why even though final answers are hard to come by, it is important to pose the questions anyway. Which is to say that all firstyear students, I believe, regardless of imagined career path, should be encouraged to reflect on life choices, and how higher education may inform those choices. (Don’t get me started on the rigidity of most premed advising.) Thus I did not teach the seminar the way I teach classes designed for English majors. Like Michael Clune, I aim with majors to provide a gradual inculcation of literary expertise that ultimately will help students make informed judgments about literature. My first-year seminar, in contrast, is designed more like general education with a hook: students learn to take on greater complexity when problem
MARK WOLLAEGER是范德比尔特大学的英语教授。他最近的著作包括《现代主义、媒体和宣传:1900年至1945年的英国叙事》(普林斯顿大学出版社,2006年)和《牛津全球现代主义手册》(牛津大学出版社,2012年),以及在《现代主义/现代性》、《现代语言季刊》、《英国文学史》和《詹姆斯·乔伊斯季刊》上发表的文章。他是牛津大学出版社现代主义文学与文化丛书的共同创始人,也是现代主义研究协会的前任主席。我所在大学的一年级学生被要求参加一个小型的、一学期的写作密集研讨会,各院系希望这个研讨会能吸引学生进入他们的学科。更重要的是,在一个足够小的班级里,研讨会引导学生进入大学水平的思考和话语,使他们能够密切关注写作,并提供一个社交空间,在这个空间里,不知所措和焦虑的学生不仅可以找到新的思维方式,还可以找到朋友。当我设计我在这里讨论的研讨会时,我心中有一个具体的,有点个人的目标。我希望自己的孩子在大学的第一学期就能获得这样的教育体验。我觉得,我的第二个专业是经济学的工程师儿子会从一门鼓励他在定量分析的同时思考价值的课程中受益,我认为我的政策研究女儿(最初是教育政策,最终是医疗保健)会从一门专注于情感和创造力在当代社会中的地位的课程中受益。因此,我设计了一门关于文学价值的课程,名为《文学的用途》(The Uses of Literature),这门课提出了一些问题:学生倾向于看重什么,为什么看重什么,教授倾向于看重什么,为什么看重什么,为什么尽管很难得到最终答案,但提出这些问题还是很重要的。我认为,这就是说,所有的一年级学生,无论想象中的职业道路如何,都应该被鼓励反思人生选择,以及高等教育如何影响这些选择。(不要让我开始谈论大多数医学预科建议的僵化。)因此,我没有像教英语专业学生那样教研讨班。像迈克尔·克伦一样,我的目标是让专业逐渐灌输文学专业知识,最终帮助学生对文学做出明智的判断。相比之下,我第一年的研讨班设计得更像是通识教育:学生们学会在遇到问题时承担更大的复杂性
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引用次数: 0
Becoming Sensitive: Literary Study and Learning to Notice 变得敏感:文学研究和学会注意
IF 0.7 2区 文学 0 LITERATURE Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1632/S0030812922001006
E. Auyoung
the degree of phonological similarity
相似度:音系相似的程度
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引用次数: 0
Uncanny Slavdom 不可思议的斯拉夫民族
IF 0.7 2区 文学 0 LITERATURE Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1632/S0030812922000943
M. Janion, Marta Figlerowicz
MARTA FIGLEROWICZ is associate professor of comparative literature and English at Yale University, where she also holds secondary appointments in the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures and in the Film and Media Studies Program. The author of two books, Flat Protagonists: A Theory of Novel Character (Oxford UP, 2016) and Spaces of Feeling: Affect and Awareness in Modernist Literature (Cornell UP, 2017), she is working on a new project entitled “It Must Be Possible: Global Modernisms and the Problem of Trans-cultural Knowledge,” as well as on a book-length translation into English of the selected writings of Maria Janion. Introduction
MARTA FIGLEROWICZ是耶鲁大学比较文学和英语副教授,她还在斯拉夫语言文学系和电影与媒体研究项目中担任二级职位。她是两本书的作者,扁平的主角:小说人物理论(牛津大学,2016年)和感觉空间:现代主义文学中的情感和意识(康奈尔大学,2017年),她正在研究一个名为“它必须是可能的:全球现代主义和跨文化知识的问题”的新项目,以及将玛丽亚·贾尼恩的选集翻译成英文。介绍
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引用次数: 0
Sensitivity Training 敏感性训练
IF 0.7 2区 文学 0 LITERATURE Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1632/S0030812923000111
Erica Fretwell
