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‘(N)One of us but all of them!’ Ingroup favouritism on individual and group levels in the context of deviant behaviour 我们中的一员,却是他们中的全部!"("我们中的一员,却是他们中的全部!")。偏差行为背景下个人和群体层面的群体偏袒
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3103
Zahra Khosrowtaj, Sarah Teige‐Mocigemba, Vincent Yzerbyt
Past research hints both at more extreme judgements of ingroup deviants and at attributional biases in the case of Muslims, immigrants and refugees. We examined two recently observed patterns in the context of intergroup violence: harsher judgements on the individual level (black sheep effect) and milder judgements on the cultural level when a perpetrator stems from the ingroup. We further investigated whether these patterns were affected by (a) the outgroup being salient (Experiment 1), (b) the comparison context (Experiments 2–3) and (c) participants perceiving the ingroup as high versus low in entitativity (Experiment 3). Experiments 1 (N = 437), 2 (N = 283) and 3 (N = 703) revealed the presence of robust effects on cultural level with participants treating the ingroup culture more leniently than the outgroup culture. Moreover, on the individual level, Experiments 2 and 3 found an overall black sheep effect that was especially prevalent in an intergroup context. Outgroup salience and ingroup entitativity did not affect participants’ judgements on individual and cultural levels. This protection of the ingroup both on an individual and on a cultural level may hint at a derogation of the outgroup. We discuss implications and insights for future research.
过去的研究表明,在穆斯林、移民和难民的案例中,对内群体异类的判断更为极端,并存在归因偏差。我们研究了最近在群体间暴力背景下观察到的两种模式:当施暴者来自内群体时,在个人层面上会有更严厉的判断(害群之马效应),而在文化层面上会有较温和的判断。我们进一步研究了这些模式是否会受到以下因素的影响:(a) 外群体的显著性(实验 1);(b) 对比情境(实验 2-3);(c) 参与者认为内群体的权利性高还是低(实验 3)。实验 1(样本数=437)、实验 2(样本数=283)和实验 3(样本数=703)显示,在文化层面上,参与者对内群文化的态度比对外群文化的态度更为宽松,从而产生了强有力的影响。此外,在个人层面上,实验 2 和 3 发现了一种总体上的害群之马效应,这种效应在群际背景下尤为普遍。外群体的显著性和内群体的权利性并不影响参与者在个人和文化层面上的判断。这种在个人和文化层面上对内群体的保护可能暗示着对外群体的贬低。我们将讨论对未来研究的影响和启示。
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引用次数: 0
Never again: Lessons of genocide in survivor testimonies from the Holocaust, Nanjing massacre and Rwandan genocide 永不重演:大屠杀、南京大屠杀和卢旺达种族灭绝幸存者证词中的种族灭绝教训
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3108
Johanna Ray Vollhardt, Trina Konushevci, Amer Macedonci, Hyomin Lee
In the aftermath of traumatic events, individuals and groups seek to make sense of these experiences. ‘Never again’ is often considered the primary lesson of genocide. Yet, people may understand this lesson in different ways, and other lessons may also be relevant. The present paper reports a qualitative content analysis of publicly available testimonies from survivors of the Holocaust, the Rwandan Genocide and the Nanjing Massacre (N = 200), examining the lessons of genocide that these survivors shared publicly. We identified six broad categories of lessons that were represented across contexts and extended the lessons commonly considered: Lessons on the individual and interpersonal level, on the ingroup level, the (inclusive) intergroup level, the universal level, and concerning both collective memories and the future. These lessons go beyond ‘never again’ and show different individual and societal obligations and insights that survivors sharing their testimony deem most important to learn from their experience of genocide.
