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Can redistributive policies promote reconciliation beyond its scope? The impact of inequality reduction programs on peacebuilding in Colombia 再分配政策能否超越其范围促进和解?减少不平等计划对哥伦比亚和平建设的影响
IF 2.8 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-02-07 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3042
Camilo Rincón-Unigarro, Angie Joel-Bustos, Katherine Pérez-Farfán, Astrid Velosa-Campos, Wilson López-López

Transitional justice jurisdictions aim to promote reconciliation. Although previous research focuses on truth commissions, the reconciliatory role of redistributive justice is less clear. This article investigated the association of conditional cash transfers and victims’ reparation with demand for redistribution, belief in forgiveness, support for the peace process and community participation in Colombia. We analysed three nationally representative samples of the Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP) surveys in 2011 (Study 1; n = 1503), 2016 (Study 2; n = 1563) and 2018 (Study 3; n = 1663). Consistently across studies, conditional cash transfers (and not victim reparation programs) predicted higher community participation, with little effect on other reconciliation indicators. Further, redistribution is indirectly associated with other reconciliation indicators through community participation, supporting the observation that transitional justice relates to reconciliation when it satisfies a need for agency and empowerment. We discuss how the null effects of the victim reparation program suggesting context-specific constraints.

过渡时期司法旨在促进和解。尽管以往的研究侧重于真相委员会,但再分配司法的和解作用却不太明确。本文调查了哥伦比亚有条件现金转移和受害者赔偿与再分配需求、宽恕信念、对和平进程的支持和社区参与之间的关联。我们分析了 2011 年(研究 1;n = 1503)、2016 年(研究 2;n = 1563)和 2018 年(研究 3;n = 1663)拉丁美洲舆论项目(LAPOP)调查的三个全国代表性样本。各项研究一致表明,有条件的现金转移(而非受害者赔偿计划)可预测更高的社区参与度,而对其他和解指标影响甚微。此外,通过社区参与,再分配与其他和解指标间接相关,这支持了过渡时期司法在满足代理和赋权需求时与和解相关的观点。我们讨论了受害者赔偿计划的无效效应如何暗示了特定环境的制约因素。
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引用次数: 0
The role of temporal analogies in collective movements 时间类比在集体运动中的作用
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-02-05 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3037
Ann-Cathrin Coenen, Marilena Jüttemeier, Milan Obaidi, Séamus A. Power, Jonas R. Kunst

Although the importance of temporal perspectives for understanding collective movements has been theoretically emphasised, they are rarely considered in research. Focusing on the mass protests against COVID-19 policies in Germany, we investigated how protesters make use of temporal references in their protest narratives. Results from 11 multi-site protest observations and 31 interviews showed that participants (a) drew historical perpetrator and victim analogies and imagined a dystopian future, bolstering perceptions of injustice, (b) drew on resistance narratives and imagined the ideal, utopian future society, increasing their perceived efficacy and (c) countered feelings of insignificance by identifying with past heroes. Protesters living in the East of Germany drew comparatively more resistance analogies than those living in the West, who often likened those complying with the COVID-19 policies to the perpetrators of the past national-socialist and communist dictatorships. The findings empirically underline the importance of integrating historical–cultural–future perspectives into models of collective action.

虽然理论界一直强调时间视角对于理解集体运动的重要性,但在研究中却很少考虑时间视角。我们以德国反对 COVID-19 政策的大规模抗议活动为重点,研究了抗议者在其抗议叙事中如何利用时间参照。11 次多地抗议活动观察和 31 次访谈的结果表明,参与者(a)利用历史上的加害者和受害者进行类比,想象一个乌托邦式的未来,从而增强对不公正的感知;(b)利用抵抗叙事,想象理想的乌托邦式未来社会,从而增强他们的感知效能;以及(c)通过认同过去的英雄来消除渺小感。生活在德国东部的抗议者与生活在西部的抗议者相比,引用了更多的抵抗类比,后者经常将那些遵守 COVID-19 政策的人比作过去的国家社会主义和共产主义独裁者。研究结果从经验角度强调了将历史-文化-未来视角纳入集体行动模型的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Who benefits the most? Teacher expectations and their relation with students’ achievement in mathematics in primary school 谁受益最多?教师的期望及其与学生小学数学成绩的关系
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-02-02 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3035
Lena Hollenstein, Christian Brühwiler, Johannes König

