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(Eye-) Tracking the Other-Race Effect: Comparison of Eye Movements During Encoding and Recognition of Ingroup Faces With Proximal and Distant Outgroup Faces (眼)追踪其他种族效应:内群体面孔编码和识别过程中眼球运动与近、远外群体面孔的比较
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.3.366
Marleen Stelter, Marc Rommel, Juliane Degner
People experience difficulties recognizing faces of ethnic outgroups, known as the other-race effect. The present eye-tracking study investigates if this effect is related to differences in visual attention to ingroup and outgroup faces. We measured gaze fixations to specific facial features and overall eye-movement activity level during an old/new recognition task comparing ingroup faces with proximal and distal ethnic outgroup faces. Recognition was best for ingroup faces and decreased gradually for proximal and distal outgroup faces. Participants attended more to the eyes of ingroup faces than outgroup faces, but this effect was unrelated to recognition performance. Ingroup-outgroup differences in eye-movement activity level did not emerge during the study phase, but during the recognition phase, with ingroup-outgroup differences varying as a function of recognition accuracy and old/new effects. Overall, ingroup-outgroup effects on recognition performance and eye movements were more pronounced for recognition of new items, emphasizing the role of retrieval processes.
人们在识别种族外群体的面孔时会遇到困难,这被称为其他种族效应。目前的眼动追踪研究调查了这种影响是否与对组内和组外面孔的视觉注意力差异有关。我们测量了在新旧识别任务中对特定面部特征的注视和整体眼动活动水平,比较了组内面孔与近端和远端种族外面孔。组内人脸识别效果最好,组外近端和远端人脸识别效果逐渐下降。参与者更多地关注组内面孔的眼睛而不是组外面孔,但这种影响与识别性能无关。眼动活动水平的组内外差异在研究阶段没有出现,但在识别阶段,组内外差异随着识别准确性和新旧效应的变化而变化。总体而言,对于新项目的识别,组内-组外对识别性能和眼动的影响更为明显,强调了检索过程的作用。
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引用次数: 5
Morality Matters in the Marketplace: The Role of Moral Metacognition in Consumer Purchasing 市场中的道德问题:道德元认知在消费者购买中的作用
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.3.328
Andrew Luttrell, Jacob D. Teeny, R. Petty
To better understand the seemingly inconsistent influence of consumers' morality on their marketplace behaviors, we apply insights from research on attitude moralization to the consumer domain. That is, rather than predefining certain products as “moral,” this approach treats morality as the extent to which individual consumers metacognitively perceive their positive product attitudes as rooted in moral (vs. non-moral) considerations. Across multiple studies (N = 1,105), a wide variety of product categories, and multiple methodological approaches (i.e., correlational, experimental, and longitudinal), we show how the degree to which consumers perceive a moral basis for their product attitudes robustly predicts their intended and actual marketplace behaviors. Importantly, these findings hold above and beyond overall attitudes, other metacognitive assessments (e.g., certainty and ambivalence), and explicit product quality. By extending prior research in moral social cognition to the consumer domain, we provide a more refined account of morality's role in consumer behavior.
为了更好地理解消费者道德对其市场行为的看似不一致的影响,我们将态度道德化研究的见解应用到消费者领域。也就是说,这种方法不是将某些产品预先定义为“道德的”,而是将道德视为个人消费者元认知地认为他们的积极产品态度植根于道德(与非道德)考虑的程度。通过多项研究(N=1105)、各种各样的产品类别和多种方法论方法(即相关性、实验性和纵向),我们展示了消费者对其产品态度的道德基础的感知程度如何有力地预测他们的预期和实际市场行为。重要的是,这些发现超越了整体态度、其他元认知评估(如确定性和矛盾心理)和明确的产品质量。通过将先前对道德社会认知的研究扩展到消费者领域,我们对道德在消费者行为中的作用提供了更精细的描述。
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引用次数: 12
When Abstract Concepts Rely on Multiple Metaphors: Metaphor Selection in the Case of Power 当抽象概念依赖于多重隐喻:权力情况下的隐喻选择
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.3.408
Mianlin Deng, A. Guinote, Lin Li, Lijuan Cui, Wendian Shi
The study examines metaphor selection for the same abstract concept when multiple concrete dimensions are available for use. Drawing on the power concept, four studies investigated the roles of attention and visual features of concrete dimensions in metaphoric mapping. In Studies 1 and 2, two concrete dimensions (vertical space and size) were visually connected to power-related target words simultaneously, and one was salient. Attention driven by stimulus saliency allowed the attended concrete dimension to have a higher activation level and to be used. In Studies 3 and 4, the attended and the non-attended concrete dimensions were presented separately, and the latter was visually associated with power-related target words. This time, the attended dimension did not have an activation advantage, allowing the non-attended dimension to be used for metaphoric mapping simultaneously. The findings suggest that attention is important, but not necessary, and that features of concrete dimensions can guide metaphor use.
