Pub Date : 2021-10-20DOI: 10.1080/14649357.2021.2003102
Lisa K. Bates
Planning scholarship and practice from the vantage point of Portland, Oregon in the past year and a half has left me wishing for a theoretical classification well beyond ‘wicked’. The Covid-19 pandemic has exacerbated every persistent problem with racial disparities, economic inequality, and housing instability to the point where the word crisis is inadequate. It has revealed how badly hollowed-out our public institutions are, as workers from closed industries wait months for unemployment insurance payments due to outdated software and insufficient staffing (Rogoway, 2020), with state agencies relying on contractors to create the IT and finance systems to disburse emergency rent relief before the hundreds of evictions filed each week proceed to judgment (Biggars, 2021). Coming to the end of summer 2021, we returned to coronavirus restrictions due to the surging Delta variant and watched tent cities appear across Portland as shelters and services for people experiencing houselessness were overtaxed. We are entering a city budget cycle in which the Portland Police Bureau, having experienced a budget freeze in 2020 for the first time in decades, will seek more resources and positions despite over one hundred days of protest and a U.S. Department of Justice finding of ongoing civil rights violations and a need for continued federal oversight. The political environment for progressive planning – for any planning, really – has become toxic: from a national breakdown in democratic functioning; to a state legislature breached by right-wing rioters allowed in the building by an elected lawmaker; to a local backlash against social justice movements by growth machine-gunning developers (Carpenter, 2021). Among my colleagues and comrades – community-based researchers in urban planning; professional planners in state and local governments; and practitioners in community-based organizations – it can feel as though we’ve stalled entirely in our work of shifting plans towards environmental sustainability and social equity, towards community-based models for upstream health, towards anti-displacement policies, and towards interventions supporting well-being instead of policing and incarceration. A year ago, I would have taken inspiration in the words of my editorial colleagues in this journal volume – Andy Inch urging planners to care for the future and be part of a progressive recovery (Inch, 2021); and Crystal Legacy’s exhortations to resist power and reimagine planning itself (Legacy, 2021), referring back to Libby Porter’s description of TINA (‘there is no alternative’) planning that traps planners into a position of acquiescence to existing power relations (Porter, 2011). After 19 months of ‘unprecedented events’, however, exhaustion with even the most radical of planning theories has set in. Instead, along with my students – young, emerging practitioners of planning and community development – I have been exploring the creative world of visionary fiction. A
{"title":"Tired, But Hopeful","authors":"Lisa K. Bates","doi":"10.1080/14649357.2021.2003102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2021.2003102","url":null,"abstract":"Planning scholarship and practice from the vantage point of Portland, Oregon in the past year and a half has left me wishing for a theoretical classification well beyond ‘wicked’. The Covid-19 pandemic has exacerbated every persistent problem with racial disparities, economic inequality, and housing instability to the point where the word crisis is inadequate. It has revealed how badly hollowed-out our public institutions are, as workers from closed industries wait months for unemployment insurance payments due to outdated software and insufficient staffing (Rogoway, 2020), with state agencies relying on contractors to create the IT and finance systems to disburse emergency rent relief before the hundreds of evictions filed each week proceed to judgment (Biggars, 2021). Coming to the end of summer 2021, we returned to coronavirus restrictions due to the surging Delta variant and watched tent cities appear across Portland as shelters and services for people experiencing houselessness were overtaxed. We are entering a city budget cycle in which the Portland Police Bureau, having experienced a budget freeze in 2020 for the first time in decades, will seek more resources and positions despite over one hundred days of protest and a U.S. Department of Justice finding of ongoing civil rights violations and a need for continued federal oversight. The political environment for progressive planning – for any planning, really – has become toxic: from a national breakdown in democratic functioning; to a state legislature breached by right-wing rioters allowed in the building by an elected lawmaker; to a local backlash against social justice movements by growth machine-gunning developers (Carpenter, 2021). Among my colleagues and comrades – community-based researchers in urban planning; professional planners in state and local governments; and practitioners in community-based organizations – it can feel as though we’ve stalled entirely in our work of shifting plans towards environmental sustainability and social equity, towards community-based models for upstream health, towards anti-displacement policies, and towards interventions supporting well-being instead of policing and incarceration. A year ago, I would have taken inspiration in the words of my editorial colleagues in this journal volume – Andy Inch urging planners to care for the future and be part of a progressive recovery (Inch, 2021); and Crystal Legacy’s exhortations to resist power and reimagine planning itself (Legacy, 2021), referring back to Libby Porter’s description of TINA (‘there is no alternative’) planning that traps planners into a position of acquiescence to existing power relations (Porter, 2011). After 19 months of ‘unprecedented events’, however, exhaustion with even the most radical of planning theories has set in. Instead, along with my students – young, emerging practitioners of planning and community development – I have been exploring the creative world of visionary fiction. A","PeriodicalId":47693,"journal":{"name":"Planning Theory & Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49122891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-08DOI: 10.1080/14649357.2021.1981661