Over the past 50 years, many studies have investigated the impact of teacher expectations on student achievement and indicated small to moderate effects. Currently, it is still unclear which student-related factors (e.g. socioeconomic status, or gender) moderate the expectation effect. There is still a need to gain a better understanding of the relation between teacher expectations and students' characteristics. The present study aims to examine the accuracy of teacher expectations as well as student-related moderators of the expectation effects on students' achievement. The analyses are based on data from a longitudinal study including 28 primary school teachers and their students (N = 509). The results show that high expectations of teachers correlated positively with student achievement in mathematics, although no significant moderating effects were found. These findings strengthen the importance of ensuring high teacher expectations for all students.

在过去的 50 年中,许多研究调查了教师期望对学生成绩的影响,结果表明,这种影 响很小,甚至适中。目前,还不清楚哪些与学生有关的因素(如社会经济地位或性别)会调节期望效应。我们仍然需要更好地了解教师期望与学生特征之间的关系。本研究旨在探讨教师期望的准确性,以及与学生相关的期望对学生成绩影响的调节因素。分析基于一项纵向研究的数据,其中包括 28 名小学教师及其学生(N = 509)。结果表明,教师的高期望值与学生的数学成绩呈正相关,但没有发现显著的调节效应。这些研究结果加强了确保教师对所有学生抱有高期望的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Mood and fluency: The case of pronunciation ease, liking and trust 情绪和流畅性:发音的简易程度、喜爱程度和信任程度
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3041
Charlotte S. Löffler, Dörte Naber, Naomi Weiger, Michael K. Zürn, Rita R. Silva, Moritz Ingendahl, Sascha Topolinski

We explored the impact of mood on the judgemental consequences of word pronounceability in six Experiments (1 preregistered, total N = 1183). Positive and negative mood was induced via video clips (all but Experiment 4) and subliminal affective primes (Experiment 4). Additionally, participants were presented with easy- and difficult-to-pronounce letter strings. These were framed as target words to be judged for liking (Experiments 1–2), as names of eBay sellers to be judged for trustworthiness (Experiments 3–5), or as either seller names or passwords to provoke opposing interpretations of pronunciation fluency (Experiment 6). While pronounceability showed a robust effect across experiments, mood did not modulate the judgemental use of (Experiments 1–4), the correction for (Experiment 5) and the interpretation (Experiment 6) of word pronounceability. In conclusion, the judgemental effects of pronounceability persist despite the presence of more objective and task-pertinent cues, resist judgemental correction and remain unaffected by affective states.

我们在六个实验(1 个预先注册,总人数 = 1183)中探讨了情绪对单词发音判断后果的影响。积极和消极情绪是通过视频剪辑(实验 4 除外)和潜意识情绪诱因(实验 4)诱发的。此外,参与者还会看到容易发音和难以发音的字母串。这些字符串被设定为目标词,以判断其喜好程度(实验 1-2);被设定为 eBay 卖家名称,以判断其可信度(实验 3-5);或者被设定为卖家名称或密码,以引发对发音流利程度的相反解释(实验 6)。虽然可发音性在所有实验中都表现出了强大的效应,但情绪并没有调节对单词可发音性的判断使用(实验 1-4)、校正(实验 5)和解释(实验 6)。总之,尽管存在更客观和与任务相关的线索,但可发音性的判断效应依然存在,并且能够抵制判断纠正,不受情绪状态的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Ostracizers’ mark of disgrace: Social exclusion increases the actor–observer difference 排斥者的耻辱印记:社会排斥增加了行为者与观察者之间的差异
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-01-30 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3030
Elianne A. Albath, Elena Stephan, Rainer Greifeneder

The actor–observer difference describes the tendency to explain own actions with variable and external aspects, but others’ actions with stable and internal characteristics. We test two opposing predictions of how changes in attribution vary as a function of being ignored and excluded. On the one hand, individuals may cope by psychologically distancing themselves from sources of exclusion, potentially producing stable and internal representations of them. On the other hand, excluded individuals are particularly sensitive to social cues, which may foster a more variable and externally motivated representation of sources’ behaviours. Consistent with the first prediction, excluded (vs. included) individuals (total N = 1,052 in four studies) perceived causes for negative hypothetical outcomes as more internal and, to a somewhat lesser extent, more stable for others involved in the interaction. The use of different methodological approaches across studies attests to this conclusion's robustness and addresses alternative explanations.