本研究考察了当有多个具体维度可供使用时,对同一抽象概念的隐喻选择。在权力概念的基础上,四项研究探讨了具体维度的注意和视觉特征在隐喻映射中的作用。在研究1和研究2中,两个具体维度(垂直空间和大小)在视觉上同时与权力相关的目标词相关联,其中一个维度显著。由刺激显著性驱动的注意使被关注的具体维度具有更高的激活水平并被使用。在研究3和研究4中,参与和不参与的具体维度分别呈现,后者在视觉上与权力相关的目标词相关。这一次,参与的维度没有激活优势,允许非参与的维度同时用于隐喻映射。研究结果表明,注意是重要的,但不是必要的,具体维度的特征可以指导隐喻的使用。
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引用次数: 2
Faces and Sounds Becoming One: Cross-Modal Integration of Facial and Auditory Cues in Judging Trustworthiness 面孔和声音融为一体:面孔和听觉线索在判断可信度中的跨模态整合
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.3.315
M. Brambilla, Matteo Masi, S. Mattavelli, M. Biella
Face processing has mainly been investigated by presenting facial expressions without any contextual information. However, in everyday interactions with others, the sight of a face is often accompanied by contextual cues that are processed either visually or under different sensory modalities. Here, we tested whether the perceived trustworthiness of a face is influenced by the auditory context in which that face is embedded. In Experiment 1, participants evaluated trustworthiness from faces that were surrounded by either threatening or non-threatening auditory contexts. Results showed that faces were judged more untrustworthy when accompanied by threatening auditory information. Experiment 2 replicated the effect in a design that disentangled the effects of threatening contexts from negative contexts in general. Thus, perceiving facial trustworthiness involves a cross-modal integration of the face and the level of threat posed by the surrounding context.
人脸处理主要通过在没有任何上下文信息的情况下呈现面部表情来进行研究。然而,在与他人的日常互动中,人脸的视觉往往伴随着上下文线索,这些线索要么在视觉上处理,要么在不同的感官模式下处理。在这里,我们测试了人脸的可信度是否受到人脸嵌入的听觉环境的影响。在实验1中,参与者从被威胁性或非威胁性听觉环境包围的人脸中评估可信度。结果表明,当伴随着威胁性的听觉信息时,人脸被认为更不可信。实验2在一个设计中复制了这种效果,该设计将威胁性环境的影响与一般的负面环境区分开来。因此,感知面部可信度涉及面部和周围环境构成的威胁程度的跨模态整合。
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引用次数: 9
Red Enhances the Processing of Anger Facial Configurations as a Function of Target Gender 红色增强了目标性别对愤怒面部形态的加工
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.3.396
Ashley L. Ruba, Christopher A. Thorstenson, B. Repacholi
Various contextual factors, such as color, modify how emotions are perceived on the face. In particular, the color red enhances categorization of anger on faces. Yet, an open question remains as to whether red facilitates anger categorization uniformly or whether this effect is specific to targets with characteristics already highly associated with anger. The current work examines whether the color red facilitates anger categorization and whether this effect varies as a function of target gender. We found that red facilitates the processing of anger for male faces (Experiment 1) but not for female faces (Experiment 2), likely due to stronger implicit associations between red with anger for male faces (Experiment 3). The findings suggest that cues to emotion (e.g., red cueing anger) are most salient when the meaning of the signal (e.g., threat) matches observer's implicit notions about the target's characteristics (e.g., capability of doing harm; males).
