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The social grounds of personal self: Interactions that build a sense of ‘we’ help clarify who ‘I’ am 个人自我的社会基础:建立 "我们 "意识的互动有助于明确 "我 "是谁
IF 2.8 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3070
Namkje Koudenburg, Jolanda Jetten, Karalyn F. Enz, S. Alexander Haslam

Many lay people believe that the best way to develop a clear sense of ‘who you are’ is to shut yourself off from others and engage in introspection. Increasingly, however, empirical evidence points to the social aspects of identities and identity development. Building on this, we argue that a strong sense of personal identity is more likely to be derived from meaningful social interaction. More specifically, we argue that when communication allows people to develop a sense of shared identity, it can also promote a sense of personal self. Consistent with this hypothesis, evidence from three experiments indicates that social interaction indirectly enhances people's self-concept clarity and personal identity strength, through an increased experience of shared identity and social validation. This suggests that a sense of ‘me’ is not formed independently of others but also through the experience of ‘we’ in interaction.

许多普通人认为,要想清楚地认识 "你是谁",最好的办法就是与他人隔绝,进行自我反省。然而,越来越多的经验证据表明,身份和身份发展具有社会性。在此基础上,我们认为,强烈的个人认同感更有可能来自于有意义的社会互动。更具体地说,我们认为,当交流使人们形成共同的身份认同感时,它也能促进个人的自我意识。与这一假设相一致的是,来自三个实验的证据表明,社交互动通过增加共同认同和社会验证的体验,间接提高了人们的自我概念清晰度和个人认同强度。这表明,"我 "的意识并不是独立于他人而形成的,而是通过在互动中体验 "我们 "而形成的。
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引用次数: 0
Changing perceptions of people wearing masks: Two years of living in a pandemic 改变人们对戴口罩的看法:生活在大流行病中的两年
IF 2.8 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-04-25 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3069
Xia Fang, Kerry Kawakami

Despite the widespread use of face masks to combat COVID-19, little is known about their immediate and delayed social consequences. To understand short- and long-term effects of face masks on interpersonal perception, we measured the evaluation of faces with and without masks at four time points—June 2020, January 2021, September 2021 and June 2022—from the early months of the pandemic in North America to the more recent, and from the implementation of mask mandates to the end of these requirements. Surprisingly, we found that, in general, faces with masks were perceived as more competent, warm, trustworthy, considerate and attractive, but less dominant and anxious than faces without masks. Moreover, differences in attributions of dominance, trustworthiness and warmth between faces with and without masks increased in a linear trend from June 2020 to June 2022. Notably, the impact of masks on perceptions of competence, considerateness, attractiveness and anxiousness did not change over time. We discuss how mask mandates can alter people's social perceptions of others who wear masks compared to those who do not wear masks and how these mandates may influence attributions of some traits more than others through mere exposure and/or social norms.

尽管广泛使用口罩来对抗 COVID-19,但人们对其直接和延迟的社会后果知之甚少。为了了解口罩对人际感知的短期和长期影响,我们在 2020 年 6 月、2021 年 1 月、2021 年 9 月和 2022 年 6 月这四个时间点测量了对戴口罩和不戴口罩的人脸的评价--从北美大流行的最初几个月到最近几个月,以及从口罩规定的实施到这些规定的结束。令人惊讶的是,我们发现,与不戴口罩的面孔相比,戴口罩的面孔一般被认为更有能力、更热情、更值得信赖、更体贴、更有吸引力,但支配欲和焦虑感较低。此外,从 2020 年 6 月到 2022 年 6 月,戴面具和不戴面具的人脸在支配性、可信度和温暖度方面的差异呈线性增长趋势。值得注意的是,面具对能力、体贴、吸引力和焦虑感的影响并没有随着时间的推移而改变。我们讨论了与不戴面具的人相比,面具规定如何改变人们对戴面具的人的社会认知,以及这些规定如何通过单纯的接触和/或社会规范影响人们对某些特征的归因。
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引用次数: 0
‘It always seems impossible, until it is done’: Perspectives on reconciliation and its underlying processes in post-conflict societies 这似乎总是不可能的,直到它完成":对冲突后社会和解及其基本进程的看法
IF 2.8 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-04-19 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3066
Tijana Karić, Jasper Van Assche, Hermann Swart

