IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-03-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103921

Simin Zhou , Tianlin Wang , Miao Yu , Xiujuan Shi

The role of phonology in Chinese character recognition has been a subject of ongoing debate. While evidence suggests that phonetic radicals play a significant role in compound character recognition, previous studies have often mixed phonological and orthographic information associated with radicals. To address this limitation, two eye-tracking experiments were conducted to further investigate the role of phonetic radical phonology and the time course of its influence on character recognition. In Experiment 1, we employed an error disruption paradigm to explore the role of phonology in Chinese character recognition. The results revealed that, for regular target characters, the total reading time was shorter in the phonologically similar substitute condition compared to the unrelated condition. The findings suggest that phonological information facilitates Chinese character recognition, but only in the late processing stages. In Experiment 2, the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm was utilized to investigate how phonetic radical information influences the recognition of compound characters. Results showed that, regardless of a character’s regularity, the single fixation duration, first fixation duration, and gaze duration were all shorter in the phonologically similar condition than in the unrelated condition. The findings suggest that phonetic radical phonology consistently facilitates the processing of Chinese characters, both in the early and late stages. This study offers new insights into the phonological processing of Chinese characters, particularly highlighting the crucial role of radicals in decoding word meanings and emphasizing the importance of sub-lexical processing in reading comprehension.

音系在汉字识别中的作用一直是一个争论不休的话题。虽然有证据表明声母在复合字识别中起着重要作用，但以往的研究往往将与声母相关的语音和正字法信息混合在一起。为了解决这一问题，我们进行了两个眼动实验，进一步研究了音源语音对汉字识别的作用及其影响的时间过程。实验1采用错误中断范式探讨语音在汉字识别中的作用。结果表明，对于规则目标字，语音相似替代条件下的总阅读时间比不相关替代条件下的短。研究结果表明，语音信息有助于汉字识别，但仅在后期加工阶段。实验2采用注视条件边界范式考察了语音词根信息对复合字识别的影响。结果表明，无论汉字的规律如何，语音相似条件下的单注视持续时间、首次注视持续时间和注视持续时间均短于语音不相关条件下的注视持续时间。研究结果表明，在汉字加工的早期和后期阶段，声根音系始终有利于汉字的加工。本研究对汉字的音系加工提供了新的认识，特别强调了词根在词义解码中的重要作用，并强调了亚词汇加工在阅读理解中的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

An empirical study on parameters affecting the recoverability of deictic null subjects in Korean 影响韩国语指示无效主体可恢复性的参数实证研究

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-03-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103913

Arum Park

Korean is a null subject language, allowing the omission of overt subjects in sentences. Within the framework of principle and parameter theory, Korean null subjects have traditionally been explained by the topic-drop parameter, which assumes that omitted subjects are recovered through topic chains linking them to an explicit discourse topic. However, this mechanism alone is insufficient to account for deictic null subjects, which primarily refer to the speaker or addressee and do not require a previously introduced topic. This study empirically and systematically evaluates the contribution of linguistic parameters within verbal complexes in resolving Korean deictic null subjects. A total of 208 heuristic rules were developed, integrating various morpho-syntactic and lexical features, and were incorporated into a unified null subject resolution system—the first attempt to comprehensively assess multiple parameters within a single system. The system was tested on 15,883 predicates containing null subjects, measuring the impact of each parameter in recovering discourse participant-referents. The system successfully identified 86% of discourse participant-related null subjects, achieving an accuracy rate of 99%. Additionally, an analysis of individual rule performance highlighted the crucial role of verbal suffixes in identifying and restoring deictic null subjects. These findings underscore the significance of explicit linguistic features in verbal complexes for the recoverability of deictic null subjects in Korean, particularly those linked to discourse participants.

