Cities最新文献_第9页

The 15-minute city as paranoid urbanism: Ten critical reflections 作为偏执城市主义的 15 分钟城市：十项批判性思考

IF 6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105497

Federico Caprotti , Catalina Duarte , Simon Joss

The 15-minute city has emerged as a key urban development theme in recent years, and especially since the Covid-19 pandemic. It has also become a focus point for tensions and debates over future urban trajectories, including over the role of automobility as the key technology that defines the experience of the urban. While the 15-minute city has become a widely-used concept by proponents and detractors alike, it remains vaguely defined and heavily contested. The paper makes two contributions: first, it reads plans for, and debates around, the 15-minute city as a form of post-political urbanism. Secondly, the paper introduces the concept of paranoid urbanism as a way of understanding urban tensions and conflicts linked to mistrust, fear and paranoia in the post-pandemic city. This novel concept goes to the heart of debates and tensions over the shape of the post-pandemic city, and over mechanisms of exclusion and inclusion that characterise it. The arguments presented in the paper aim to both chart areas for further research, and as provide critical pointers for policymakers and practitioners working in the area of urban development. To this end, the paper presents ten critical reflections aimed at both policy and practice, and at establishing new avenues of research on paranoid urbanism in the post-pandemic era.

近年来，15 分钟城市已成为城市发展的一个重要主题，特别是自 19 世纪科维德大流行以来。它也成为关于未来城市轨迹的紧张局势和争论的焦点，包括汽车交通作为定义城市体验的关键技术所扮演的角色。尽管 "15 分钟城市 "已成为一个被支持者和反对者广泛使用的概念，但它的定义仍然模糊不清，且存在严重争议。本文有两方面的贡献：首先，它将 15 分钟城市作为后政治城市主义的一种形式来解读其计划和辩论。其次，本文引入了偏执城市主义的概念，以此来理解与后流行城市中的不信任、恐惧和偏执有关的城市紧张局势和冲突。这一新颖的概念直指有关 "后大流行病 "城市形态以及排斥和包容机制的辩论和紧张局势的核心。本文提出的论点旨在为进一步研究指明方向，并为城市发展领域的政策制定者和实践者提供重要的指针。为此，本文针对政策和实践提出了十点批判性思考，并为后偏执狂城市主义时代的研究开辟了新途径。

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引用次数: 0

Do housing costs affect transportation? Longitudinal evidence from Australia 住房成本会影响交通吗？来自澳大利亚的纵向证据

IF 6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105469

Faye Khammo , Jun Sung Kim , Liang Choon Wang

Utilising an instrumental variable alongside longitudinal data from Australia, this study investigates the causal relationship between housing costs and transportation outcomes. We combine the average costs of rent and mortgage payments to construct a composite housing cost measure and then estimate its impacts on four transportation variables and relocation. The instrumental variable relies on plausibly exogenous variations in composite housing costs influenced by foreign investments that are distributed disparately across local government areas in Australia on the basis of historical settlement patterns of immigrants. The findings reveal that increased housing costs lead to increased commute duration and a noticeable redistribution of expenditure, favouring public transport costs over fuel expenses. These findings are largely consistent with the predictions of standard urban theory. As the impacts of rising housing costs fall disproportionately on less educated individuals, our findings suggest that housing and transportation policies targeted at the housing and transportation options of these individuals can potentially reduce the inequality effects of rising housing costs.

本研究利用工具变量和澳大利亚的纵向数据，调查了住房成本与交通结果之间的因果关系。我们将房租和按揭付款的平均成本结合起来，构建了一个综合住房成本衡量标准，然后估算了其对四个交通变量和搬迁的影响。工具变量依赖于受外商投资影响的综合住房成本的看似外生的变化，这些外商投资根据移民的历史定居模式在澳大利亚各地方政府区域分布不均。研究结果表明，住房成本的增加导致通勤时间的延长和支出的明显重新分配，公共交通成本高于燃料支出。这些发现与标准城市理论的预测基本一致。由于住房成本上升对受教育程度较低的人的影响更大，我们的研究结果表明，针对这些人的住房和交通选择而制定的住房和交通政策有可能减少住房成本上升带来的不平等影响。

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引用次数: 0

Police facial recognition applications and violent crime control in U.S. cities 美国城市警方面部识别应用与暴力犯罪控制

IF 6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105472

Thaddeus L. Johnson , Natasha N. Johnson , Volkan Topalli , Denise McCurdy , Aislinn Wallace

This study presents novel insights into the effects of police facial recognition applications on violent crime and arrest dynamics across 268 U.S. cities from 1997 to 2020. We conducted generalized difference-in-differences regressions with multiway fixed effects to exploit this technology's staggered implementation. Our findings indicate that police facial recognition applications facilitate reductions in the rates of felony violence and homicide without contributing to over-policing or racial disparities in arrest for violent offenses. Greater reductions were observed for cities that adopted these technologies earlier in the study period, suggesting that their public safety benefits appreciate over time. The results of parallel trend and robustness tests also support these conclusions. While further research is necessary to assess the implementation and effects of facial recognition systems in various contexts, presented evidence suggests that urban police agencies that responsibly deploy these innovations to support crime control efforts can keep their residents safer and reduce the lives lost to violence.

