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Social Cohesion in (Post-)Conflict and Divided Societies: Recent Advances and Future Directions (后)冲突和分裂社会中的社会凝聚力:最新进展和未来方向
IF 2.7 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2025-09-08 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.70024
Ana Figueiredo, Gülseli Baysu, Özden Melis Uluğ, Charis Psaltis

Although the study of social cohesion in divided and (post-)conflict societies has grown steadily within social psychology over the past decades, researchers also argue that addressing social cohesion is a complex task due to its multidimensional and multilevel nature. With this special thematic section, we aim to advance the understanding of the dynamics of social cohesion across contexts marked by deep social divisions and intergroup tensions where achieving social cohesion can be particularly challenging. We also seek to showcase research examining different dimensions of social cohesion and explore how such analyses can inform efforts to foster cohesion and improve intra- and intergroup relations. This special thematic section brings together nine empirical articles, drawing on both quantitative and qualitative methods, conducted in diverse, divided and (post-)conflict contexts, and incorporating both majority and minority groups’ perspectives. Together, these contributions highlight the factors that can foster or hinder social cohesion within specific societies. By building on the findings from these contributions, we outline avenues for future research to further advance knowledge on social cohesion in divided and (post-)conflict societies.

尽管在过去的几十年里,社会心理学领域对分裂和(后)冲突社会中社会凝聚力的研究稳步发展,但研究人员也认为,由于社会凝聚力具有多维度和多层次的性质,解决社会凝聚力是一项复杂的任务。通过这一特别专题部分,我们旨在促进对社会凝聚力动态的理解,这些动态以深刻的社会分裂和群体间紧张局势为特征,在这些背景下,实现社会凝聚力尤其具有挑战性。我们还试图展示对社会凝聚力不同维度的研究,并探索这些分析如何为促进凝聚力和改善群体内部和群体间关系的努力提供信息。这个特别的专题部分汇集了九篇实证文章,利用定量和定性方法,在不同的、分裂的和(后)冲突的背景下进行,并结合了多数和少数群体的观点。总之,这些贡献突出了在特定社会中可以促进或阻碍社会凝聚力的因素。在这些研究成果的基础上,我们概述了未来研究的途径,以进一步推进对分裂和(后)冲突社会中社会凝聚力的认识。
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引用次数: 0
When Fear Breeds Division: How Perceived Threats Increase Negative Attitudes Towards People With Opposing Opinions 当恐惧滋生分裂:感知到的威胁如何增加对持反对意见的人的消极态度
IF 2.7 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.70025
Xiao-Na Xie, Zhao-Xie Zeng, Jan-Willem van Prooijen, Yong-Yu Guo

Previous research has examined how people with different ideological positions develop negative attitudes towards each other in threatening situations. However, there remains limited understanding of these dynamics in non-Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Democratic (WEIRD) populations, particularly regarding the psychological processes that drive negative attitudes between individuals with opposing views on specific issues rather than broad political identities. Through four empirical studies, we examined the manifestation of negative attitudes among people with opposing opinions when exposed to threat and the mediating role of personal control. All samples were from mainland China. Study 1 found a significant increase in negative attitudes between people with opposing opinions after the COVID-19 outbreak by analysing social media messages. Study 2 replicated the results of Study 1 by manipulating participants’ threat perceptions through reading news reports about COVID-19. Study 3 used a survey to show that threat perception predicted negative attitudes, which was mediated by personal control. Study 4 manipulated threat perceptions in a different way (i.e., nuclear contamination), replicating these results. These results provide new insights into understanding the psychological processes underlying how people with opposing views become polarized during threatening situations.

之前的研究考察了不同意识形态立场的人如何在威胁的情况下对彼此产生消极态度。然而,在非西方、受过教育、工业化、富裕和民主(WEIRD)的人群中,对这些动态的理解仍然有限,特别是关于在特定问题上而不是广泛的政治认同上持相反观点的个人之间产生消极态度的心理过程。通过四项实证研究,我们考察了面对威胁时持相反意见的人的消极态度表现以及个人控制的中介作用。所有样本均来自中国大陆。研究1通过分析社交媒体信息发现,在新冠疫情爆发后,持相反意见的人之间的负面态度显著增加。研究2通过阅读有关COVID-19的新闻报道来操纵参与者对威胁的感知,从而复制了研究1的结果。研究3通过问卷调查发现,威胁感知对消极态度有预测作用,个人控制对消极态度有中介作用。研究4以不同的方式操纵威胁感知(即核污染),复制了这些结果。这些结果为理解持相反观点的人在受到威胁的情况下如何变得两极化的心理过程提供了新的见解。
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引用次数: 0
A Dialogue With the (il)Legitimate Other: An Action-Oriented and Dialogical Account of Social Representations in Urban-Integration Policy 与(非)合法他者的对话:城市一体化政策中社会表征的行动导向和对话解释
IF 2.7 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.70019
Thomas Madsen, Thomas Morton, Séamus A. Power