ERICA FRETWELL is associate professor of English at the University at Albany, State University of New York. She is the author of Sensory Experiments: Psychophysics, Race, and the Aesthetics of Feeling (Duke UP, 2020). Her current research tracks the nineteenth-century literary and craft practices from which the concept of haptic mediation emerged. Aesthetic education is a labile term that variously denotes art appreciation, fostering the imagination, and the cultivation of taste. But we tend to overlook an elemental definition: learning to perceive. This meaning indexes the aesthesis that underwrites European aesthetic philosophy, first defined by Alexander Baumgarten as the “scientia cognitionis sensitivae” (“science of sensitive knowing”; qtd. in Davey), or the study of intuitive knowledge arrived at through the senses. This “sensitive knowing,” Friedrich Schiller posited in On the Aesthetic Education of Man (1795), has a civilizing function— hence aesthetic education is a liberal project of spiritual cultivation that has the potential to engender the moral freedom necessary for a self-governing community of taste. In this Schillerian vein, the early-twentieth-century educator Maria Montessori wrote, “The sensory education which prepares for the accurate perception of all the differential details in the qualities of things . . . helps us to collect from the external world the material for the imagination” and thereby renovate society (Advanced Montessori Method 248). One way to understand aesthetic education, then, is as sensitivity training: as learning to differentiate “details in the qualities of things” through the micro-operations of perception. At the granular level of sensory experience—distinguishing periwinkle from purple, or velvet from satin—sensitivity training takes part in the broader imperative of aesthetic education to realize sensus communis, a community organized around shared judgments or sensing in common, by “negotiat[ing] the tension between democratic autonomy and cultural authority,” in Jesse Raber’s words (15). While Schiller’s philosophy is a useful reminder of aesthetic education’s basis in sensitivity training, it is eighteenthand nineteenthcentury literacy training that discloses what sensitivity training looked like in practice. Literacy is typically considered a technical skill, a
ERICA FRETWELL是纽约州立大学奥尔巴尼分校的英语副教授。她是《感官实验:心理物理学、种族和感觉美学》(杜克大学,2020年)的作者。她目前的研究跟踪19世纪的文学和工艺实践,从触觉调解的概念出现。美育是一个不稳定的术语,它有多种含义,包括艺术欣赏、培养想象力和培养品味。但我们往往忽略了一个基本的定义:学会感知。这一意义反映了支撑欧洲美学哲学的美学,首先由亚历山大·鲍姆加滕(Alexander Baumgarten)定义为“科学的认知是敏感的”(“科学的敏感认识”;qtd。或通过感官获得的直觉知识的研究。这种“敏感的认识”,弗里德里希·席勒在《论人的审美教育》(1795)中提出,具有教化功能——因此,审美教育是一项精神培养的自由工程,有可能产生道德自由,这是一个自我管理的品味共同体所必需的。本着这种席勒式的风格,二十世纪早期的教育家玛丽亚·蒙台梭利(Maria Montessori)写道:“感官教育为对事物品质中所有不同细节的准确感知做准备……帮助我们从外部世界收集想象的材料”,从而革新社会(高级蒙特梭利方法248)。因此,理解审美教育的一种方法是将其视为敏感性训练:即通过感知的微观操作来学习区分“事物品质中的细节”。在感官体验的颗粒级——区分紫花和紫色,或天鹅绒和缎子——敏感性训练参与了审美教育的更广泛的必要性,以实现感知共同体(sensus communis),一个围绕共同判断或感知组织起来的共同体,用杰西·拉伯(Jesse Raber)的话来说(15),“在民主自治和文化权威之间的紧张关系中进行协商”。虽然席勒的哲学是审美教育在敏感性训练基础上的一个有用的提醒,但它是18世纪和19世纪的识字训练,揭示了敏感性训练在实践中的样子。识字通常被认为是一种技术技能
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引用次数: 0
Why I Read What I Read: On the Exigencies of Sonic Reading Practices 我为什么读我所读的:论有声阅读的迫切性
IF 0.7 2区 文学 0 LITERATURE Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1632/s003081292300010x
Daphne A. Brooks