在创伤事件发生后,个人和群体都在寻求如何理解这些经历。永不重演 "通常被认为是种族灭绝的主要教训。然而,人们可能以不同的方式理解这一教训,其他教训也可能与之相关。本文报告了对大屠杀、卢旺达种族灭绝和南京大屠杀幸存者公开提供的证词(N = 200)进行的定性内容分析,研究了这些幸存者公开分享的种族灭绝教训。我们确定了六大类不同背景下的教训,并扩展了通常认为的教训:个人和人际层面的教训、群体内层面的教训、(包容性的)群体间层面的教训、普遍层面的教训,以及关于集体记忆和未来的教训。这些教训超越了 "永不重演 "的范畴,显示了不同的个人和社会义务,以及分享其证词的幸存者认为从种族灭绝经历中汲取的最重要的启示。
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引用次数: 0
Age of the examiner and older people's memory performances: A test of the stereotype threat theory using variations on negative age stereotypes across 18 European countries 考官年龄与老年人的记忆表现:利用 18 个欧洲国家的负面年龄刻板印象的变化检验刻板印象威胁理论
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3107
Neele H. Heiser, Olivier Desrichard
This study investigated whether the age of examiner effect, that is, the positive relation between cognitive performance of older people and age of their examiner, relies on stereotype threat. Data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), European Social Survey, European Statistical Office (Eurostat) and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe were crossed. Older people from different countries were tested on verbal short‐ and long‐term recall components of memory, by examiners of different ages. Country‐specific indicators of negative age stereotypes, related to the stereotype threat mechanism, were used. We expected that the age of examiner effect would be stronger in countries with more negative age stereotypes. The results replicated the age of examiner effect, but contrary to our hypothesis, this effect was not moderated by countries’ indicators of negative age stereotypes. Negative age stereotypes across countries, such as experienced discrimination among older people, lack of active ageing index, unemployment ratio and perceived negative competence of older people decrease memory. The results are discussed in relation to stereotype threat theory.
本研究调查了考官年龄效应,即老年人的认知表现与考官年龄之间的正相关关系是否依赖于刻板印象威胁。研究交叉使用了欧洲健康、老龄和退休调查(SHARE)、欧洲社会调查、欧洲统计局(Eurostat)和联合国欧洲经济委员会的数据。来自不同国家的老年人接受了由不同年龄的考官进行的短期和长期口头记忆部分的测试。测试中使用了与刻板印象威胁机制相关的各国负面年龄刻板印象指标。我们预计,在负面年龄成见较多的国家,考官年龄效应会更强。结果证实了考官年龄效应,但与我们的假设相反,这种效应并没有被各国的消极年龄刻板印象指标所调节。各国的消极年龄刻板印象,如老年人遭受的歧视、缺乏积极老龄化指数、失业率和老年人的消极能力等,都会降低记忆力。本文结合刻板印象威胁理论对研究结果进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Do women only apply when they are 100% qualified, whereas men already apply when they are 60% qualified? 女性是否只有在 100% 合格时才申请,而男性在 60% 合格时就已经申请了?
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3109
Mona Salwender, Dagmar Stahlberg
We tested the popular claim that women only apply for jobs when they are 100% qualified, whereas men apply already with as little as a 60% qualification fit. In Study 1, we presented a job advertisement and a CV with different levels of qualification fit. Participants were asked to imagine that the presented CV was their own and to indicate whether they would apply for the advertised job. No gender difference emerged in participants’ application intentions, neither at 60% nor at 100% qualification fit. To enhance personal involvement, in Studies 2–4 we presented a job advertisement and asked participants to indicate whether they themselves would apply for the advertised job. Afterwards, participants indicated for every qualification criterion listed in the job advertisement whether they fulfilled it or not. We found a significant, but not robust gender difference in the predicted direction in the relationship between application intention and qualification fit. In addition, when asking how much women and men wanted to be prepared in application situations, women robustly indicated a higher desire for preparedness than men. Overall, our results indicate that for women psychological hurdles (i.e., desire for preparedness, fears and other gender‐relevant indicators assessed) are higher in application situations than for men. However, these do not seem to translate reliably into differential application intentions in the experimental paradigms used in our studies. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our findings.
