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Ideological Differences in Race and Gender Stereotyping 种族和性别定型观念中的意识形态差异
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.2.259
Chadly Stern, Jordan R. Axt
We investigated whether political ideology was associated with the endorsement of race and gender stereotypes, and examined motivational and cognitive factors that could account for any ideological differences. Across five preregistered studies, people who were more politically conservative more strongly supported the use of stereotypes to make social inferences based on race, and endorsed specific stereotypes about racial and gender groups. An internal meta-analysis indicated that a greater desire to uphold group-based hierarchy and lower epistemic motivation to deliberate explained, in part, why conservatives were more likely to endorse the use of stereotypes, while cognitive ability did not have a significant explanatory role. These findings suggest that characteristics of individuals not inherently linked to any particular social group can shape perceptions about whether stereotypes are valid, and highlight how basic psychological motivations lead liberals and conservatives to diverge in their perceptions of groups.
我们调查了政治意识形态是否与支持种族和性别刻板印象有关,并研究了可以解释任何意识形态差异的动机和认知因素。在五项预先登记的研究中,政治上更保守的人更强烈地支持使用刻板印象来基于种族进行社会推断,并支持对种族和性别群体的特定刻板印象。一项内部荟萃分析表明,维护基于群体的等级制度的愿望更大,深思熟虑的认识动机更低,这在一定程度上解释了为什么保守派更有可能支持刻板印象的使用,而认知能力没有起到重要的解释作用。这些发现表明,与任何特定社会群体没有内在联系的个人的特征可以塑造人们对刻板印象是否有效的看法,并突显出基本的心理动机是如何导致自由派和保守派在对群体的看法上产生分歧的。
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引用次数: 5
Flexing the Extremes: Increasing Cognitive Flexibility With a Paradoxical Leading Questions Intervention 弯曲极端:通过矛盾的引导问题干预提高认知灵活性
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.2.225
Nadine Knab, Kevin Winter, M. Steffens
Since the increase in numbers of refugees worldwide, the acceptance of refugees in host countries is a highly contested topic. Negative attitudes towards refugees pose a challenge to both integration efforts and social cohesion. So-called paradoxical interventions help mitigating such extreme attitudes, but little is known about the cognitive processes elicited by these interventions. This research investigated whether a paradoxical leading-questions intervention targeting anti-refugee attitudes increases cognitive flexibility, especially among those with anti-refugee attitudes. Results of two preregistered experiments with general-population samples (N= 306) provide evidence that participants with anti-refugee attitudes showed higher cognitive flexibility in the paradoxical condition compared to control conditions. Thereby, this research proposes a cognitive foundation for the benefits of paradoxical interventions in intergroup contexts and suggests novel indications as to why these interventions are effective. We discuss the potential of paradoxical interventions for other important socially contested contexts, such as vaccination and climate change.
由于世界范围内难民人数的增加,东道国接受难民是一个极具争议的话题。对难民的消极态度对融合努力和社会凝聚力都构成挑战。所谓的矛盾干预有助于减轻这种极端态度,但对这些干预引发的认知过程知之甚少。本研究调查了针对反难民态度的矛盾引导问题干预是否会增加认知灵活性,特别是在那些有反难民态度的人中。两项针对一般人群样本(N= 306)的预注册实验结果表明,与对照条件相比,持反难民态度的参与者在矛盾条件下表现出更高的认知灵活性。因此,本研究提出了在群体间环境中悖论干预的益处的认知基础,并提出了为什么这些干预有效的新迹象。我们讨论了在其他重要的社会争议背景下,如疫苗接种和气候变化,矛盾干预的潜力。
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引用次数: 6
Thou Shalt Not Kill, Unless It Is Not a Human: Target Dehumanization May Influence Decision Difficulty and Response Patterns for Moral Dilemmas 除非不是人,否则你不应该杀人:目标去人性化可能会影响道德困境的决策难度和反应模式
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2021-02-25 DOI: 10.31234/OSF.IO/FKNRD
H. Bai, Hyun Euh, Christopher M. Federico, E. Borgida
Past research on moral dilemmas has thoroughly investigated the roles of personality and situational variables, but the role of targets in moral dilemmas has been relatively neglected. This paper presents findings from four experiments that manipulate the perceived dehumanization of targets in moral dilemmas. Studies 1, 2 and 4 suggest that dehumanized targets may render the decision easier, and with less emotion. Findings from Studies 1 and 3, though not Studies 2 and 4, show that dehumanization of targets in dilemmas may lead participants to make less deontological judgments. Study 3, but not Study 4, suggests that it is potentially because dehumanization has an effect on reducing deontological, but not utilitarian judgments. Though the patterns are somewhat inconsistent across studies, overall, results suggest that targets’ dehumanization can play a role in how people make their decisions in moral dilemmas.