韩国语是一种空主语语言，可以在句子中省略明显的主语。在原则和参数理论的框架内，韩国的空主语传统上用topic-drop参数来解释，该参数假设省略的主语通过将它们连接到明确的话语主题的主题链来恢复。然而，这种机制本身不足以解释指示性空主语，它主要指说话者或收件人，不需要先前介绍的主题。本研究以实证和系统的方法，评估复合体内的语言参数在解决韩国语指示空主语中的贡献。总共开发了208个启发式规则，整合了各种形态-句法和词汇特征，并将其纳入统一的空主语解析系统-这是在单个系统中全面评估多个参数的第一次尝试。该系统在15883个包含空主语的谓词上进行了测试，测量了每个参数对恢复话语参与者-指称物的影响。该系统成功识别了86%的话语参与者相关的空主题，准确率达到99%。此外，对个别规则表现的分析强调了动词后缀在识别和恢复指示空主语方面的关键作用。这些发现强调了言语复合体中显性语言特征对韩国语指示无效主体的可恢复性的重要性，特别是那些与话语参与者相关的语言特征。

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引用次数: 0

Bilingual influences and sources of variability in acceptability judgments: A case study of Chinese 可接受性判断的双语影响及变异来源：以汉语为例

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-02-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103911

Hai Hu , Aini Li , Yina Patterson , Jiahui Huang , Chien-Jer Charles Lin

The replicability of grammaticality judgments forms the foundation of data quality in linguistic research. Previous work has mostly focused on judgments from ideal “native speakers,” disregarding speakers of different language backgrounds. This study examines whether acceptability judgments in Chinese can be replicated by linguistically diverse native speakers, “monodialectal” and “multidialectal” speakers of Chinese, and then explores how various factors influence such judgments. First, we obtained a representative dataset by randomly sampling 337 minimal pairs from 68 journal articles on Chinese syntax from the past decade. Then, two groups of participants—monolingual Mandarin speakers from Beijing and Mandarin-Cantonese bilinguals from Guangzhou—completed an acceptability rating task (Experiment 1). Two forced-choice experiments (Experiments 2 and 3) were conducted to further examine the unreplicated pairs from Experiment 1. The results of these three experiments showed a convergence rate of 92% between our participants and the syntacticians who authored the examples. Importantly, the language backgrounds of the participants and the authoring syntacticians were not found to play a role in acceptability judgments, whereas sentence length and the language of the journals did. The multilingual status of Cantonese-Mandarin bilinguals has a subtle but limited influence on judgments in Mandarin Chinese. We argue that the reliance on a monolingual “ideal” native speaker for eliciting judgments may have been overemphasized in linguistic research.

语法判断的可复制性是语言学研究中数据质量的基础。以前的工作主要集中在理想的“母语人士”的判断上，忽略了不同语言背景的人士。本研究考察了汉语的可接受性判断是否可以被不同语言的母语使用者、“单方言”使用者和“多方言”使用者复制，并探讨了各种因素如何影响这种判断。首先，我们从68篇关于汉语语法的期刊文章中随机抽取337个最小对，获得了一个具有代表性的数据集。然后，两组参与者——来自北京的普通话单语者和来自广州的普通话-广东双语者——完成可接受度评定任务（实验1）。为了进一步检验实验1中的未重复对，我们进行了两个强迫选择实验（实验2和3）。这三个实验的结果表明，我们的参与者和撰写示例的句法师之间的收敛率为92%。重要的是，研究发现参与者和作者的语言背景对可接受性判断没有影响，而句子长度和期刊的语言对可接受性判断有影响。粤语-普通话双语者的多语地位对普通话判断的影响是微妙而有限的。我们认为，在语言学研究中，对单语“理想”母语人士的依赖可能被过分强调了。