A. Faludi
We hold these truths to be self-evident that government derives its powers from the people. See here a version of the famous words of the US Declaration of Independence, agreed by a Continental Congress that assembled delegates from across the American colonies. Today, the complexities of selecting delegates would have received a lot of attention. Called upon to articulate and defend the interests of their constituencies, cross-border and overarching issues may end up getting short shrift. Voters and their concerns come first. However, to safeguard, as the Declaration of Independence has it, life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, the moment may have arrived for a ‘Declaration of Interdependence’, with implications for what I call the production of democratic legitimacy. Should elections continue privileging resident voters?The immediate occasion for discussing this apparently remote issue, is the Cohesion Policy Package 2021–27 of the European Union (EU), proposing a European Cross-Border Mechanism (ECBM) designed to deal with interdependence across national borders. Ever since INTERREG has supported relevant initiatives, the EU has committed to supporting cross-border areas, engaging many planners in the process. However, cross-border relations frequently get short shrift. This is particularly, but not exclusively – think of the so-called refugee crisis – the case in managing COVID-19. What the ECBM suggests is allowing authorities along borders to invoke the rule book of their neighbours so that both sides can follow the same rules. This should minimise border effects to the extent that borders may as well disappear.
{"title":"Declaration of Interdependence","authors":"A. Faludi","doi":"10.1080/14649357.2021.1981661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2021.1981661","url":null,"abstract":"We hold these truths to be self-evident that government derives its powers from the people. See here a version of the famous words of the US Declaration of Independence, agreed by a Continental Congress that assembled delegates from across the American colonies. Today, the complexities of selecting delegates would have received a lot of attention. Called upon to articulate and defend the interests of their constituencies, cross-border and overarching issues may end up getting short shrift. Voters and their concerns come first. However, to safeguard, as the Declaration of Independence has it, life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, the moment may have arrived for a ‘Declaration of Interdependence’, with implications for what I call the production of democratic legitimacy. Should elections continue privileging resident voters?The immediate occasion for discussing this apparently remote issue, is the Cohesion Policy Package 2021–27 of the European Union (EU), proposing a European Cross-Border Mechanism (ECBM) designed to deal with interdependence across national borders. Ever since INTERREG has supported relevant initiatives, the EU has committed to supporting cross-border areas, engaging many planners in the process. However, cross-border relations frequently get short shrift. This is particularly, but not exclusively – think of the so-called refugee crisis – the case in managing COVID-19. What the ECBM suggests is allowing authorities along borders to invoke the rule book of their neighbours so that both sides can follow the same rules. This should minimise border effects to the extent that borders may as well disappear.","PeriodicalId":47693,"journal":{"name":"Planning Theory & Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45374288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-20DOI: 10.1080/14649357.2021.1981649
H. Thomas
{"title":"The Politics and Ideology of Planning","authors":"H. Thomas","doi":"10.1080/14649357.2021.1981649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2021.1981649","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47693,"journal":{"name":"Planning Theory & Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42964134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-09DOI: 10.1080/14649357.2021.1972129
Jeff Biggar
ABSTRACT This paper explores planning negotiations in neighbourhood-level urban redevelopment. Rapidly densifying cities routinely approve development projects that exceed zoning permissions, conditional on negotiations with developers for affordable housing and park space, among other public benefits. This paper provides a case analysis on negotiations in multi-actor urban redevelopment projects involving density bonusing in Toronto, Canada. Local actors framed urban redevelopment to justify broad public need, while using their wherewithal to build bargaining power with developers and city councillors. The paper finds that negotiations are symptomatic of ad-hoc planning and perpetuate uneven development processes, which pose challenges for planners to ensure stability and predictability in market-driven, discretionary planning environments.