我们对一种流行的说法进行了测试,即女性只有在100%符合条件时才会申请工作,而男性只需符合60%的条件即可申请工作。在研究 1 中,我们展示了一则招聘广告和一份不同学历匹配度的简历。参与者被要求想象所展示的简历就是他们自己的简历,并表明他们是否会申请广告中的工作。无论是 60% 还是 100% 的学历契合度,参与者的求职意向都没有出现性别差异。为了加强个人参与,在研究 2-4 中,我们展示了一则招聘广告,并要求参与者表明自己是否会申请广告中的工作。之后,受试者针对招聘广告中列出的每项资格标准指出自己是否符合这些标准。我们发现,在求职意向与学历匹配度之间的关系中,性别差异在预测方向上有明显的差异,但并不稳固。此外,当问及女性和男性希望在应聘中做好准备的程度时,女性比男性更强烈地表示希望做好准备。总之,我们的研究结果表明,女性在申请过程中遇到的心理障碍(即希望做好准备、恐惧和其他与性别相关的评估指标)高于男性。然而,在我们的研究中使用的实验范式中,这些似乎并没有可靠地转化为不同的申请意向。我们将讨论研究结果的理论和实践意义。
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引用次数: 0
In control but uninspired: Displays of artist self‐control undermine perceptions of creativity 控制自如却缺乏灵感:艺术家自我控制的表现破坏了对创造力的认知
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3102
Michail D. Kokkoris, Olga Stavrova
Previous research highlighted the interpersonal benefits of self‐control in professional contexts: People prefer high self‐control individuals as work or study partners and expect them to perform better than low self‐control individuals. We show that these benefits of self‐control reverse in the artistic domain. Results of one pilot study and five preregistered online experiments (N = 1644) reveal that artists with high (vs. low) self‐control are perceived as less creative. This effect replicates across various artistic domains (visual art, music, poetry, screenwriting), holds for both male and female artists and can be explained by perceptions of lower experiential processing, which is considered indispensable for creativity. However, art created by high (vs. low) self‐control artists is ascribed higher market value due to stronger attributions of productivity. These findings provide novel insights into the social perception of self‐control and contribute to the understudied topic of the downsides of self‐control as well as to the literature on lay theories of creativity.
以往的研究强调了职业环境中自我控制的人际益处:人们更喜欢高自制力的人作为工作或学习伙伴,并期望他们比低自制力的人表现得更好。我们的研究表明,在艺术领域,自我控制的这些益处恰恰相反。一项试点研究和五项预先登记的在线实验(N = 1644)的结果显示,自制力强(与自制力弱)的艺术家被认为创造力较弱。这种效应在不同的艺术领域(视觉艺术、音乐、诗歌、编剧)中都存在,对男性和女性艺术家都适用,并且可以通过对较低的经验处理能力的感知来解释,而经验处理能力被认为是创造力所不可或缺的。然而,高(相对于低)自我控制能力的艺术家所创作的艺术作品由于更强的生产力归因而被赋予更高的市场价值。这些发现为社会对自我控制的认知提供了新的见解,有助于研究自我控制的弊端这一研究不足的课题,也有助于研究创造力的非专业理论。
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引用次数: 0
The responsibility of setting a bad example: Models are blamed for their imitators’ behaviour 树立坏榜样的责任:模仿者的行为归咎于模特
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-08-23 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3101
Peter Kardos, Bernhard Leidner, Brian Lickel
Imitating each other is a central element of human nature and everyday life. Modelling – setting an example to others – and imitation – when the modelled behaviour is copied – are just as fundamental to learning as to maintaining and transmitting culture. Yet, the moral connotations of modelling and imitation are not well understood. Building on and extending the theoretical framework of vicarious responsibility, we investigate the imitated model's responsibility and the psychological processes underlying blame attribution to the model for their imitators’ behaviour. We argue that people understand that imitating a wrongdoing renders it potentially more consequential and that people account for these additional consequences in their appraisals of the original, modelled wrongdoing. Moreover, we hypothesized that models would be blamed for their imitators’ harmful behaviour to the extent that the observers copied the model's action. Five studies (Ntotal = 945) utilizing various contexts from animal mistreatment to online bullying, three of them preregistered, provide consistent support for our hypotheses and show that models are blamed for their imitators’ behaviour, that is, for setting a bad example for others. Extending present theories of vicarious responsibility, we demonstrate that shared group membership is not always a necessary requirement for vicarious blame attributions.