行为者与观察者之间的差异描述了一种倾向,即行为者倾向于用可变的外部因素来解释自己的行为,而用稳定的内部特征来解释他人的行为。对于归因的变化如何随被忽视和被排斥而变化,我们检验了两种截然相反的预测。一方面,个体可能会通过在心理上拉开与排斥源的距离来应对,从而对排斥源产生稳定的内在表征。另一方面,被排斥的个体对社会线索特别敏感,这可能会促使他们对排斥源的行为产生更多变和外部动机的表征。与第一种预测相一致的是,被排除(与被纳入)的个体(四项研究中的总人数=1,052)认为负面假设结果的原因更多是内部原因,其次是参与互动的其他人的原因更稳定。不同研究采用不同的方法证明了这一结论的稳健性,并解决了其他解释的问题。
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引用次数: 0
Do mindsets shape intentions to help those in need? Unravelling the paradoxical effects of mindsets of poverty on helping intentions 心态会影响帮助需要帮助的人的意愿吗?揭示贫困心态对帮助意愿的矛盾影响
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-01-30 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3039
Thomas Graczyk, Tobias Wingen, Sophia Wingen, Simone Dohle

Poverty remains a pressing problem, with social support playing a crucial role in its reduction. Drawing on previous research on health-related mindsets, we propose that a growth mindset of poverty – that is, believing poverty can be changed – can have both positive and negative effects on helping intentions through increased outcome expectancy and blame, respectively. In three experiments, we found that a growth mindset of poverty is associated with increased outcome expectancy and blame, which, in parallel, mediate the relationship between mindsets and helping intentions. However, these contrary indirect effects negate each other, yielding a total null effect. Further, manipulating the relationship between mindset and outcome expectancy (but not blame) alters the relationship between mindset and helping intentions (Studies 2 and 3). By shedding light on the circumstances under which mindsets of poverty can diminish or amplify helping intentions, our research offers valuable insights for practitioners and charities dedicated to combating poverty.

贫困仍然是一个紧迫的问题,而社会支持在减少贫困方面发挥着至关重要的作用。借鉴以往对健康相关心态的研究,我们提出,贫困的成长心态--即相信贫困是可以改变的--可以通过增加结果预期和指责,分别对帮助意愿产生积极和消极的影响。在三个实验中,我们发现贫困的成长型思维模式与结果预期和指责的增加有关,而结果预期和指责的增加又同时调解了思维模式与帮助意愿之间的关系。然而,这些相反的间接效应相互抵消,产生了完全的无效效应。此外,操纵心态与结果预期之间的关系(而非责备)会改变心态与帮助意向之间的关系(研究 2 和 3)。我们的研究揭示了贫困心态在何种情况下会削弱或增强帮助意愿,从而为致力于消除贫困的实践者和慈善机构提供了宝贵的见解。
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引用次数: 0
The role of valuing cultural diversity in children's endorsements of rights 重视文化多样性在儿童认可权利方面的作用
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-01-25 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3038
Nana-Fatima T. Ozeto, Pascale Sophie Russell, Martyn Barrett, Sonia Ingoglia, Nora Wiium, Alida La Coco, Cristiano Inguglia, Francesca Liga, Maria Grazia Lo Cricchio, Nicolò Maria Iannello, Harriet R. Tenenbaum