过去对道德困境的研究已经深入研究了人格和情境变量的作用,但目标在道德困境中的作用却相对被忽视。本文介绍了四个实验的结果,这些实验操纵了道德困境中目标的非人化。研究1、2和4表明,非人性化的目标可能会使决策更容易,情绪更少。研究1和3的结果,尽管不是研究2和4的结果,表明在困境中对目标的非人化可能会导致参与者做出较少的义务论判断。研究3而不是研究4表明,这可能是因为非人性化对减少义务论而非功利主义的判断有影响。尽管研究中的模式有些不一致,但总体而言,研究结果表明,目标的非人化可能会在人们如何在道德困境中做出决定中发挥作用。
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引用次数: 1
Morality as a Regulator of Divergence: Protecting Against Deviance While Promoting Diversity 道德作为分歧的调节者:在促进多样性的同时保护不偏离
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.1.81
J. Wright
Living together cooperatively in groups requires creating and maintaining healthy socio-cultural normative structures (i.e., shared “normed” beliefs, values, practices, and so on) that allow all members of the group to function well, both as individuals and as a part of the communal whole. This requires maintaining a delicate and dynamic balance between protecting members of the group from undue harm, while allowing for individual freedom, choice, and creativity—for example, determining when a new belief, value, or practice is a form of acceptable (even desirable) diversity to be allowed, and when it is a form of deviance to be shut down. I will argue that maintaining this balance is the primary function of morality—and that it requires an understanding of ourselves as moral beings oriented towards “the good” that is stable enough to be shared and passed down to future generations, yet flexible enough to adapt and change as our cumulative experiences expand and alter that understanding.
在群体中合作生活需要建立和维护健康的社会文化规范结构(即共同的“规范”信仰、价值观、实践等),使群体的所有成员都能作为个人和社区整体的一部分发挥良好的作用。这需要在保护群体成员免受不当伤害,同时允许个人自由、选择和创造力之间保持微妙而动态的平衡——例如,确定何时允许一种新的信仰、价值观或实践是一种可接受的(甚至是可取的)多样性,何时关闭它是一种越轨行为。我认为,保持这种平衡是道德的主要功能,它需要将我们自己理解为以“善”为导向的道德存在,这种“善”足够稳定,可以分享并传给后代,但也足够灵活,可以随着我们累积的经验扩大和改变这种理解而适应和改变。
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引用次数: 2
A Cooperation Advantage for Theory of Mind in Children and Adults 儿童与成人心理理论的合作优势
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.1.19
Lily Tsoi, J. Hamlin, A. Waytz, A. Baron, L. Young
Three studies test whether people engage in mental state reasoning or theory of mind (ToM) differently across two fundamental social contexts: cooperation and competition. Study 1 examines how children with an emerging understanding of false beliefs deploy ToM across these contexts. We find that young preschool children are better able to plant false beliefs in others’ minds in a cooperative versus competitive context; this difference does not emerge for other cognitive capacities tested (e.g., executive functioning, memory). Studies 2a and 2b reveal the same systematic difference in adults’ ToM for cooperation and competition, even after accounting for relevant predictors (e.g., preference for a task condition, feelings about deception). Together, these findings provide initial evidence for enhanced ToM for cooperation versus competition in early development and also adulthood.