Using semi-structured interviews, we investigate how professionals involved in implementing or communicating a controversial Danish integration policy articulated their perspectives on the policy. This policy—the ‘the parallel society agreement’ (also known as the ‘ghetto-laws’)—aims to draw a ‘Danish’ middle class into marginalized public housing areas to promote assimilation of ethnic minority residents. Adopting a dialogical and action-oriented approach to social representations theory (SRT), we identify two focal dimensions—‘freedom-equality’ and ‘private-public’—around which conflicting perspectives on this policy were articulated. Results suggest that by engaging with different policy-related meanings—foregrounding certain values, assumptions or justifications while rejecting others—professionals also expressed different explicit and implicit reactions to the others who are implicated in the policy. Most central were implicit reactions to politicians, reflected through echoes of political discourse appearing in representations. By positioning themselves in relation to these meanings, professionals actively participated in shaping the social representation of the policy. This analysis contributes to SRT by advancing a dialogical and action-oriented approach that foregrounds how social representations shape—and are shaped by—institutional practices.

通过半结构化访谈,我们调查了参与实施或传播有争议的丹麦融合政策的专业人士如何表达他们对该政策的看法。这项政策——“平行社会协议”(也被称为“贫民窟法”)——旨在将“丹麦”中产阶级吸引到边缘化的公共住房区,以促进少数民族居民的同化。通过对社会表征理论(SRT)采用对话和行动导向的方法,我们确定了两个重点维度——“自由-平等”和“私人-公共”——围绕这两个维度,我们阐述了关于这一政策的相互矛盾的观点。结果表明,通过参与不同的与政策相关的意义——强调某些价值观、假设或理由,同时拒绝其他价值观、假设或理由——专业人员对政策中涉及的其他人也表达了不同的显性和隐性反应。最核心的是对政治家的隐性反应,反映在政治话语的回响中。通过将自己定位于这些意义,专业人员积极参与塑造政策的社会代表性。这一分析通过推进以对话和行动为导向的方法对SRT做出了贡献,该方法突出了社会表征如何形成以及如何被制度实践所塑造。
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引用次数: 0
When Neutrality Conceals Bias: Perceived Discrimination in Algorithmic Decisions 当中立掩盖偏见:算法决策中的感知歧视
IF 2.7 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2025-08-26 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.70020
Yingqi Li, Ruihua Lu

Discrimination is both an objective reality and a subjective perception. While firms increasingly use AI for decisions like hiring, little is known about how AI versus human decision-makers affect perceived discrimination. Across seven studies (N = 1757), AI decisions are consistently seen as less discriminatory than identical human decisions across various contexts of discrimination. Study 2 shows this is mediated by inferred intentions: AI is viewed as neutral, while humans are seen as selfish or malicious. Study 3 rules out perceived predictability as an alternative explanation. Studies 4 and 5 find that high-adaptivity algorithms further reduce perceived discrimination, again mediated by intentions. This paradoxically favourable perception of AI decisions masks underlying biases, complicating efforts to detect and address discrimination. These findings highlight the critical gap between perceived and actual fairness in AI-driven decisions, underscoring the need for transparency, rigorous auditing and effective governance mechanisms to align perceptions with objective equity.