Support for children's rights is greater among children raised in democratic environments. The present two studies examined children's endorsements and predictors of children's rights. Five democratic competences taken from the Council of Europe's Reference Framework of Competences for Democratic Culture served as predictors. We tested the models in a sample of children raised in five European countries and a sample raised in an African country, seeking to extend our model beyond the Global North. In Study 1, we found four of these five competences, namely, higher valuing of cultural diversity, civic-mindedness, cultural openness and empathy significantly predicted higher endorsements of rights in children from Bulgaria, Italy, Norway, Romania and Spain (7–11-year-olds; N = 292). In Study 2, we found higher valuing of cultural diversity significantly predicted higher endorsements of rights in Nigerian children (7–14-year-olds; N = 84). Supporting Social Cognitive Domain Theory, children in both studies endorsed nurturance rights more than self-determination rights. Inclusion of children from the Global North and South enabled us to determine whether patterns of rights endorsements were similar for children from both samples. Overall, this research presents novel findings on the salience of valuing cultural diversity in support for children's rights.

在民主环境中长大的儿童更支持儿童权利。本两项研究考察了儿童对儿童权利的认可度和预测因素。从欧洲委员会的《民主文化能力参考框架》中选取了五项民主能力作为预测指标。我们在五个欧洲国家和一个非洲国家的儿童样本中测试了这些模型,试图将我们的模型推广到全球北方以外的国家。在研究 1 中,我们发现这五种能力中的四种,即较高的文化多样性价值、公民意识、文化开放性和同理心,可显著预测保加利亚、意大利、挪威、罗马尼亚和西班牙儿童(7-11 岁;N = 292)较高的权利认可度。在研究 2 中,我们发现尼日利亚儿童(7-14 岁;N=84)对文化多样性的重视程度越高,其对权利的认可度就越高。与社会认知领域理论(Social Cognitive Domain Theory)相印证的是,在这两项研究中,儿童对养育权的认可度均高于对自我决定权的认可度。将来自全球北方和南方的儿童纳入研究,使我们能够确定两个样本中的儿童对权利的认可模式是否相似。总之,这项研究就重视文化多样性在支持儿童权利方面的显著性提出了新的发现。
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引用次数: 0
Original sin or natural order: Dialogical construction of social knowledge of animal production 原罪还是自然秩序?动物生产社会知识的对话建构
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-01-25 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3032
Timo Häkli, Eemeli Hakoköngäs

This research examines the public discussion around animal production in Finland. Applying a dialogical approach to social representations theory, we elucidate the hotly debated nature of animal production by analysing news articles (N = 50) and the related reader-produced comments (N = 1501) in Finnish newspapers. We employed qualitative methods for analysing multivoicedness and dialogue to identify ego–alter pairs constructed in the material in relation to the object of animal production. Four prevalent ego–alter pairs were identified: advocates for animal rights–animal production defenders, producers–consumers, orthodox–unorthodox Christians and provincials–urban dwellers. The study contributes to the study of everyday knowledge by showing how various contradictory understandings of the same topic are generated in public discourse. The research also demonstrates how the theoretical concept of ego–alter embedded in the social representations theory can be empirically utilised in analysing debates in contemporary media environments and to shed light on the dialogical dynamics around the discussions.

本研究探讨了芬兰公众围绕动物生产的讨论。我们运用社会表征理论的对话方法,通过分析芬兰报纸上的新闻报道(N = 50)和读者发表的相关评论(N = 1501),阐释了动物生产的激烈辩论性质。我们采用定性方法分析多语种性和对话,以确定材料中与动物生产对象相关的自我-变位对。我们确定了四对普遍存在的自我转换对:动物权利倡导者-动物生产维护者、生产者-消费者、正统-非正统基督徒以及外省人-城市居民。本研究通过展示公共话语中如何产生对同一话题的各种相互矛盾的理解,为日常知识研究做出了贡献。研究还展示了社会表征理论中的自我转换理论概念如何在分析当代媒体环境中的辩论时得到实证运用,并揭示围绕讨论的对话动态。
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引用次数: 0
Gender stereotypes may not influence the choice of female leaders: Experimental evidence from a crisis framed as social or economic during the COVID-19 pandemic 性别刻板印象可能不会影响女性领导人的选择:从 COVID-19 大流行期间的社会或经济危机中获得的实验证据
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-01-23 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3023
Ruri Takizawa, Vincenzo Iacoviello, Michelle K. Ryan, Clara Kulich