This Special Issue editorial explores perspectives on intergroup reconciliation and its underlying processes in post-conflict societies, emphasizing the importance of four key themes: 1) victimhood, 2) acknowledgment, 3) forgiveness, and 4) intergroup contact. After presenting the state of the art in reconciliation research, we present the individual contributions in this Special Issue, and we link them to the four key themes. We end this editorial by setting out an agenda for future research, underscoring the timeliness and relevance of reconciliation efforts in today's world. By offering insights into evidence-based interventions and practical strategies for promoting positive intergroup relations, this Special Issue hopes to contribute to the broader discourse on peacebuilding and social cohesion in post-conflict societies.

本特刊社论探讨了冲突后社会中群体间和解及其基本过程的视角,强调了四个关键主题的重要性:1)受害者身份;2)承认;3)宽恕;4)群体间接触。在介绍了和解研究的最新进展之后,我们介绍了本特刊中的个人贡献,并将它们与四个关键主题联系起来。在社论的最后,我们提出了未来研究的议程,强调了当今世界和解工作的及时性和相关性。本特刊希望通过深入探讨促进积极的群体间关系的循证干预措施和实用战略,为有关冲突后社会的和平建设与社会凝聚力的广泛讨论做出贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Dark Triad and the attitude toward military violence against civilians: The role of moral disengagement 黑暗三合会与对平民实施军事暴力的态度:道德脱离的作用
IF 2.8 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3067
Olga Gulevich, Evgeny Osin, Daniil Chernov

Scholars pay great attention to sociopsychological factors that predict attitudes toward military action, but they rarely address personality variables. The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between the Dark Triad traits, general moral disengagement, and military attitudes. We conducted three surveys between May and November 2022 in three samples of Russian residents (N = 736, 795, and 752). The results showed that the Dark Triad was only marginally related to attitudes toward military action abroad, but emerged as a consistent positive predictor of support for violence against civilians with psychopathy showing the strongest effect. Moreover, this relationship was mediated by moral disengagement. At the same time, Big Five traits and sociopsychological variables predicted the attitudes toward military action, but were generally unrelated to the attitudes toward violence against civilians. The findings suggest the existence of distinct pathways underlying the support of general military action and unethical military action.

学者们非常关注预测军事行动态度的社会心理因素,但很少涉及人格变量。本研究旨在分析 "黑暗三合会 "特质、一般道德疏离和军事态度之间的关系。我们在 2022 年 5 月至 11 月期间对三个俄罗斯居民样本(样本数分别为 736、795 和 752)进行了三次调查。结果显示,"黑暗三合会 "与对海外军事行动的态度关系不大,但对支持针对平民的暴力行为却有持续的正向预测作用,其中精神变态的影响最大。此外,这种关系还受到道德脱离的中介作用。同时,"大五 "特质和社会心理变量可以预测对军事行动的态度,但一般与对针对平民的暴力行为的态度无关。研究结果表明,支持一般军事行动和不道德军事行动存在不同的途径。
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引用次数: 0
Continuity and change 延续与变革
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3068
Kai Epstude, Kim Peters, Marco Brambilla

1 INTRODUCTION

The European Journal of Social Psychology (EJSP) has been a key outlet for social psychological research across the world for more than 50 years. The myriad changes that have occurred in the last half-century continue to present the field, and EJSP more specifically, with a number of opportunities and challenges. In terms of opportunities, new social and political environments continue to spur innovation in topics, research practices and in the shape of manuscripts. In terms of challenges, the steady increase in the number of empirical contributions has placed existing models of manuscript evaluation under intense strain; it has also increased the need for stronger theoretical integration as well as the integration of empirical work in a given subfield. In our editorial term, we aim to ensure that we are making the most of opportunities by, among the things, encouraging researchers to address contemporary debates in social psychology and society as a whole in their work. We also aim to address the challenges by, among other things, building reviewer capacity and providing opportunities for integrative perspectives on the field. To achieve these aims, we are making a number of changes.