DAPHNE A. BROOKS is William R. Kenan, Jr., Professor of African American Studies, American Studies, Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, and Music at Yale University. She is the author of three books including Liner Notes for the Revolution: The Intellectual Life of Black Feminist Sound (Harvard UP, 2021), the winner of nine prizes and awards including the 2022 Music in American Culture Award from the American Musicological Society, the 2022 Barnard Hewitt Award for Outstanding Research in Theatre History from the American Society for Theatre Research, the 2022 Before Columbus Foundation American Book Award, and the 2022 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Ralph J. Gleason Music Book Award. A little over a decade ago and during the time when I served on the faculty of Princeton’s Department of English and (what was then) the Center for African American Studies, I was invited by the department’s undergraduate student body to participate in the inaugural English majors’ colloquium, an annual spring affair in which faculty members deliver remarks in response to a single question posed by the majors. The question that year was this: “Why do we read what we read?” The assignment was both intriguing and wholly frustrating, since I had, at that point, witnessed chronic exclusionary practices from the top down in Princeton’s English department, a unit in which I taught for a total of thirteen years, beginning in my post as an assistant faculty member and concluding as a tenured full professor. The “we” rang hollow to me since I often found myself reading with and alongside a set of students who, while drawn to African American literature (one of my primary areas of specialization), were nonetheless rarely based in the Department of English as majors. They expressed little interest in pursuing a degree in English and often articulated a discomfort with what they perceived to be the history of anti-Blackness in the discipline—as both a field of inquiry and a site of unreconstructed university sociality. My own experiences as a Black feminist studies professor at Princeton confirmed as much. Throughout my entire time at Princeton and through what amounted to over half-a-dozen times in which I taught some portion of the multicourse survey in African American literature that my former colleague Valerie Smith and I designed back in 2002, the “we” in my African American literature courses amounted to Black and brown students who largely rejected English as a path of study. This was a sentiment that surfaced in each iteration of the class when I taught it (and I once taught the survey across an entire academic year). Their reasons were varied—
达芙妮·a·布鲁克斯是耶鲁大学非裔美国人研究、美国研究、妇女、性别和性研究以及音乐教授威廉·r·凯南。她是三本书的作者,包括革命的班轮笔记:黑人女权主义声音的知识分子生活(哈佛大学,2021年),获得九项奖项和奖项,包括美国音乐学学会颁发的2022年美国文化音乐奖,美国戏剧研究学会颁发的2022年巴纳德·休伊特戏剧史杰出研究奖,2022年哥伦布基金会美国图书奖,以及2022年摇滚名人堂拉尔夫·j·格里森音乐图书奖。十多年前,当我在普林斯顿大学英语系和(当时的)非裔美国人研究中心任职时,该系的本科生团体邀请我参加首届英语专业研讨会,这是一年一度的春季活动,教师们会对专业人士提出的一个问题发表评论。那一年的问题是:“我们为什么要读我们读过的东西?”这项任务既有趣又令人沮丧,因为那时我已经目睹了普林斯顿大学英语系长期以来自上而下的排斥行为,我在这个部门教了13年书,从助理教员的职位开始,到终身教授的职位结束。对我来说,“我们”听起来很空洞,因为我经常发现自己和一群学生一起阅读,他们虽然被非裔美国文学(我的主要专业之一)所吸引,但却很少以英语系为专业。他们对攻读英语学位没有什么兴趣,而且经常对他们所认为的这门学科的反黑人历史表示不满——这门学科既是一个研究领域,也是一个未重建的大学社会的场所。我自己作为普林斯顿大学黑人女权主义研究教授的经历也证实了这一点。在我在普林斯顿的整个时间里,在我和我的前同事瓦莱丽·史密斯于2002年设计的非裔美国文学多课程调查中,我教授了超过六次的部分课程,在我的非裔美国文学课程中,“我们”基本上是黑人和棕色人种的学生,他们基本上拒绝把英语作为学习的途径。当我教这门课的时候,这种情绪每次都会出现(我曾经用了整整一学年的时间来教这个调查)。他们的理由多种多样