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引用次数: 0

On Korean progressive/perfect constructions 关于韩语进行式/完成式

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103903

Kwang-sup Kim

It is well-known that the −ko iss- form in Korean is ambiguous, being interpreted as either a progressive reading or a resultant state reading. The primary claim of this article is that −ko iss- is, in fact, six-way ambiguous. This ambiguity arises from the interplay of three factors: the ambiguity of −ko, the ambiguity of iss-, and the optional presence of the light verb v*. The morpheme −ko is ambiguous between ‘simultaneous’ (+Simul) and ‘non-simultaneous’ (−Simul) readings. When used as an aspect marker, −ko_[+Simul] denotes the in-progress state of an event, while −ko_[−Simul] indicates either a resultant state or a continuative state of the event or state. Meanwhile, iss- can be interpreted either as a raising predicate or as a control predicate. Furthermore, the −ko iss- form can optionally co-occur with the light verb v*. Given these ambiguities, there are theoretically eight possible −ko iss- constructions. However, this article shows that only six of these are attested, as some combinations result in pragmatic anomaly. In accounting for the −ko iss- form, this article demonstrates that Korean progressive and perfect constructions share a striking similarity with their English counterparts, as both rely on the same underlying mechanism.

众所周知，韩国语中的“- ko -”形式是模棱两可的，被解释为一种渐进阅读或一种结果状态阅读。这篇文章的主要观点是，“- ko -”实际上是有六种歧义的。这种歧义源于三个因素的相互作用：- ko的歧义，iss-的歧义，以及可选的轻动词v*的存在。语素- ko在“同时”（+Simul）和“非同时”（- Simul）阅读之间是模糊的。当用作方面标记时，−ko[+Simul]表示事件正在进行的状态，而−ko[−Simul]表示事件或状态的结果状态或连续状态。同时，iss-既可以解释为提升谓词，也可以解释为控制谓词。此外，- ko -形式可以选择性地与轻动词v*同时出现。考虑到这些歧义，理论上有八种可能的- ko - iss结构。然而，本文只证明了其中的六种，因为一些组合会导致语用异常。在考虑- ko -形式时，本文表明韩语的进行式和完成式与英语的进行式和完成式有着惊人的相似之处，因为它们都依赖于相同的潜在机制。

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引用次数: 0

Formulaic expressions in Korean academic discourse: A corpus-based combinatoric morphemic analysis 韩国语学术话语中的公式化表达：基于语料库的组合语素分析

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-02-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103912

Beomil Kang , Sun-Hee Lee

This study introduces a corpus-based investigation of formulaic expressions in Korean academic discourse, employing a refined morphemic analysis designed for agglutinative properties of Korean. In the corpus analysis, dynamic discourse functions of formulaic sequences in Korean academic prose and formal conversation are explored while determining distinct register-based properties. Over the past thirty years, various corpus-based studies have rigorously examined recurrent formulaic expressions (so-called lexical bundles or multi-word expressions) in English, Spanish, etc. In contrast, there have been few studies in an agglutinative language like Korean with intricate morphosyntactic dependencies. By implementing pre-processing of allomorphs and unnecessary morphological units and lemmatization of predicate endings, the new combinatoric morphemic analysis provides substantial lists of lexico-grammatical patterns with accurate frequency information. This methodological template paves the way for further research into formulaic units in other agglutinative languages like Japanese, Turkish, and beyond. Three types of corpora have been used: a written corpus (2000 academic journal papers), a spoken corpus of formal conversation and a balanced reference corpus (3 million words). The result affirms high productivity and dynamic linguistic functions of Korean formulaic expressions in academic discourse, which indicates their utility as a valuable resource for exploring the process of second language learning and pedagogy.