1 引言 50 多年来,《欧洲社会心理学杂志》(EJSP)一直是全球社会心理学研究的重要渠道。过去半个世纪中发生的无数变化继续为这一领域,尤其是《欧洲社会心理学杂志》带来了许多机遇和挑战。在机遇方面,新的社会和政治环境不断刺激着课题、研究实践和稿件形式的创新。就挑战而言,经验性稿件数量的稳步增长给现有的稿件评价模式带来了巨大压力;同时也更加需要加强理论整合以及特定子领域经验性工作的整合。在我们的编辑任期内,我们的目标是通过鼓励研究人员在他们的工作中讨论当代社会心理学和整个社会的争论等方式,确保我们充分利用各种机会。我们还旨在通过提高审稿人的能力和为该领域的综合视角提供机会等方式来应对挑战。为了实现这些目标,我们正在进行一系列改革。
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引用次数: 0
Children's bias beyond group boundaries: Perceived differences, outgroup attitudes and prosocial behaviour 儿童超越群体界限的偏见:感知差异、外群体态度和亲社会行为
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-04-06 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3065
Irene Razpurker-Apfeld, Lipaz Shamoa-Nir, Laura K. Taylor, Jocelyn B. Dautel

This study explored how children's perceptions of social group differences relate to attitudes and behaviour towards real-world outgroups. We examined Arab-Christian children living in Israel (N = 231, 52% female, average age 9.8 years) and randomly presented them with either Arab-Muslim or Jewish outgroup targets. The children performed tasks measuring attitudes and prosocial behaviour towards the outgroup. Additionally, they were asked to describe the differences between their ingroup and the outgroup target. We found that children favoured the Arab-Muslim outgroup over the Jewish outgroup, and perceived it as having fewer dimensions of difference from their ingroup. Fewer perceived dimensions of difference correlated with more positive attitudes. By the age of 12, however, perceiving more dimensions of difference was linked to increased compensatory prosocial behaviour towards the Jewish outgroup. The findings emphasize the dynamic interplay between cognitive development and intergroup experiences in understanding children's prosocial behaviour towards different outgroups.

本研究探讨了儿童对社会群体差异的看法与他们对现实世界中的外群体的态度和行为之间的关系。我们调查了居住在以色列的阿拉伯-基督教儿童(人数 = 231,52% 为女性,平均年龄为 9.8 岁),并随机向他们展示了阿拉伯-穆斯林或犹太外群体目标。孩子们完成了测量对外部群体的态度和亲社会行为的任务。此外,我们还要求他们描述本群体与外群体目标之间的差异。我们发现,与犹太外群体相比,儿童更喜欢阿拉伯-穆斯林外群体,并认为其与本群体的差异较小。较少的差异维度与较积极的态度相关。然而,到 12 岁时,感知到的差异维度越多,对犹太外群体的补偿性亲社会行为就越多。这些发现强调了认知发展和群体间经历之间的动态相互作用,有助于理解儿童对不同外群体的亲社会行为。
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引用次数: 0
How to respond to inappropriate questions in job interviews: Personal and social consequences of truth-telling, deflection and confrontation 如何应对求职面试中的不当问题:实话实说、转移话题和针锋相对的个人和社会后果
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-03-28 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3062
Rotem Kahalon, Johannes Ullrich, Julia C. Becker

Parents, especially mothers, and young women without children, face a subtle threat in job interviews: being asked inappropriate questions about parental status. In three vignette experiments (= 760), we compared personal (perceived likability and likelihood of being hired) and social consequences (perceived chances that the interviewer will ask the inappropriate question again) of different response strategies. Results suggest that deflection (i.e., responding with another question) is a superior strategy at the personal level, as it increases the perceived chances to be hired in comparison to truth-telling (Study 1) and confrontation (Studies 1–3) without hurting likability (Study 1). Confrontation (i.e., saying that the question is inappropriate) is a superior strategy at the social level, decreasing the perceived probability that the interviewer will keep asking inappropriate questions in comparison to deflection (Studies 2 and 3) and truth-telling (Study 3). No gender differences were apparent. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