三项研究测试了人们在合作和竞争这两个基本社会背景下是否以不同的方式进行心理状态推理或心理理论。研究1考察了对错误信念有新认识的儿童如何在这些背景下运用ToM。我们发现,在合作与竞争的环境中,年幼的学龄前儿童更容易在他人心中植入错误的信念;这种差异在测试的其他认知能力(如执行功能、记忆)中没有出现。研究2a和2b揭示了成年人在合作和竞争方面的ToM存在相同的系统差异,即使考虑了相关的预测因素(例如,对任务条件的偏好、对欺骗的感觉)。总之,这些发现为早期发育和成年期合作与竞争的ToM增强提供了初步证据。
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引用次数: 3
Locomoting Larks and Assessing Owls: Morality from Mode and Time of Day 运动Lars与评估Owls:从一天中的模式和时间看道德
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.1.59
James F. M. Cornwell, Olivia Mandelbaum, Allison T. Bajger, Raymond D. Crookes, D. Krantz, E. Higgins
Moral psychology is used to explore the interaction between regulatory mode (locomotion; assessment) and diurnal preference (“early birds”; “night owls”). Moral and immoral behavior was partly explained by an interaction between regulatory mode and the time of day the task took place. In Studies 1a and 1b, we established a relation between self-reported diurnal preference and regulatory mode using both a chronic measure and an induction: stronger locomotion preferring an earlier time of day; stronger assessment preferring a later time of day. In Study 2, we show that those with a locomotion predominance were less likely to invest in a public good later in the day compared to those with an assessment predominance. Lastly, in Study 3, those induced into an assessment mode were more likely to cheat when randomly assigned to complete a task in the morning compared to those induced into a locomotion mode.
运用道德心理学来探讨调节模式(运动;评估)和昼夜偏好(“早起鸟”;“夜猫子”)。道德和不道德的行为在一定程度上可以通过监管模式和任务发生时间之间的相互作用来解释。在研究1a和1b中,我们通过慢性测量和诱导建立了自我报告的昼夜偏好与调节模式之间的关系:更强的运动倾向于一天中更早的时间;更强的评估倾向于一天中的晚些时候。在研究2中,我们表明,与那些具有评估优势的人相比,那些具有运动优势的人不太可能在一天的晚些时候投资于公共产品。最后,在研究3中,那些被诱导进入评估模式的人在被随机分配在早上完成一项任务时,比那些被诱导进入运动模式的人更有可能作弊。
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引用次数: 2
Psychopathy and Moral Dilemma Judgments: A CNI Model Analysis of Personal and Perceived Societal Standards 精神病态与道德困境判断:个人与感知社会标准的CNI模型分析
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.1.41
D. Luke, Bertram Gawronski
Research on moral dilemma judgment suggests that higher levels of psychopathy are associated with a greater preference for utilitarian over deontological judgments. The current research investigated whether this association reflects (1) differences in the understanding of what society considers right or wrong or (2) differences in personal standards about the acceptability of certain actions. Using the CNI model, we further explored whether the obtained differences are rooted in differential standards regarding the significance of consequences, moral norms, or general action preferences. The results suggest that (1) both differences in personal standards and differences in perceived societal standards contribute to associations between psychopathy and moral dilemma judgments and (2) personal and perceived societal standards play different roles for different determinants of moral dilemma judgments. Implications for clinical and moral psychology and for research at their intersection are discussed.
对道德困境判断的研究表明,心理变态程度越高,越倾向于功利主义而非义务论判断。目前的研究调查了这种联系是否反映了(1)对社会认为对或错的理解的差异,或(2)对某些行为的可接受性的个人标准的差异。使用CNI模型,我们进一步探讨了所获得的差异是否植根于关于后果重要性、道德规范或一般行动偏好的差异标准。研究结果表明:(1)个人标准的差异和感知社会标准的差异都有助于精神病与道德困境判断之间的联系;(2)个人标准和感知社会水平对道德困境判断的不同决定因素起着不同的作用。讨论了对临床心理学和道德心理学及其交叉研究的启示。
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引用次数: 22
On the Moral Functions of Language 论语言的道德功能
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.1.99
Leon Li, M. Tomasello
Previous comparisons of language and morality have taken a cognitively internalist (i.e., within-minds) perspective. We take a socially externalist (i.e., between-minds) perspective, viewing both language and morality as forms of social action. During human evolution, social cognitive adaptations for cooperation evolved, including cooperative communication (social acts to mentally coordinate with others for common goals) and social normativity (social acts to regulate cooperative social relationships). As human cooperation scaled up in complexity, cooperative communication and social normativity scaled up as well, leading to the development of culturally elaborated forms of language and morality. Language facilitates all aspects of morality and is even necessary for certain aspects. Humans use language to (1) initiate, (2) preserve, (3) revise, and (4) act on morality in ways such as forming joint commitments, teaching norms, modifying social realities, and engaging in moral reason-giving.