{"title":"Approaching Negotiations in Urban Redevelopment Projects: A Multiple Case Analysis of Stakeholder Involvement in Community Benefit Agreements","authors":"Jeff Biggar","doi":"10.1080/14649357.2021.1972129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2021.1972129","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper explores planning negotiations in neighbourhood-level urban redevelopment. Rapidly densifying cities routinely approve development projects that exceed zoning permissions, conditional on negotiations with developers for affordable housing and park space, among other public benefits. This paper provides a case analysis on negotiations in multi-actor urban redevelopment projects involving density bonusing in Toronto, Canada. Local actors framed urban redevelopment to justify broad public need, while using their wherewithal to build bargaining power with developers and city councillors. The paper finds that negotiations are symptomatic of ad-hoc planning and perpetuate uneven development processes, which pose challenges for planners to ensure stability and predictability in market-driven, discretionary planning environments.","PeriodicalId":47693,"journal":{"name":"Planning Theory & Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47028701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-08DOI: 10.1080/14649357.2021.1965647
F. Rao, K. Dovey
ABSTRACT Car-dependent cities of the mid-late twentieth century transformed urban shopping as shopping centres became privatised and separated from urban life – traditional main streets were often replaced by suburban malls and then power centres (big-box clusters). We identify 13 emerging synergies between these retail types and critique the ways the synergies may foster or endanger urban public life. This evidence suggests contradictory trends: a return to urbanity with more fine-grained, mixed-use, and pedestrian-friendly shopping, juxtaposed with anti-urban tendencies of entrenched car-dependency and sophisticated private control. The role of planning in creating resilient urbanity is at stake.
{"title":"Shopping and Urbanity: Emerging Assemblages of Main Street, Mall, and Power Centre","authors":"F. Rao, K. Dovey","doi":"10.1080/14649357.2021.1965647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2021.1965647","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Car-dependent cities of the mid-late twentieth century transformed urban shopping as shopping centres became privatised and separated from urban life – traditional main streets were often replaced by suburban malls and then power centres (big-box clusters). We identify 13 emerging synergies between these retail types and critique the ways the synergies may foster or endanger urban public life. This evidence suggests contradictory trends: a return to urbanity with more fine-grained, mixed-use, and pedestrian-friendly shopping, juxtaposed with anti-urban tendencies of entrenched car-dependency and sophisticated private control. The role of planning in creating resilient urbanity is at stake.","PeriodicalId":47693,"journal":{"name":"Planning Theory & Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47378819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-08DOI: 10.1080/14649357.2021.1968476
L. Berglund, Alexandra Kitson
ABSTRACT The field of urban planning and its scholarship, while acknowledging harmful development practices for marginalized groups, has not directly engaged in alternative, trauma-informed planning processes at the municipal level. Social work and law have a scholarly tradition of acknowledging trauma and providing frameworks for carrying out trauma-informed practice; planning scholars have proposed models like therapeutic planning, but lack an understanding of how to formalize such approaches. We use the case study of the redevelopment of the Nova Scotia Home for Colored Children to provide lessons and recommendations for how planners might codify trauma-informed practices into formal processes.
{"title":"The Redevelopment of the Nova Scotia Home for Colored Children: A Case for Trauma-Informed Urban Planning Practices","authors":"L. Berglund, Alexandra Kitson","doi":"10.1080/14649357.2021.1968476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2021.1968476","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The field of urban planning and its scholarship, while acknowledging harmful development practices for marginalized groups, has not directly engaged in alternative, trauma-informed planning processes at the municipal level. Social work and law have a scholarly tradition of acknowledging trauma and providing frameworks for carrying out trauma-informed practice; planning scholars have proposed models like therapeutic planning, but lack an understanding of how to formalize such approaches. We use the case study of the redevelopment of the Nova Scotia Home for Colored Children to provide lessons and recommendations for how planners might codify trauma-informed practices into formal processes.","PeriodicalId":47693,"journal":{"name":"Planning Theory & Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44767732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-17DOI: 10.1080/14649357.2021.1966081
S. Vallance, S. Edwards
ABSTRACT In this paper, we highlight some of the challenges associated with strategic spatial planning, including long-time frames, limited control, translation and implementation gaps. We then explore how tactical urbanism might, in theory, address these s given its emphasis on small-scale, immediate, experimental action for long-term change. Our research with a Charter-based, principles-led, action-oriented network is then used to test these possibilities in practice. We conclude that tactical urbanism can be considered the antithesis of, complement to, or antidote depending on the disposition of planning authorities.