相互模仿是人类本性和日常生活的核心要素。模范--为他人树立榜样--和模仿--当模范行为被复制时--对于学习和维护及传播文化同样重要。然而,人们对模范和模仿的道德内涵并不十分了解。在替代责任理论框架的基础上并加以扩展,我们研究了被模仿者的责任以及模仿者的行为归咎于模仿者的心理过程。我们认为,人们知道模仿一种错误行为可能会使其后果更加严重,而且人们在评价原始的、被模仿的错误行为时会考虑到这些额外的后果。此外,我们还假设,如果观察者模仿了榜样的行为,榜样就会因模仿者的有害行为而受到指责。五项研究(总计 = 945)采用了从虐待动物到网络欺凌等不同的情境,其中三项是预先登记的,这些研究一致支持了我们的假设,并表明模型会因模仿者的行为而受到指责,即为他人树立了坏榜样。通过扩展现有的替代责任理论,我们证明了共同的群体成员身份并不总是替代责任归因的必要条件。
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引用次数: 0
Explaining a collective false alarm: Context and cognition in the Oxford Street crowd flight incident 解释集体误报:牛津街人群逃离事件中的情境与认知
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-08-23 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3105
Dermot Barr, John Drury, Linda Bell, Nils Devynck, Çağla Gayretli, Simran Lalli, Harry Linfield
Collective false alarms can cause significant disruption, costly emergency response, and distress. Yet an adequate psychological explanation for these incidents is lacking. We interviewed 39 participants and analysed multiple secondary data sources from the 2017 false alarm in Oxford Street, UK, to develop a new explanation of this phenomenon. There was evidence that awareness of recent collectively self‐relevant terrorist attacks lowered the threshold for interpreting ambiguous signals as signs of hostile threat. Interviewees also fled and hid after inferring threats from others’ fear and flight responses. Cooperative behaviour was sporadic and was associated with an emergent sense of groupness that occurred in limited locations. The analysis suggests that crowd behaviour in false alarms has more in common with the meaningful behaviour typically found in real emergencies than with the image of uncontrolled ‘mass panic’ portrayed in news media. These findings have implications for policy in preparing the public for terrorist attacks.
集体误报会造成严重破坏、昂贵的应急响应和痛苦。然而,人们对这些事件缺乏充分的心理解释。我们采访了 39 名参与者,并分析了 2017 年英国牛津街误报事件的多个二手数据源,从而对这一现象做出了新的解释。有证据表明,对近期与自身相关的集体恐怖袭击的认识降低了将模糊信号解释为敌对威胁迹象的阈值。受访者从他人的恐惧和逃跑反应中推断出威胁后,也会逃跑或躲藏起来。合作行为是零星的,与出现在有限地点的群体意识有关。分析表明,与新闻媒体描述的不受控制的 "大规模恐慌 "形象相比,虚假警报中的人群行为与真实紧急情况下典型的有意义行为有更多共同之处。这些发现对制定公众防范恐怖袭击的政策具有一定的启示意义。
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引用次数: 0
The social amplification of illusory correlations 虚幻关联的社会放大效应
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3104
Cristina Mendonça, André Mata, Mário Boto Ferreira, Hans Alves
Illusory correlations are thought to underlie many undesirable judgements and behaviours, such as those that result in out‐group discrimination. In this research, illusory correlations are investigated in a dynamic fashion using the serial reproduction paradigm. Specifically, participants learned about members of certain groups and behaviours that they performed or attributes that they possessed. Afterwards, they were asked to recall that information and pass it on to other participants, such that whatever memory bias they produced was built into the information that was presented to others. Results revealed a weak tendency for the first participants to perceive an illusory correlation between certain groups and certain behaviours or attributes. More importantly, this pattern grew stronger as information was communicated across participants in a communication chain. That is, the illusory correlation became larger as the information passed from one participant to the next. These results show how biases can grow in society, such that what starts out as a very small misperception can acquire large proportions when incorrect information travels through different people.