本研究介绍了一个基于语料库的韩国学术话语的公式化表达的调查，采用了完善的语素分析，旨在为韩国的粘合特性。在语料库分析中，研究了韩国学术散文和正式会话中公式化序列的动态话语功能，同时确定了不同的基于语域的属性。在过去的三十年里，各种基于语料库的研究严格检查了英语、西班牙语等语言中的循环公式表达（所谓的词汇束或多词表达）。相比之下，对像韩语这样具有复杂形态句法依赖性的黏着语言的研究却很少。新的组合语素分析方法通过对异形体和不必要的形态单位进行预处理，并对谓语词尾进行词素化处理，从而提供具有准确频率信息的大量词汇语法模式列表。该方法模板为进一步研究其他黏性语言（如日语、土耳其语等）的公式化单位铺平了道路。使用了三种类型的语料库：书面语料库（2000篇学术期刊论文），正式会话口语语料库和平衡参考语料库（300万字）。研究结果证实了韩国语在学术话语中的高生产力和动态语言功能，表明韩国语是探索第二语言学习和教学过程的宝贵资源。

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引用次数: 0

Bidirectionality in bilingualism? Asymmetry in L1 Spanish-L2 English vs. L1 English-L2 Spanish bilinguals 双语中的双向性？母语西班牙语-第二语言英语与母语-第二语言西班牙语双语者的不对称性

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103898

Teresa Quesada , Cristóbal Lozano

Anaphora Resolution (AR) is a complex phenomenon at the syntax-discourse interface, which is problematic in the acquisition of an L2. Previous studies show that late sequential bilinguals (i.e., adult L2 learners) with different language pairs accept and produce more explicit referring expressions (REs) than pragmatically required. This can be accounted for by the Pragmatic Principles Violation Hypothesis (PPVH), which claims that L2 learners violate the Informativeness/Economy Principle more frequently than the Manner/Clarity Principle, which results in L2 learners being more redundant than ambiguous. Crucially, it is not known to what extent this redundancy strategy is modulated by L2 learners’ language pair and proficiency level. This study investigates whether the acquisition of AR is asymmetrical by comparing two mirror-image language pairs (L1 Spanish-L2 English vs. L1 English-L2 Spanish) across proficiency levels (A2-C2) under the same methodological conditions. We used two equally-designed and comparable corpora (COREFL and CEDEL2) and manually annotated the anaphoric written production of L2 learners plus two monolingual (English and Spanish) control groups (N = 138) using the same annotation scheme. The results not only confirmed the redundancy strategy previously reported, but, importantly, revealed that the acquisition of anaphora resolution is asymmetrical between language pairs and across development. These findings are captured by proposing an updated version of the PPVH, the PPVH2, which paves the way for new studies on bilingualism at the syntax-discourse/pragmatics interface.

回指消解（AR）是一种复杂的句法-语篇界面现象，在二语习得中存在问题。以往的研究表明，不同语言对的晚期顺序双语者（即成人二语学习者）接受和产生的显性指称表达比语用所需的要多。这可以通过语用原则违反假设（PPVH）来解释，该假设声称二语学习者违反信息性/经济性原则的频率高于方式/清晰性原则，这导致二语学习者更多的是冗余而不是模棱两可。至关重要的是，这种冗余策略在多大程度上受二语学习者的语言对和熟练程度的调节尚不清楚。本研究在相同的方法条件下，通过比较不同熟练程度（A2-C2）的两个镜像语言对（L1西班牙语- l2英语与L1英语- l2西班牙语）来调查AR习得是否不对称。我们使用了两个设计相同且具有可比性的语料库（COREFL和CEDEL2），并使用相同的注释方案对第二语言学习者和两个单语（英语和西班牙语）对照组（N = 138）的回指写作进行了手动注释。结果不仅证实了先前报道的冗余策略，而且重要的是，揭示了回指解析的习得在语言对之间和跨发展之间是不对称的。这些发现是通过提出PPVH的更新版本PPVH2得到的，它为在语法-话语/语用界面上研究双语的新研究铺平了道路。

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引用次数: 0

Sequential patterns of lexical categories in Chinese–English interpreting: Insights into linguistic and cognitive constraints 汉英口译中词汇范畴的顺序模式：对语言和认知约束的洞察

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-02-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103900