各种各样的背景因素,比如颜色,会改变人们在脸上感知情绪的方式。特别是,红色增强了对面部愤怒的分类。然而,一个悬而未决的问题仍然是,红色是否会统一地促进愤怒的分类,或者这种影响是否只针对那些已经与愤怒高度相关的特征的目标。目前的研究考察了红色是否有助于愤怒分类,以及这种影响是否随着目标性别的变化而变化。我们发现,红色促进了对男性面孔的愤怒处理(实验1),但对女性面孔的愤怒处理(实验2)则没有促进作用,这可能是由于红色与男性面孔的愤怒之间存在更强的内隐关联(实验3)。研究结果表明,当信号的含义(如威胁)与观察者对目标特征的内隐概念(如伤害能力;男性)。
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引用次数: 1
Ambiguity under scrutiny: Moral judgment of microaggressions 审视下的歧义:对微侵犯行为的道德判断
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2021-04-14 DOI: 10.31234/OSF.IO/MUQ2T
Joanna Korman, Boyoung Kim, B. Malle, David M. Sobel
Microaggressions are subtle, offensive comments directed at minority group members that are characteristically ambiguous in meaning. In two studies, we explored how observers interpret such ambiguous statements by comparing microaggressions to faux pas, offenses caused by the speaker having an incidental false belief. In Study 1, we compared third-party observers’ blame and intentionality judgments of microaggressions with those for social faux pas. Despite judging both offenses not to be caused intentionally, participants judged microaggressions as more blameworthy. In Study 2 microaggressions without explicit mental state information exhibited a similar profile of judgments as those accompanied by explicit prejudiced or ignorant beliefs. Although they are, like faux pas, judged not to cause harm intentionally, microaggressive comments appear to be judged as more blameworthy on account of enduring prejudice thought to be lurking behind a speaker’s false or incorrect beliefs. Our studies demonstrate a distinctive profile of moral judgment for microaggressions.
微侵犯是指针对少数群体成员的微妙的、冒犯性的评论,其特点是意思模糊。在两项研究中,我们通过比较微侵犯和失礼(由说话者偶然错误信念引起的冒犯)来探讨观察者如何解释这种模棱两可的陈述。在研究1中,我们比较了第三方观察者对微侵犯行为和社交失礼行为的指责和故意判断。尽管参与者认为这两种冒犯都不是故意造成的,但他们认为微侵犯更应该受到谴责。在研究2中,没有明确心理状态信息的微侵犯行为与带有明确偏见或无知信念的微侵犯行为表现出相似的判断特征。尽管像失礼一样,微攻击性言论被认为不是故意造成伤害,但人们似乎认为微攻击性言论更应该受到谴责,因为人们认为,在说话者错误或不正确的信念背后隐藏着持久的偏见。我们的研究显示了对微侵犯行为的道德判断的独特特征。
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引用次数: 1
Hindsight Bias and Electoral Outcomes: Satisfaction Counts More Than Winner-Loser Status 后见之明偏见与选举结果:满意度比输赢地位更重要
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.2.201
M. Bertolotti, P. Catellani
The tendency to perceive outcomes as more foreseeable once they are available is a well-known phenomenon. However, research on the cognitive and motivational factors that induce individuals to overestimate the foreseeability of an electoral outcome has yielded inconsistent findings. In three studies based on large-scale electoral surveys (ITANES, Italian National Election Studies), we argued that the tendency to perceive an electoral outcome as foreseeable is positively and consistently associated with satisfaction with the outcome. Across all studies, satisfaction with the outcome was significantly and positively associated with retrospective foreseeability, above and beyond voters’ preference for a “winning” or “losing” party. In Study 3, a measure of memory distortion of pre-electoral forecasts was included, which was only weakly associated with retrospective foreseeability, but not with satisfaction for the outcome, supporting the notion of different levels of hindsight bias associated with different cognitive and motivational factors.
一旦结果可用,就会认为结果更可预见,这是一种众所周知的现象。然而,对导致个人高估选举结果可预见性的认知和动机因素的研究得出了不一致的结果。在三项基于大规模选举调查的研究(意大利国家选举研究)中,我们认为,将选举结果视为可预见的倾向与对结果的满意度呈正相关。在所有研究中,对结果的满意度与回顾性可预见性显著正相关,高于选民对“获胜”或“失败”政党的偏好。在研究3中,包括了对选举前预测的记忆扭曲的测量,该测量仅与回顾性可预见性弱相关,但与对结果的满意度不相关,支持了与不同认知和动机因素相关的不同程度的事后偏见的概念。
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引用次数: 2
The Effects of Online Status on Self-Other Processing as Revealed by Automatic Imitation 自动模仿揭示在线状态对自我-他者加工的影响
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.2.295
Sumeet Farwaha, Sukhvinder S. Obhi
High status individuals have been found to be less attuned to the behavior of others in the social environment. An important question is whether social status in an online setting affects social information processing in a way that resembles the known effects of real-world status on such processing. We examined differences in automatic imitation between Instagram “leaders” and “followers.” In Experiment 1, we found that followers exhibited more automatic imitation than leaders. Experiment 2 sought to establish whether this effect depended on status being salient, or whether it would occur spontaneously in the absence of priming. Results confirmed that thinking about status prior to the task is necessary for producing the pattern of effects in which high status individuals exhibit less automatic imitation than lower status individuals. We discuss our findings in relation to the effects of online status on self-other processing as assessed in the automatic imitation task.