{"title":"Charting New Ground: Between Tactical Urbanism and Strategic Spatial Planning","authors":"S. Vallance, S. Edwards","doi":"10.1080/14649357.2021.1966081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2021.1966081","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this paper, we highlight some of the challenges associated with strategic spatial planning, including long-time frames, limited control, translation and implementation gaps. We then explore how tactical urbanism might, in theory, address these s given its emphasis on small-scale, immediate, experimental action for long-term change. Our research with a Charter-based, principles-led, action-oriented network is then used to test these possibilities in practice. We conclude that tactical urbanism can be considered the antithesis of, complement to, or antidote depending on the disposition of planning authorities.","PeriodicalId":47693,"journal":{"name":"Planning Theory & Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41967868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-12DOI: 10.1080/14649357.2021.1960733
M. Lennon
The Covid-19 pandemic has left society dazed and confused. Self-evidently momentous, its multifaceted impacts upon the functioning and experience of city living have been swift and deep. This has precipitated a range of laudable research in planning, which, among other foci, has sought to examine how the disruption is amplifying inequities (Cole et al., Citation2020), improving urban environmental quality (Sharifi & Khavarian-Garmsir, Citation2020) and generating enhanced demand for public space (Sepe, Citation2021;Ugolini et al., Citation2020). The pandemic has also heightened interest in re-engaging planning with its roots in public health (Lennon, Citation2020;Scott, Citation2020). Here, an emerging strand of research is exploring how to better proof our cities from the ill-effects of future contagions (Bereitschaft & Scheller, Citation2020;Martínez & Short, Citation2021). Yet, there is another dimension to the pandemic that may have impacts which shake the very foundations of how we think cities could and should evolve. This results from the current great experiment in spatial reorganisation that stretches well beyond the requirement of social distancing. Specifically, never before in a time of peace have so many peoples' lives been so comprehensively decoupled from their places of work for such an extensive period of time. Indeed, while the effects of social distancing are immediately apparent in how we have found new ways to negotiate spaces, it is perhaps remote working that will have the longest impact on our cities. This was alluded to but not elaborated on in a recent superb editorial by Jill Grant in this journal (Grant, Citation2020). Hence, I propose in this short comment piece to extend this line of speculation.For centuries cities have pulled people into their orbit in search of employment, education and new experiences. Conventionally conceived as places of opportunity, cities are seen to thrive where a critical threshold of population and capital spawn dynamic and diverse economies and cultures, in which residents flourish in choice and convenience. Yet despite such lofty descriptions, for most cities it is employment that is the magnet and motor of urban land use that heavily influences where people live, shop and recreate. These two cardinal poles of home and work have long dictated how people flow around and use urban spaces: from school runs to restaurants;from retail to recreation. It is this spatial relationship embedded in the daily patterns of life that helps create and carry communities. But if people are no longer limited by their place or time of work, will it follow that they will choose to lumber themselves with the outsized mortgages, additional expenses and stresses of urban living?
{"title":"Planning and the Post-Pandemic City","authors":"M. Lennon","doi":"10.1080/14649357.2021.1960733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2021.1960733","url":null,"abstract":"The Covid-19 pandemic has left society dazed and confused. Self-evidently momentous, its multifaceted impacts upon the functioning and experience of city living have been swift and deep. This has precipitated a range of laudable research in planning, which, among other foci, has sought to examine how the disruption is amplifying inequities (Cole et al., Citation2020), improving urban environmental quality (Sharifi & Khavarian-Garmsir, Citation2020) and generating enhanced demand for public space (Sepe, Citation2021;Ugolini et al., Citation2020). The pandemic has also heightened interest in re-engaging planning with its roots in public health (Lennon, Citation2020;Scott, Citation2020). Here, an emerging strand of research is exploring how to better proof our cities from the ill-effects of future contagions (Bereitschaft & Scheller, Citation2020;Martínez & Short, Citation2021). Yet, there is another dimension to the pandemic that may have impacts which shake the very foundations of how we think cities could and should evolve. This results from the current great experiment in spatial reorganisation that stretches well beyond the requirement of social distancing. Specifically, never before in a time of peace have so many peoples' lives been so comprehensively decoupled from their places of work for such an extensive period of time. Indeed, while the effects of social distancing are immediately apparent in how we have found new ways to negotiate spaces, it is perhaps remote working that will have the longest impact on our cities. This was alluded to but not elaborated on in a recent superb editorial by Jill Grant in this journal (Grant, Citation2020). Hence, I propose in this short comment piece to extend this line of speculation.For centuries cities have pulled people into their orbit in search of employment, education and new experiences. Conventionally conceived as places of opportunity, cities are seen to thrive where a critical threshold of population and capital spawn dynamic and diverse economies and cultures, in which residents flourish in choice and convenience. Yet despite such lofty descriptions, for most cities it is employment that is the magnet and motor of urban land use that heavily influences where people live, shop and recreate. These two cardinal poles of home and work have long dictated how people flow around and use urban spaces: from school runs to restaurants;from retail to recreation. It is this spatial relationship embedded in the daily patterns of life that helps create and carry communities. But if people are no longer limited by their place or time of work, will it follow that they will choose to lumber themselves with the outsized mortgages, additional expenses and stresses of urban living?","PeriodicalId":47693,"journal":{"name":"Planning Theory & Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41789479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-08DOI: 10.1080/14649357.2021.1962957
Koen Bandsma, Ward Rauws, G. de Roo
ABSTRACT This paper explores how applying psychological and cognitive theories in nudge design can increase the effectiveness of nudging in public space. Nudges are those policy instruments that alter human behaviour by exploiting cognitive biases/heuristics, without limiting the choice set. Based on interviews with Dutch urban planners, barriers in applying such behavioural theories are identified. These barriers relate both to urban planners’ inexperience with nudging and to the organisational and societal context in which nudges are designed. A design framework is presented to optimise the design of nudges by helping planners to identify when and where nudging is feasible.