Haibo Jia , Junying Liang

Previous research has investigated lexical category distribution across different modes of interpreting, but the structural relationships within lexical categories that underpin grammatical and semantic information remain unexplored. To address this gap, this study employed part-of-speech (POS) distance, a metric quantifying the linear distance between a POS unit and its next repetition, to analyze the structural patterns within lexical categories across a corpus of consecutive interpreting (CI) and simultaneous interpreting (SI). The analyses included descriptive statistics and inferential functional modeling of POS distances using the Zipf–Alekseev (ZA) model. The results revealed significant, mode-specific discrepancies and irregularities in the sequential organization of lexical categories, alongside overarching regularities shared by CI and SI. Notably, CI is characterized by a sparser distribution of short-distance POS repetitions and a lower value of parameter b in the ZA model. These patterns persisted when potential confounders were accounted for. The results were interpreted in light of the linguistic and processing constraints involved in these interpreting modes. The findings exemplify how language production operates dynamically through the interplay among linguistic, cognitive, and contextual constraints. This study also offers methodological insights relevant to various aspects of linguistic studies.

以往的研究已经研究了不同口译模式下词汇类别的分布，但词汇类别之间的结构关系是语法和语义信息的基础，这一点尚未得到探索。为了解决这一差距，本研究采用词性距离（POS）来分析交替传译（CI）和同声传译（SI）语料库中词汇类别的结构模式。词性距离是一种量化词性单位与其下一次重复之间线性距离的度量标准。采用Zipf-Alekseev （ZA）模型对POS距离进行描述性统计和推理功能建模。结果显示显著的，模式特定的差异和不规则的顺序组织的词汇类别，以及总体规律共享的CI和SI。值得注意的是，CI的特点是短距离POS重复分布更稀疏，ZA模型中的参数b值更低。当考虑到潜在的混杂因素时，这些模式仍然存在。根据这些口译模式所涉及的语言和加工限制，对结果进行了解释。这些发现说明了语言生产是如何通过语言、认知和语境约束的相互作用动态运作的。本研究还提供了与语言学研究的各个方面相关的方法论见解。

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引用次数: 0

Perceptions of impoliteness in Twitter interactions: Evidence from Spanish Heritage speakers 推特互动中不礼貌的感知：来自西班牙传统演讲者的证据

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-02-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103901

Víctor Garre-León

This study investigates U.S. Spanish Heritage speakers’ perceptions of impoliteness in the Twitter feed of the Academia Mexicana de la Lengua. By combining first- and second-order approaches to (im)politeness, I argue that heritage speakers’ perceptions of impoliteness must be studied at the individual level to understand their expectations of how particular behaviors should occur in digital communication settings. I collected 28 reactive tweets representing either on-record or off-record impoliteness strategies. Using a five-point scale survey, 20 participant-evaluators rated the impoliteness of each tweet and provided metapragmatic comments to support their ratings. A mixed-methods analysis of the data revealed commonalities within groups regarding politeness norms (e.g., on-record strategies) and highlighted heritage speakers’ varying levels of tolerance to impoliteness in this medium. This variation revealed participants’ orientations and expectations at the individual level, especially when confronting off-record impoliteness. Focusing on Spanish Heritage speakers, the findings suggest that analyses of perceptions of politeness norms in social media interactions must incorporate both lay understandings and researchers’ conceptualizations to reflect expectations of impoliteness at the individual level, which are likely influenced by community norms.

这项研究调查了美国西班牙语传承者在墨西哥学院的推特上对不礼貌的看法。通过结合一阶和二阶（非）礼貌的方法，我认为必须在个人层面上研究传统说话者对不礼貌的看法，以了解他们对数字通信环境中特定行为应该如何发生的期望。我收集了28条反应性推文，这些推文代表了公开或不公开的不礼貌策略。使用五分制调查，20名参与者评估者对每条推文的不礼貌进行评级，并提供元实用主义的评论来支持他们的评级。对数据的混合方法分析揭示了群体内关于礼貌规范的共性（例如，记录策略），并强调了传统说话者在这种媒介中对不礼貌的容忍程度的不同。这种差异揭示了参与者在个人层面上的取向和期望，尤其是在面对非正式的不礼貌行为时。研究结果表明，对社交媒体互动中礼貌规范的看法的分析必须结合外行人的理解和研究人员的概念化，以反映个人层面对不礼貌的期望，这可能受到社区规范的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Reduplication in South African Englishes: A what-what borrowing gets a life of its own 南非英语中的重复：“什么”的借用有了自己的生命