以前对语言和道德的比较是从认知内在主义(即在头脑中)的角度进行的。我们采取社会外部主义(即思想之间)的观点,将语言和道德视为社会行动的形式。在人类进化过程中,对合作的社会认知适应发生了变化,包括合作交流(为共同目标在心理上与他人协调的社会行为)和社会规范性(调节合作社会关系的社会行动)。随着人类合作在复杂性上的扩大,合作交流和社会规范性也在扩大,导致了语言和道德的文化形式的发展。语言促进了道德的各个方面,甚至在某些方面也是必要的。人类使用语言(1)发起、(2)维护、(3)修正和(4)以形成共同承诺、传授规范、修改社会现实和参与道德理性等方式对道德采取行动。
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引用次数: 13
When the Going Gets Tough, How Do We Perceive the Future? 当情况变得艰难时,我们如何看待未来?
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.31234/OSF.IO/PKAXN
Tepper Sj, Neil A. Lewis
People struggle to stay motivated to work toward difficult goals. Sometimes the feeling of difficulty signals that the goal is important and worth pursuing; other times, it signals that the goal is impossible and should be abandoned. In this paper, we argue that how difficulty is experienced depends on how we perceive and experience the timing of difficult events. We synthesize research from across the social and behavioral sciences and propose a new integrated model to explain how components of time perception interact with interpretations of experienced difficulty to influence motivation and goal-directed behavior. Although these constructs have been studied separately in previous research, we suggest that these factors are inseparable and that an integrated model will help us to better understand motivation and predict behavior. We conclude with new empirical questions to guide future research and by discussing the implications of this research for both theory and intervention practice.
人们努力保持动力,朝着困难的目标努力。有时候,困难的感觉表明目标很重要,值得追求;其他时候,它表明目标是不可能的,应该放弃。在本文中,我们认为如何体验困难取决于我们如何感知和体验困难事件的时间。我们综合了来自社会科学和行为科学的研究,提出了一个新的综合模型来解释时间感知的组成部分如何与经历困难的解释相互作用,从而影响动机和目标导向行为。虽然这些结构在以前的研究中是单独研究的,但我们认为这些因素是不可分割的,一个综合的模型将有助于我们更好地理解动机和预测行为。最后,我们提出了新的实证问题,以指导未来的研究,并讨论了本研究对理论和干预实践的影响。
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引用次数: 3
Morality as Fuel for Violence? Disentangling the Role of Religion in Violent Conflict 道德是暴力的燃料?宗教在暴力冲突中的作用
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.1.166
K. Cousar, N. Carnes, Sasha Y. Kimel
Past research finds contradictory evidence suggesting that religion both reduces and increases violent conflict. We argue that morality is an important hub mechanism that can help us understand this disputed relationship. Moreover, to reconcile this, as well as the factors underlying religion’s impact on increased violence (i.e., belief versus practice), we draw on Virtuous Violence Theory and newly synthesize it with research on both moral cognition and social identity. We suggest that the combined effect of moral cognition and social identity may substantially increase violence beyond what either facilitates alone. We test our claims using multilevel analysis of data from the World Values Survey and find a nuanced effect of religion on people’s beliefs about violence. Specifically, religious individuals were less likely to condone violence while religious countries were more likely to. This combination of theoretical and empirical work helps disentangle the interwoven nature of morality, religion, and violence.
过去的研究发现了相互矛盾的证据,表明宗教既减少又增加了暴力冲突。我们认为,道德是一个重要的枢纽机制,可以帮助我们理解这种有争议的关系。此外,为了调和这一点,以及宗教对暴力增加影响的潜在因素(即信仰与实践),我们借鉴了美德暴力理论,并将其与道德认知和社会认同的研究进行了新的综合。我们认为,道德认知和社会认同的综合作用可能会大大增加暴力,而不仅仅是两者所促成的。我们使用对世界价值观调查数据的多层次分析来检验我们的说法,并发现宗教对人们对暴力的信仰有着微妙的影响。具体而言,宗教个人不太可能宽恕暴力,而宗教国家更有可能宽恕。这种理论和实证工作的结合有助于理清道德、宗教和暴力的交织本质。
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引用次数: 1
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Social Cognition
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