父母(尤其是母亲)和没有孩子的年轻女性在求职面试中面临着一种微妙的威胁:被问及有关父母身份的不恰当问题。在三个小实验中(N = 760),我们比较了不同应对策略的个人后果(感知到的好感度和被录用的可能性)和社会后果(感知到的面试官再次提出不当问题的可能性)。结果表明,在个人层面上,偏转(即用另一个问题来回答)是一种更优越的策略,因为与说实话(研究 1)和对质(研究 1-3)相比,它能增加被录用的机会,而不会损害好感度(研究 1)。在社会层面上,对抗(即说问题不恰当)是一种更优越的策略,与转移话题(研究 2 和 3)和实话实说(研究 3)相比,它能降低面试官继续提出不恰当问题的概率。性别差异并不明显。本研究讨论了其理论和实践意义。
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引用次数: 0
Mainstream acculturation in superdiverse settings: The beneficial role of intergroup contact with ‘other-cultures’ individuals 超级多元化环境中的主流文化适应:与 "其他文化 "个体的群体间接触的有益作用
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-03-28 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3061
Marina M. Doucerain, Anna Medvetskaya, Sarah Benkirane, Léa Bragoli-Barzan, Jean-Philippe Gouin

This work focuses on migrants’ ‘other-cultures’ intergroup contact – contact with individuals belonging to neither their heritage ingroup nor the mainstream outgroup. We test the overarching hypothesis that other-cultures contact is positively associated with mainstream acculturation, especially when contact in the mainstream group is scarce. Study 1 results show that frequent other-cultures contact is positively associated with mainstream identification among Maghrebi migrants to Quebec. This effect is stronger for participants with infrequent, versus frequent, mainstream contact. In Study 2, conducted among Russian migrants to Canada, having more other-cultures friends is positively related to mainstream acculturation only for participants with few mainstream friends. Further, the entry of other-cultures friends into migrants’ network takes place later than heritage friends but earlier than mainstream friends. The current work expands the traditional mainstream–heritage acculturation framework by moving away from binary conceptualizations of intergroup relations and considering other-cultures contact in superdiverse contexts.

这项研究的重点是移民的 "其他文化 "群体间接触--与既不属于其传统内群体也不属于主流外群体的个人的接触。我们检验了一个重要假设,即其他文化接触与主流文化融合正相关,尤其是在主流群体接触稀少的情况下。研究 1 的结果表明,在魁北克的马格里布移民中,频繁接触其他文化与主流认同正相关。与频繁接触主流群体的参与者相比,这种效应更强。研究 2 的对象是移居加拿大的俄罗斯人,结果显示,只有主流朋友较少的参与者才会认为拥有更多其他文化的朋友与主流文化认同正相关。此外,其他文化朋友进入移民网络的时间晚于传统朋友,但早于主流朋友。目前的研究摒弃了群体间关系的二元概念,并考虑了超级多元化背景下的其他文化接触,从而扩展了传统的主流-遗产文化适应框架。
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引用次数: 0
‘Don't forget Tibet’: Understanding the discursive construction of Tibetan national identity through the identity entrepreneurship of the Dalai Lama 不要忘记西藏通过达赖喇嘛的身份创业理解西藏民族身份的话语建构
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-03-27 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3060
Pallavi Ramanathan, Purnima Singh

Given the exponential increase in the number of refugees and displaced people worldwide, it has become critical to examine the experiences of refugees; particularly their identity, since it is an important marker of their adjustment to the new context. Besides other factors impacting their identity and adjustment, the role of the leader is important as it can impact the construction of refugee identities. This paper explores the construction and negotiation of Tibetan refugee identities through the identity entrepreneurship of the Dalai Lama, the spiritual and erstwhile political leader of the Tibetans. It is postulated that leaders are entrepreneurs of identity who shape identity construction and negotiation. With an emphasis on the social, political, and historical context, three kinds of sources are analysed using a discourse-historical approach to understand how leaders function as entrepreneurs of identity across the various contexts and negotiate identity construction across the shifting contexts. First, 12 speeches by the Dalai Lama on 10 critical events in Tibetan history since 1959; second, six speeches by the Dalai Lama for Tibetan Uprising Day (1961–2009); and third, two international interviews (CNN, 2009; BBC, 2012). The analysis demonstrates that the identity entrepreneurship of the Dalai Lama has strong elements of protection towards the ingroup, that is, the Tibetan refugees, through the crafting of a collective sense of identity for Tibetans. The study sheds new light on the nature of refugee leadership, acknowledging the impact of the shifting nature of identity, from a native citizen to refugee; and the leader's identity entrepreneurship in these evolving and often malleable contexts.