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103902

Bertus Van Rooy , Roné Wierenga

Reduplication is more common in South African English (SAfE) than in many other varieties of English but has not received much attention in research. This article examines the use of the reduplication what-what. The scope of reduplication in English globally is surveyed before considering the use of reduplication in SAfE alongside possible influences of other languages in the local linguistic ecology. Thereafter, a corpus analysis is undertaken of two corpora, representing user comments on television soap operas (2006–2023) and news and comments from the NOW corpus (2010–2023). The results indicate that what-what conveys the meanings of Etcetera (‘there is more like this’), Whatever (a general indicator of something vague that is not spelled out), and a Specific thing or quality (which is deliberately not named). While many reduplication forms can be linked to antecedents in other South African languages, the results show that what-what has acquired new meanings since coming into use in SAfE, which creatively extend the potential of the construction beyond mere transfer from other languages. Reduplication is not only an entrenched grammatical construction for coining new words in SAfE, but it has also become a way to express local identity for users of SAfE.

南非英语（SAfE）中重复的现象比其他英语变体更为普遍，但在研究中却没有引起太多关注。本文研究了重复what的用法。在考虑外语中重复语的使用以及其他语言在当地语言生态中可能产生的影响之前，对全球英语重复语的范围进行了调查。然后，对两个语料库进行语料库分析，分别代表电视肥皂剧（2006-2023）和NOW语料库（2010-2023）的用户评论。结果表明，what-what传达的意思是“等等”（“还有更多这样的东西”），Whatever（没有阐明的模糊事物的一般指示），以及一个特定的事物或品质（故意没有命名）。虽然许多重复形式可以与其他南非语言中的先行词联系起来，但结果表明，自从在SAfE中使用以来，what已经获得了新的含义，这创造性地扩展了该结构的潜力，而不仅仅是从其他语言迁移过来的。重复不仅是外汇局词汇创造的一种根深蒂固的语法结构，而且也成为外汇局用户表达本地身份的一种方式。

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引用次数: 0

Spatial language production in Chinese preschoolers: Developmental patterns and associated predictors 中国学龄前儿童空间语言产生：发展模式及相关预测因素

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103899

Dandan Wu , Hui Li , Sheila Degotardi

Research on Chinese spatial language production has primarily focused on task-based experiments, neglecting naturalistic contexts and family influences and causing limited ecological validity. To address this gap, this study investigated the developmental patterns and predictors of spatial language production among 192 Chinese preschoolers (ages 2;6 to 5;6) during a half-hour toy-play session. The children’s naturalistic utterances were analyzed using a five-domain coding system derived from the literature. First, the results indicated a significant age effect in spatial language production. Second, factors such as parent–child storytelling, talk duration, and the total number of utterances significantly predicted early spatial language production. These findings have theoretical and practical implications for understanding and fostering spatial language development in natural contexts.

中国空间语言产生的研究主要集中在基于任务的实验上，忽视了自然语境和家庭影响，生态有效性有限。为了解决这一问题，本研究调查了192名中国学龄前儿童（2岁、6岁至5岁、6岁）在半小时的玩具游戏过程中空间语言产生的发展模式和预测因素。使用文献中导出的五域编码系统对儿童的自然话语进行分析。第一，空间语言产生的年龄效应显著。第二，亲子讲故事、谈话持续时间和话语总量等因素对幼儿空间语言产生有显著的预测作用。这些发现对理解和促进自然环境下的空间语言发展具有理论和实践意义。

引用次数: 0

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