{"title":"Why I Read What I Read: On the Exigencies of Sonic Reading Practices","authors":"Daphne A. Brooks","doi":"10.1632/s003081292300010x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1632/s003081292300010x","url":null,"abstract":"DAPHNE A. BROOKS is William R. Kenan, Jr., Professor of African American Studies, American Studies, Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, and Music at Yale University. She is the author of three books including Liner Notes for the Revolution: The Intellectual Life of Black Feminist Sound (Harvard UP, 2021), the winner of nine prizes and awards including the 2022 Music in American Culture Award from the American Musicological Society, the 2022 Barnard Hewitt Award for Outstanding Research in Theatre History from the American Society for Theatre Research, the 2022 Before Columbus Foundation American Book Award, and the 2022 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Ralph J. Gleason Music Book Award. A little over a decade ago and during the time when I served on the faculty of Princeton’s Department of English and (what was then) the Center for African American Studies, I was invited by the department’s undergraduate student body to participate in the inaugural English majors’ colloquium, an annual spring affair in which faculty members deliver remarks in response to a single question posed by the majors. The question that year was this: “Why do we read what we read?” The assignment was both intriguing and wholly frustrating, since I had, at that point, witnessed chronic exclusionary practices from the top down in Princeton’s English department, a unit in which I taught for a total of thirteen years, beginning in my post as an assistant faculty member and concluding as a tenured full professor. The “we” rang hollow to me since I often found myself reading with and alongside a set of students who, while drawn to African American literature (one of my primary areas of specialization), were nonetheless rarely based in the Department of English as majors. They expressed little interest in pursuing a degree in English and often articulated a discomfort with what they perceived to be the history of anti-Blackness in the discipline—as both a field of inquiry and a site of unreconstructed university sociality. My own experiences as a Black feminist studies professor at Princeton confirmed as much. Throughout my entire time at Princeton and through what amounted to over half-a-dozen times in which I taught some portion of the multicourse survey in African American literature that my former colleague Valerie Smith and I designed back in 2002, the “we” in my African American literature courses amounted to Black and brown students who largely rejected English as a path of study. This was a sentiment that surfaced in each iteration of the class when I taught it (and I once taught the survey across an entire academic year). Their reasons were varied—","PeriodicalId":47559,"journal":{"name":"PMLA-PUBLICATIONS OF THE MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA","volume":"23 1","pages":"178 - 181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86044797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Aesthetic Education and the Ubiquitous Bourgeois 美育与无处不在的资产阶级
IF 0.7 2区 文学 0 LITERATURE Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1632/S0030812922000980
Jonah Siegel