{"title":"Optimising Nudges in Public Space: Identifying and Tackling Barriers to Design and Implementation","authors":"Koen Bandsma, Ward Rauws, G. de Roo","doi":"10.1080/14649357.2021.1962957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2021.1962957","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper explores how applying psychological and cognitive theories in nudge design can increase the effectiveness of nudging in public space. Nudges are those policy instruments that alter human behaviour by exploiting cognitive biases/heuristics, without limiting the choice set. Based on interviews with Dutch urban planners, barriers in applying such behavioural theories are identified. These barriers relate both to urban planners’ inexperience with nudging and to the organisational and societal context in which nudges are designed. A design framework is presented to optimise the design of nudges by helping planners to identify when and where nudging is feasible.","PeriodicalId":47693,"journal":{"name":"Planning Theory & Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42363818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-08DOI: 10.1080/14649357.2021.1956815
In 2020, without much thinking I said ‘yes’ to working on an Interface about planning just futures. Futures planning is at least, to some degree, a hopeful activity, and I had agreed, implicitly, to find other people who think a lot about futures and planning during a less than inspirational time. An enduring pandemic had swept across the world, most acutely affecting poor people and people of color. At the same time, in the United States, some of the largest civil uprisings in recent history, protesting police violence against Black people, were taking place. Writing about futures and optimism for change has felt absurd at times in the malaise of COVID-19, protest, and politics. I found myself talking with contributors about what it means to talk about hope in the face of such sadness and loss, to still know that we must push towards the just future. I encouraged authors, and myself, to reject the idea of producing falsely optimistic pieces, but to share visions of hope, ideas for paths forward, and reflections on now. As a less optimistic person, I appreciated what other contributors shared, and how our different ways of thinking might assemble some type of guide for those planning scholars and practitioners looking for the – what happens now? In the writings, you will not find rose-colored glasses. You will also not find recommendations to stop doing the work of reaching just futures. Instead we make suggestions, offer insights, and ask questions about what it means to engage in our futures at this moment in time. Each essay offers its unique contribution, with several themes emerging across them. I want to highlight the ones that have kept me thinking, and hoping for planning scholarship and practice.
{"title":"Planning Just Futures","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/14649357.2021.1956815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2021.1956815","url":null,"abstract":"In 2020, without much thinking I said ‘yes’ to working on an Interface about planning just futures. Futures planning is at least, to some degree, a hopeful activity, and I had agreed, implicitly, to find other people who think a lot about futures and planning during a less than inspirational time. An enduring pandemic had swept across the world, most acutely affecting poor people and people of color. At the same time, in the United States, some of the largest civil uprisings in recent history, protesting police violence against Black people, were taking place. Writing about futures and optimism for change has felt absurd at times in the malaise of COVID-19, protest, and politics. I found myself talking with contributors about what it means to talk about hope in the face of such sadness and loss, to still know that we must push towards the just future. I encouraged authors, and myself, to reject the idea of producing falsely optimistic pieces, but to share visions of hope, ideas for paths forward, and reflections on now. As a less optimistic person, I appreciated what other contributors shared, and how our different ways of thinking might assemble some type of guide for those planning scholars and practitioners looking for the – what happens now? In the writings, you will not find rose-colored glasses. You will also not find recommendations to stop doing the work of reaching just futures. Instead we make suggestions, offer insights, and ask questions about what it means to engage in our futures at this moment in time. Each essay offers its unique contribution, with several themes emerging across them. I want to highlight the ones that have kept me thinking, and hoping for planning scholarship and practice.","PeriodicalId":47693,"journal":{"name":"Planning Theory & Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43382730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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