This research examined whether female (vs. male) leaders are preferred during a pandemic when stereotypically feminine leadership is deemed useful. We hypothesized that citizens prefer female (vs. male) politicians when the crisis is framed as a social (vs. economic) crisis because they believe it requires feminine (vs. masculine) leadership. In a pilot study and three online experiments with US residents (Ntotal = 1675), we manipulated crisis type or a leadership candidate's gender for a task force. While participants indicated that a crisis framed as social (vs. economic) required more feminine leadership, they did not appoint a woman more or rated her as more suitable for the social crisis (vs. economic crisis or a no-crisis situation). Furthermore, the female (vs. male) candidate was not perceived to possess more feminine leadership traits. Overall, participants did not rely on gender stereotypes when explicitly evaluating politicians. We discuss potential explanations for these unexpected results.

本研究探讨了在大流行病期间,当刻板印象中的女性领导力被认为有用时,女性(与男性)领导者是否更受青睐。我们假设,当危机被定格为社会(而不是经济)危机时,公民更倾向于女性(而不是男性)政治家,因为他们认为这需要女性(而不是男性)的领导力。在对美国居民(总人数 = 1675 人)进行的一项试点研究和三项在线实验中,我们对危机类型或领导候选人的性别进行了操作。虽然参与者表示社会危机(相对于经济危机)需要更多女性领导,但他们并没有任命更多女性或评价女性更适合社会危机(相对于经济危机或无危机情况)。此外,女性(相对于男性)候选人也不被认为更具有女性领导特质。总体而言,参与者在明确评价政治家时并不依赖于性别刻板印象。我们将讨论这些意外结果的潜在解释。
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引用次数: 0
The link between workaholism and well-being via self-care and the moderating role of group identification 工作狂与通过自我保健获得幸福感之间的联系以及群体认同的调节作用
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-01-19 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3031
Nina M. Junker, Louisa Theisges, Lorenzo Avanzi, Rolf van Dick, Antonia J. Kaluza

Although the negative consequences of workaholism for well-being are well-known, research on its underlying processes and potential boundary conditions is scarce. Drawing on the conservation of resources theory, we propose that self-care mediates the negative association between workaholism and well-being, such that workaholism decreases self-care, which, in turn, increases well-being. Building on the social identity approach, we further argue that group identification moderates the workaholism–self-care-link, such that the more individuals identify with their groups, the stronger the negative indirect association. We tested our assumptions in a longitudinal three-wave study among students (Study 1, NT1 = 300, NT2 = 211, NT3 = 164), in which we found that the indirect association between workaholism and well-being via self-care was only significant for those students who more highly identified with their group. We replicated this contingency of the workaholism–self-care association on group identification in a two-wave time-lagged study among employees (Study 2, NT1 = 335, NT2 = 134). Taken together, these findings help gain a deeper understanding of why and when workaholism decreases well-being.

尽管工作狂对幸福感的负面影响众所周知,但有关其潜在过程和潜在边界条件的研究却很少。借鉴资源保护理论,我们提出,自我保健是工作狂与幸福感之间负相关的中介,即工作狂会减少自我保健,而自我保健反过来又会增加幸福感。在社会认同方法的基础上,我们进一步论证了群体认同会调节工作狂与自理之间的联系,即个人对其群体的认同越高,负的间接联系就越强。我们在一项对学生进行的纵向三波研究(研究 1,NT1 = 300,NT2 = 211,NT3 = 164)中检验了我们的假设,发现只有那些对自己群体认同度较高的学生,工作狂与通过自我保健获得幸福感之间的间接关联才显著。我们在一项对员工进行的两波时滞研究(研究 2,NT1 = 335,NT2 = 134)中复制了这种工作狂与自我保健之间的群体认同关系。综上所述,这些研究结果有助于我们更深入地了解工作狂为何以及何时会降低幸福感。
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引用次数: 0
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European Journal of Social Psychology
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