歧视是一种客观存在,也是一种主观认知。虽然公司越来越多地使用人工智能来做招聘等决策,但人们对人工智能与人类决策者之间的对比如何影响感知到的歧视知之甚少。在七项研究(N = 1757)中,在各种歧视背景下,人工智能决策始终被认为比相同的人类决策更具歧视性。研究2表明,这是由推断意图介导的:人工智能被视为中立的,而人类被视为自私或恶意的。研究3排除了可预见性作为另一种解释。研究4和5发现,高自适应算法进一步减少了由意图介导的感知歧视。这种对人工智能决策的矛盾的有利看法掩盖了潜在的偏见,使发现和解决歧视的努力复杂化。这些发现突出了人工智能驱动的决策中感知到的公平与实际公平之间的严重差距,强调了透明度、严格审计和有效治理机制的必要性,以使感知与客观公平保持一致。
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引用次数: 0
The Evil Enemy: Belief in Conspiracy Theories Predicts Attitudes to War 邪恶的敌人:对阴谋论的信仰预示着对战争的态度
IF 2.7 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2025-08-19 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.70021
Jan-Willem van Prooijen, Kyriaki Fousiani, Jakub Šrol, Vladimira Čavojová, Ana Clara Kaneko Ebert, Emel Müller, Ece Sağlam

Political leaders often justify war with conspiracy theories. How effective are such conspiracy theories in gathering public support for war? The present research has investigated the effects of conspiracy theories on people's war-related attitudes. Studies 1 and 2 were two-wave panel studies showing that conspiracy theories about Ukraine and its allies (e.g., the United States) predicted increased support for the Russian invasion over time, as well as a range of other war-related attitudes (e.g., increased identification with Russia; less favourable attitudes towards Ukraine; decreased military and humanitarian support for Ukraine; decreased support for sanctions). Study 3 replicated these findings among citizens of four different nations in the context of the war in Gaza (e.g., conspiracy beliefs about the Israeli government predicted increased support for the 7 October Hamas attacks over time). Study 4, then, showed that experimentally exposing participants to a conspiracy theory about Ukraine increased their support for the Russian invasion. Study 5 replicated these experimental findings in a fictitious setting uncontaminated by participants’ prior beliefs. Study 5 also provided evidence for a mediating role of perceived outgroup threat. We conclude that conspiracy theories can shape people's attitudes to war.

政治领导人经常用阴谋论为战争辩护。这些阴谋论在争取公众对战争的支持方面有多有效?本研究调查了阴谋论对人们战争相关态度的影响。研究1和2是两波小组研究,表明关于乌克兰及其盟友(如美国)的阴谋论预测,随着时间的推移,对俄罗斯入侵的支持会增加,以及一系列其他与战争有关的态度(例如,对俄罗斯的认同增加;对乌克兰的态度不那么有利;对乌克兰的军事和人道主义支持减少;对制裁的支持减少)。在加沙战争的背景下,研究3在四个不同国家的公民中重复了这些发现(例如,关于以色列政府的阴谋论预测随着时间的推移,对10月7日哈马斯袭击的支持会增加)。因此,研究4表明,通过实验让参与者接触有关乌克兰的阴谋论,会增加他们对俄罗斯入侵的支持。研究5在一个不受参与者先前信念影响的虚构环境中重复了这些实验结果。研究5也为感知外群体威胁的中介作用提供了证据。我们的结论是,阴谋论可以塑造人们对战争的态度。
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引用次数: 0
When Your Co-Worker Is a Robot: Intergroup Performance Status and Its Consequences for Workplace Attitudes 当你的同事是机器人:团队间的表现状态及其对工作态度的影响
IF 2.7 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2025-08-13 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.70010
Xian Zhao, Xiaoxiao Zhang, Geoffrey J. Leonardelli

Perceiving robots as outperforming humans in the workplace can be particularly damaging to employees’ workplace attitudes (e.g., organizational commitment and job satisfaction) because they create intergroup comparisons of performance status. We conducted five experiments with college students and working adults, using both scenario-based designs and simulated work environments to test this idea. Participants’ perception of lower performance status than robots led to greater realistic threat to job security, which further lower workplace attitudes. Robots’ humanlike features did not moderate these effects. Using a benchmark as the comparison target had no significant effect on perceived threat or workplace attitudes, suggesting that the social comparison process—not low performance status itself—drives these effects. Comparisons with robots revealed both parallels and distinctions from comparisons with humans. Team-based incentive policy, as an intervention, reduced the negative effects on workplace attitudes but not on realistic threats, compensating for rather than mitigated robot threat.