人们认为,虚幻的相关性是许多不良判断和行为的基础,例如那些导致外群体歧视的判断和行为。在这项研究中,我们采用了连环再现范式,以动态的方式对虚幻相关性进行了研究。具体来说,参与者要了解某些群体的成员及其行为或属性。之后,他们被要求回忆这些信息并将其传递给其他参与者,这样,他们所产生的记忆偏差就会融入到传递给其他人的信息中。结果显示,第一批参与者有一种微弱的倾向,即认为某些群体与某些行为或属性之间存在虚幻的相关性。更重要的是,随着信息在交流链中向不同参与者传递,这种模式越来越强。也就是说,当信息从一个参与者传递到另一个参与者时,这种虚幻的相关性会变得更大。这些结果表明了偏见是如何在社会中滋生的,当错误的信息在不同的人之间传播时,一开始很小的误解也会变得很大。
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引用次数: 0
Motivational underpinnings of support for radical political leaders 支持激进政治领导人的动机基础
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3090
Joanna Grzymala‐Moszczynska, Marta Maj, Marta Szastok, Arie Kruglanski, Katarzyna Jasko
The present research examined the idea that followers are more strongly motivated by radical as opposed to moderate political leaders. We derived this idea from the significance quest theory that posits that a desire to feel important and meaningful is one of the fundamental human motives. We expected that voters would be more willing to support political actors when they perceived them as radical as opposed to moderate, because the goals of those radical actors would be more personally important for voters. Consequently, supporters would experience a greater sense of personal significance from supporting such goals, which would motivate them to get engaged on behalf of their candidates. In five studies (N = 2154), including two preregistered replications, spanning two US presidential elections (2016, 2020) and Polish parliamentary elections (2023), we found support for our predictions. The results showed that as followers perceived their candidates as more radical, they viewed the leaders' goals as more personally important, experienced a greater sense of personal significance, and expressed a higher willingness to make sacrifices for the candidates. These results contribute to the understanding of the appeal of radical political actors.
本研究探讨了这样一种观点,即相对于温和派政治领导人,激进派政治领导人对追随者的激励更为强烈。我们的这一观点源于意义追求理论,该理论认为,渴望感到自己的重要性和意义是人类的基本动机之一。我们预计,当选民认为政治人物激进而非温和时,他们会更愿意支持这些政治人物,因为这些激进人物的目标对选民个人而言更为重要。因此,支持者会从支持这些目标中体验到更大的个人意义,这将促使他们代表候选人参与其中。在横跨两次美国总统选举(2016 年和 2020 年)和波兰议会选举(2023 年)的五项研究(N = 2154)(包括两项预先登记的重复研究)中,我们发现我们的预测得到了支持。结果表明,当追随者认为他们的候选人更激进时,他们会认为领导人的目标对个人更重要,体验到更强的个人意义感,并表示更愿意为候选人做出牺牲。这些结果有助于人们理解激进政治行为者的吸引力。
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引用次数: 0
Correction to ‘Territorial ownership perceptions and reconciliation in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict: A person-centred approach’ 以巴冲突中的领土所有权观念与和解》的更正:以人为本的方法
IF 2.8 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3098

The article listed below, intended for publication in the Special Issue on ‘It always seems impossible, until it is done’: Perspectives on reconciliation and its underlying processes in post-conflict societies, was inadvertently published in a regular issue, volume 54, Issue 1. This article should be cited as shown below.

Territorial ownership perceptions and reconciliation in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict: A person-centred approach

Kaja Warnke, Borja Martinović, Nimrod Rosler

Pages: 31–47; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2993

下面列出的文章原打算发表在 "看起来总是不可能,直到完成 "特刊上:关于冲突后社会中的和解及其基本进程的观点 "的特刊中发表,却不慎被刊登在第 54 卷第 1 期的正刊中。这篇文章的引用应如下所示:以人为本的方法Kaja Warnke、Borja Martinović、Nimrod Rosler页码:31-47; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2993
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引用次数: 0
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European Journal of Social Psychology
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