JONAH SIEGEL, distinguished professor of English at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, is the author of Desire and Excess: The Nineteenth-Century Culture of Art (Princeton UP, 2000) and Haunted Museum: Longing, Travel, and the ArtRomance Tradition (Princeton UP, 2005), as well as the editor of The Emergence of the Modern Museum: An Anthology of Nineteenth-Century Sources (Oxford UP, 2008). His most recent books include Material Inspirations: The Interests of the Art Object in the Nineteenth Century and After (Oxford UP, 2020) and Overlooking Damage: Art, Display, and Loss in Times of Crisis (Stanford UP, 2022). The idea that one needs to learn what is beautiful, that what happens at the moment of aesthetic experience is not an automatic response, like squinting in bright light or sweating in the heat, is widely shared. Nevertheless, the process whereby one comes to learn what is beautiful gets surprisingly little sustained attention. Analysis is constrained by powerful critical conventions, including the sense that there is not much left to say once one has identified the interest determining the claim that something is beautiful. In fact, two contradictory and generally unstated (because so apparently self-evident) beliefs shape the modern relationship to aesthetic experience and limit the possibility of reflection: on the one hand, the conviction that true aesthetic responses are fundamentally individual and personal, and for that reason not capable of being taught, and, on the other, the certainty that relations to art are constrained by the interests of the group, and therefore absolutely determined and inevitable—making instruction unnecessary or worse. The temptation of recent critics has been to think of the project of aesthetic education as Karl Marx had it when he described culture as a kind of training, one in which the particular pleasures or interests of one social class are reinscribed as necessary and universal. From this perspective, the notion that social progress might be attendant on learning—and learning through art—gives off a suspicious smell of reactionary condescension even as it violates several widely shared principles about the intersection of education and politics. Current sensibilities, then, have made it difficult to recognize in the writings of Friedrich Schiller and Matthew Arnold anything other than reactionary formulations of very limited interest to contemporary thought. The sense that the aesthetic experience implied Bildung, or development, “culture” not in its simplest and least compelling sense—where it means the established body of knowledge of a
乔纳·西格尔,新布伦瑞克罗格斯大学杰出的英语教授,著有《欲望与过度:19世纪的艺术文化》(普林斯顿大学出版社,2000年)和《幽灵博物馆:渴望、旅行和艺术浪漫传统》(普林斯顿大学出版社,2005年),也是《现代博物馆的兴起:19世纪文献选集》(牛津大学出版社,2008年)的编辑。他最近的著作包括《物质灵感:19世纪及其后艺术对象的利益》(牛津大学,2020年)和《忽视损害:危机时期的艺术、展示和损失》(斯坦福大学,2022年)。人们需要学习什么是美,在审美体验的瞬间发生的事情不是一种自动反应,就像在强光下眯起眼睛或在高温下出汗一样,这种观点得到了广泛的认同。然而,一个人学习美的过程却很少得到持续的关注。分析受到强大的批判惯例的约束,包括一旦一个人确定了决定某物是美的兴趣,就没有多少话可说了。事实上,两种相互矛盾且通常未陈述的信念(因为如此明显不言自明)塑造了现代审美经验的关系,并限制了反思的可能性:一方面,相信真正的审美反应基本上是个人的和个人的,因此不能被教导,另一方面,确信与艺术的关系受到群体利益的限制,因此绝对是决定的和不可避免的,使得教学不必要或更糟。最近的批评家们倾向于像卡尔·马克思(Karl Marx)那样思考美学教育项目,他把文化描述为一种训练,在这种训练中,一个社会阶层的特殊快乐或兴趣被重新定义为必要的和普遍的。从这个角度来看,社会进步可能伴随着学习——以及通过艺术学习——的观念散发出一种反动优越感的可疑气味,即使它违反了关于教育和政治交叉的几个广泛共享的原则。因此,当前的敏感性使得人们很难从弗里德里希·席勒和马修·阿诺德的著作中,辨认出除了对当代思想兴趣非常有限的反动表述之外的任何东西。审美体验暗示着“文化”的培养或发展,而不是最简单、最不引人注目的意义上的“文化”
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