认为机器人在工作场所的表现优于人类,可能会对员工的工作态度(例如,组织承诺和工作满意度)造成特别大的损害,因为它们会产生组间绩效状况的比较。我们对大学生和在职成年人进行了五次实验,使用基于场景的设计和模拟工作环境来测试这一想法。参与者认为自己的表现不如机器人,这对他们的工作安全造成了更大的现实威胁,从而进一步降低了他们对工作的态度。机器人的人形特征并没有缓和这些影响。使用基准作为比较目标对感知威胁或工作场所态度没有显著影响,这表明社会比较过程——而不是低绩效状态本身——驱动了这些影响。与机器人的比较揭示了与人类的相似之处和区别。以团队为基础的激励政策,作为一种干预,减少了对工作场所态度的负面影响,但对现实威胁没有影响,补偿而不是减轻了机器人的威胁。
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引用次数: 0
What Is, What Was and What Could Be: Simultaneously Comparing How Emotional Reactions to the Past, Present and Future Predict Collective Action 现在是什么,过去是什么,可能是什么:同时比较对过去,现在和未来的情绪反应如何预测集体行动
IF 2.7 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2025-08-08 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.70014
Morgana Lizzio-Wilson, Michael Wenzel, Emma F. Thomas, Danny Osborne, Linda J. Skitka

Although separate research programs examine how emotional reactions to the past, present and future predict collective action, research has yet to compare them simultaneously. Across three studies (N = 2764) and two social issues (plastic pollution and abortion), we examined whether reflecting on a positive or negative past, present or future elicits distinct emotions which indirectly predict collective action. Results revealed multiple countervailing indirect effects. For supporters of progressive causes, positive futures indirectly predicted higher action via increased hope, whereas negative futures indirectly predicted lower action via decreased hope. Positively valenced events also indirectly predicted lower action by decreasing anger and fear, regardless of time-referent. Conversely, negatively valenced events were more influential for proponents of conservative causes and indirectly predicted action via diverse emotions. We discuss the potential for, and limitations of, temporal comparisons to influence emotions implicated in collective action, and how the salience of these frames varies by context.

尽管不同的研究项目研究了对过去、现在和未来的情绪反应如何预测集体行动,但研究尚未同时对它们进行比较。通过三项研究(N = 2764)和两个社会问题(塑料污染和堕胎),我们研究了反思积极或消极的过去、现在或未来是否会引发不同的情绪,从而间接预测集体行动。结果显示多重抵消的间接效应。对于进步事业的支持者来说,积极的未来通过增加希望间接预示着更高的行动,而消极的未来通过减少希望间接预示着更低的行动。积极评价的事件也间接地通过减少愤怒和恐惧来预测更低的行为,与时间无关。相反,负面价值事件对保守原因的支持者更有影响,并通过各种情绪间接预测行动。我们讨论了影响集体行动中涉及的情绪的时间比较的潜力和局限性,以及这些框架的显著性如何随上下文而变化。
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引用次数: 0
Replicating, Refining and Extending the Reconciliation Orientation Model (ROM): The Contributions of Multidimensional Identity and the Role of Conflict Type 和解取向模型的复制、完善与扩展:多维同一性的贡献与冲突类型的作用
IF 2.7 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2025-08-07 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.70015
Iwan Dinnick, Masi Noor, Islam Borinca, Samer Halabi

This research replicated, refined and extended the Reconciliation Orientation Model (ROM). While the original ROM treated ingroup identity as unidimensional, we adopted a multidimensional model, distinguishing self-investment and self-definition, and examined their links to intergroup forgiveness. Data from four real-life conflict settings – Israeli–Palestinian, Kosovar–Serbian, US racial and UK gender conflict (N = 860) – showed good fit for the refined ROM. Competitive victimhood predicted lower outgroup forgiveness, mediated by both identity dimensions. Specifically, while competitive victimhood positively predicted both self-investment and self-definition, only self-definition positively predicted forgiveness; self-investment predicted it negatively. Importantly, self-investment suppressed the positive association between self-definition and forgiveness, highlighting the value of distinguishing these dimensions. Conflict type moderated these effects, with stronger associations in direct than in structural conflicts. Overall, the findings underscore the importance of a multidimensional identity framework and differentiating conflict types to advance understanding of intergroup reconciliation.