人们发现,地位高的人在社会环境中对他人的行为不太适应。一个重要的问题是,在线环境中的社会地位是否会以类似于现实世界地位对社会信息处理的已知影响的方式影响社会信息处理。我们研究了Instagram“领导者”和“追随者”在自动模仿方面的差异。在实验1中,我们发现追随者比领导者表现出更多的自动模仿。实验2试图确定这种影响是否取决于状态的显著性,或者在没有启动的情况下是否会自发发生。结果证实,在任务之前思考状态对于产生效果模式是必要的,在这种模式中,地位高的个体比地位低的个体表现出更少的自动模仿。我们讨论了在自动模仿任务中评估的在线状态对自我-他人处理的影响。
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引用次数: 1
“I want it now!” Intertemporal Choice Through the Lens of Valence Weighting Bias “我现在就要!”价加权偏倚视角下的跨期选择
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.2.243
Javier A. Granados Samayoa, R. Fazio
The current research presents a novel perspective regarding individual differences in intertemporal choice preferences. We postulate that such differences are partly rooted in individuals’ valence weighting proclivities—their characteristic manner of weighting positive and negative valence when constructing an initial evaluation. Importantly, valence weighting bias should predict intertemporal choice most strongly (a) for those who are relatively low in trait self-control and (b) when the magnitude of the available rewards is relatively small, because these two factors are associated with lesser motivation/resources to deliberate extensively about one's decision. More specifically, we propose that those with a more positive weighting bias give greater weight to the clearly positive immediate reward that is under consideration, and under these conditions, the resulting appraisal shapes choice more strongly. Using a performance-based measure of valence weighting tendencies, a hypothetical intertemporal choice task, and a self-report measure of trait self-control, we provide evidence for our hypothesis.
当前的研究为跨期选择偏好的个体差异提供了一个新的视角。我们假设这种差异部分源于个体的价加权倾向,即他们在构建初始评价时对正价和负价加权的特征方式。重要的是,效价加权偏差对跨期选择的预测作用最大(a)对于那些特质自我控制能力相对较低的人,以及(b)当可获得奖励的幅度相对较小时,因为这两个因素与较少的动机/资源有关,从而较少地考虑一个人的决定。更具体地说,我们提出,那些具有更积极的权重偏差的人会给正在考虑的明显积极的即时奖励更大的权重,在这些条件下,由此产生的评估更强烈地塑造了选择。使用基于绩效的效价加权倾向测量、假设的跨期选择任务和自我报告的特质自我控制测量,我们为我们的假设提供了证据。
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引用次数: 1
Ideological Differences in Race and Gender Stereotyping 种族和性别定型观念中的意识形态差异
IF 1.9 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1521/SOCO.2021.39.2.259
Chadly Stern, Jordan R. Axt
We investigated whether political ideology was associated with the endorsement of race and gender stereotypes, and examined motivational and cognitive factors that could account for any ideological differences. Across five preregistered studies, people who were more politically conservative more strongly supported the use of stereotypes to make social inferences based on race, and endorsed specific stereotypes about racial and gender groups. An internal meta-analysis indicated that a greater desire to uphold group-based hierarchy and lower epistemic motivation to deliberate explained, in part, why conservatives were more likely to endorse the use of stereotypes, while cognitive ability did not have a significant explanatory role. These findings suggest that characteristics of individuals not inherently linked to any particular social group can shape perceptions about whether stereotypes are valid, and highlight how basic psychological motivations lead liberals and conservatives to diverge in their perceptions of groups.
我们调查了政治意识形态是否与支持种族和性别刻板印象有关,并研究了可以解释任何意识形态差异的动机和认知因素。在五项预先登记的研究中,政治上更保守的人更强烈地支持使用刻板印象来基于种族进行社会推断,并支持对种族和性别群体的特定刻板印象。一项内部荟萃分析表明,维护基于群体的等级制度的愿望更大,深思熟虑的认识动机更低,这在一定程度上解释了为什么保守派更有可能支持刻板印象的使用,而认知能力没有起到重要的解释作用。这些发现表明,与任何特定社会群体没有内在联系的个人的特征可以塑造人们对刻板印象是否有效的看法,并突显出基本的心理动机是如何导致自由派和保守派在对群体的看法上产生分歧的。
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引用次数: 5
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Social Cognition
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