鉴于全球难民和流离失所者的数量呈指数增长,研究难民的经历,特别是他们的身份认同,已变得至关重要,因为这是他们适应新环境的重要标志。除了其他影响难民身份认同和适应的因素外,领导者的角色也很重要,因为它可以影响难民身份认同的构建。本文通过西藏人的精神领袖和前政治领袖达赖喇嘛的身份企业家精神,探讨西藏难民身份的建构和协商。本文认为,领袖是身份企业家,他们塑造了身份的建构和协商。本文以社会、政治和历史背景为重点,采用话语史方法分析了三种资料来源,以了解领导人如何在各种背景下发挥身份企业家的作用,以及如何在不断变化的背景下协商身份建构。第一,达赖喇嘛自 1959 年以来就西藏历史上 10 个关键事件发表的 12 篇演讲;第二,达赖喇嘛为西藏起义日(1961-2009 年)发表的 6 篇演讲;第三,两篇国际访谈(CNN,2009 年;BBC,2012 年)。分析表明,达赖喇嘛的身份创业具有很强的保护内群体(即西藏难民)的因素,通过为西藏人打造集体认同感。本研究为难民领导的性质提供了新的视角,承认了从本地公民到难民的身份转变性质的影响;以及在这些不断变化且往往具有可塑性的背景下领导者的身份企业家精神。
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引用次数: 0
The shadow of war: Parental competitive victimhood and children's contact intentions in two post-accord societies 战争的阴影:两个协议后社会中父母的竞争性受害者身份与儿童的接触意向
IF 2.8 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-03-25 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3043
Dearbháile Counihan, Bethany Corbett, Jasmina Tomašić Humer, Ana Tomovska Misoska, Jocelyn B. Dautel, Laura K. Taylor

The effects of political violence are felt across generations; for example, extent of parental competitive victimhood (feeling that one's ingroup was relatively more victimised during the conflict) predicts adolescent's intergroup discrimination. We extend that research to children, born a generation after the height of violence. Participants were 223 family dyads with children aged 7–11 (= 9.05, SD = 1.30; 52.4% female): Croatia (n = 82) and Republic of North Macedonia (RNM: n = 141), equally split by group status (i.e., Croatia: Croats/Serbs; RNM: Macedonian/Albanian). Parents reported on competitive victimhood while children reported on intergroup contact intentions (e.g., shared education initiatives). Moderation analysis across sites found a significant status by competitive victimhood interaction; increased parental competitive victimhood was associated with decreased contact intentions among minority, but not majority, children. We review site-specific findings in relation to their historical context, concluding with the implications for shared education, reconciliation and peacebuilding.

政治暴力的影响可以跨越几代人;例如,父母的竞争性受害程度(认为自己的内群体在冲突中受害相对较多)可以预测青少年的群体间歧视。我们将这一研究扩展到暴力高峰后一代出生的儿童身上。参与者为 223 个有 7-11 岁孩子的家庭(中=9.05,标差=1.30;52.4% 为女性):克罗地亚(n = 82)和北马其顿共和国(RNM:n = 141),按群体地位平均分配(即克罗地亚:克罗地亚人/塞族人;北马其顿共和国:马其顿人/阿尔巴尼亚人)。父母报告了竞争性受害情况,而子女则报告了群体间接触意向(如共同教育计划)。对不同地点进行的调节分析发现,身份与竞争性受害者身份之间存在显著的交互作用;父母竞争性受害者身份的增加与少数群体儿童接触意愿的降低有关,但与多数群体儿童接触意愿的降低无关。我们结合历史背景回顾了各研究地点的具体研究结果,最后提出了对共同教育、和解与和平建设的启示。
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引用次数: 0
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European Journal of Social Psychology
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