本研究对和解取向模型(ROM)进行了复制、完善和扩展。虽然最初的ROM将群体内认同视为一维的,但我们采用了多维模型,区分了自我投资和自我定义,并研究了它们与群体间宽恕的联系。来自四个现实生活中的冲突环境的数据——以色列-巴勒斯坦、科索沃-塞尔维亚、美国种族冲突和英国性别冲突(N = 860)——显示出与改进后的ROM非常吻合。竞争性受害者倾向预测较低的外群体宽恕,这是由两个身份维度介导的。具体而言,虽然竞争性受害者心理对自我投资和自我定义都有正向预测,但只有自我定义对宽恕有正向预测;自我投资的预测是负面的。重要的是,自我投资抑制了自我定义和宽恕之间的正相关,突出了区分这些维度的价值。冲突类型调节了这些影响,直接冲突比结构性冲突的关联更强。总体而言,研究结果强调了多维身份框架和区分冲突类型对于促进对群体间和解的理解的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Moral Perceptions in Politics: Ideological Asymmetries in Perceived Moral Obligations and Stereotypical Perceptions Across Leftists and Rightists 政治中的道德认知:左派和右派在道德义务认知和刻板印象上的意识形态不对称
IF 2.7 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2025-08-05 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.70018
Cristian Catena-Fernández, Saulo Fernández

In two studies conducted in Spain, we identified asymmetries in moral judgements, showing that leftist political topics and individuals were perceived as more moral than their rightist counterparts. Study 1 assessed the participants’ perceived moral obligation to defend topics traditionally associated with leftist or rightist ideologies. Both leftist and rightist participants reported stronger moral obligations towards leftist than rightist topics. Study 2 investigated moral, meta- and self-stereotypes within leftist and rightist political topics. Rightists viewed leftists more positively in moral terms than leftists viewed rightists, particularly in the context of leftist topics. Rightists also anticipated harsher moral judgements from leftists (meta-stereotypes), whereas leftists did not reciprocate. Moral self-stereotypes were similar across groups. These findings reveal moral asymmetry favouring leftist topics and individuals. We discuss the implications for political polarization, intergroup relations and contextual factors that shape these perceptions.

在西班牙进行的两项研究中,我们发现了道德判断的不对称性,表明左派的政治话题和个人被认为比他们的右派同行更有道德。研究1评估了参与者对捍卫传统上与左翼或右翼意识形态相关的话题的道德义务的感知。左派和右派参与者对左派话题的道德义务都比右派话题强。研究二调查了左派和右派政治话题中的道德、元刻板印象和自我刻板印象。在道德方面,右派对左派的看法比左派对右派的看法更积极,尤其是在左派话题的背景下。右派人士也预期左派人士会做出更严厉的道德判断(元刻板印象),而左派人士则不会做出同样的反应。不同群体的道德自我刻板印象相似。这些发现揭示了有利于左派话题和个人的道德不对称。我们讨论了政治两极分化的影响,群体间关系和塑造这些观念的背景因素。
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引用次数: 0
‘I'm Very Lucky Because This Is Even Better’: The Role of Social Identity Revitalisation in Recovery From Disaster “我很幸运,因为这甚至更好”:社会身份复兴在灾后恢复中的作用
IF 2.7 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2025-08-04 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.70016
Natalie Craig, Catherine Haslam, Tegan Cruwys, Jolanda Jetten, Blerina Kellezi, Emily Macleod, Timothy Heffernan, Jo Lane, Iain Walker

Evidence shows that meaningful social connections and social identities following trauma can support positive post-trauma appraisals because they provide psychosocial resources needed for recovery. However, access to these resources is influenced by a process of social identity revitalisation—a change in the value and meaningfulness of these relationships and social identities. This study used a qualitative methodology to explore these social processes, particularly social identity revitalisation, in shaping survivors’ responses to trauma. We examined 33 lived experience accounts of Australian and New Zealand disaster survivors. Reflexive thematic analysis identified four themes, showing how social connections and revitalised social relationships helped survivors (re-)construct post-trauma identities in meaningful ways that supported recovery. These findings contribute knowledge that may help with interventions developed to harness social identity revitalisation, drawing resources from within their communities to help with recovery.

有证据表明,创伤后有意义的社会联系和社会身份可以支持积极的创伤后评估,因为它们提供了康复所需的社会心理资源。然而,对这些资源的获取受到社会身份复兴过程的影响,即这些关系和社会身份的价值和意义的变化。本研究使用定性方法来探索这些社会过程,特别是社会身份复兴,在塑造幸存者对创伤的反应。我们研究了33位澳大利亚和新西兰灾难幸存者的亲身经历。反身性主题分析确定了四个主题,展示了社会联系和振兴的社会关系如何帮助幸存者(重新)以支持康复的有意义的方式构建创伤后身份。这些发现提供了知识,可能有助于开发干预措施,以利用社会身份振兴,从社区内部汲取资源,以帮助恢复。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
European Journal of Social Psychology
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