本研究就 1997 年至 2020 年间美国 268 个城市的警方面部识别应用对暴力犯罪和逮捕动态的影响提出了新的见解。我们使用多向固定效应进行了广义差分回归，以利用该技术的交错实施。我们的研究结果表明，警方的人脸识别应用有助于降低重罪暴力和凶杀案的发生率，而不会造成过度治安或因暴力犯罪而被捕的种族差异。在研究期间较早采用这些技术的城市，其降低率更高，这表明随着时间的推移，这些技术对公共安全的益处会越来越大。平行趋势测试和稳健性测试的结果也支持这些结论。虽然还需要进一步研究来评估面部识别系统在不同环境下的实施情况和效果，但所提供的证据表明，城市警察机构如果能负责任地部署这些创新技术来支持犯罪控制工作，就能使居民更加安全，并减少因暴力而丧失的生命。

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引用次数: 0

High-speed rail in shrinking cities: A weapon for downturn or a catalyst for change 萎缩城市中的高速铁路：衰退的武器还是变革的催化剂

IF 6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105483

Yuxin Yang , Jing Zhang , Yao Tong , Wei Liu , Zuopeng Ma

The approach to alleviating the recession by expanding of high-speed rail (HSR) network needs to be treated cautiously. The structural adjustment of shrinking cities provides a perspective to evaluate the broader impact of HSR. Comparing the change characteristics of population and industrial structure of HSR cities and non-HSR cities before and after HSR service, we analyze the effect of HSR on the industrial transformation of shrinking cities and its spatio-temporal differences in Northeast China. Findings show that HSR has a positive effect on decelerating population shrinkage and fostering manufacturing advancing at regional level. The specific patterns display heterogeneity: it has exacerbated the development gap between cities on the main lines versus other cities, but also meaningfully transformed the industrial structure of cities along the branch HSR lines; different HSR lines has promote their respective regions' development based on their existing advantages; the sources and types of industrial transfer played key roles in the divergence of HSR effects on shrinking cities. The paper argues that HSR is more effective in promoting development based on proactive transformation efforts and available industrial functions; otherwise, it may primarily serve as a new mode of transportation without fully acting as a driver of urban development.

通过扩大高铁（HSR）网络来缓解经济衰退的方法需要谨慎对待。萎缩城市的结构调整为评估高铁的广泛影响提供了一个视角。比较高铁开通前后东北地区高铁城市与非高铁城市人口和产业结构的变化特征，分析高铁对东北地区萎缩城市产业转型的影响及其时空差异。研究结果表明，在区域层面，高铁对减缓人口萎缩和促进制造业发展具有积极作用。具体模式呈现出异质性：既加剧了高铁干线城市与其他城市之间的发展差距，也有意义地改变了高铁支线沿线城市的产业结构；不同的高铁线路基于其现有优势促进了各自区域的发展；产业转移的来源和类型在高铁对人口萎缩城市影响的差异中发挥了关键作用。本文认为，基于主动的转型努力和现有的产业功能，高铁在促进发展方面更为有效；否则，高铁可能主要作为一种新的交通方式，而没有充分发挥城市发展的驱动作用。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring the relationship between built environment and spatiotemporal heterogeneity of dockless bike-sharing usage: A case study of Shenzhen, China 探索建筑环境与无桩共享单车使用的时空异质性之间的关系：中国深圳案例研究

IF 6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105504

Junhong Zhou , Yani Lai , Wei Tu , Yuzhe Wu

Dockless bike-sharing (DBS) system provides a convenient and flexible travel mode and is believed to be an essential means to improve travel efficiency and promote sustainable urban mobility. Despite an increasing body of scholarship on this issue, the spatial and temporal disparities of the relationship between built environment and DBS usage are less discussed in existing literature. In particular, few studies have taken the coexistence of complementary and competitive relation between bike-sharing and existing transit systems into account. Using 250 m grid level data in Shenzhen, this study applied multi-scale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) to reveal the local effects of built environment on bike utilization. The results found that population and employment density are generally positively related to bike usage. A significant competitive effect on DBS is observed in areas with dense metro stations, while complementary effect is found in other areas. In addition, bus coverage is found to negatively affect bike usage, meaning that public bus would substitute bike-sharing to travel. Mixed land use can attract bike usage on weekday but not on weekend, while residential as well as commercial areas have the potential to generate more bike demand in urban center and inner suburbs but not in exurban areas. Conversely, industrial areas in suburbs contribute to bike usage. Furthermore, office building plays a critical and positive role in bike usage, especially in suburbs, whereas restaurant shows negative effects during peak times. This research sheds light on the relationships between built environment and travel behavior, and the findings can provide tailor-made policies towards cycling-friendly environment and sustainable transportation.

无桩共享单车（DBS）系统提供了一种方便灵活的出行方式，被认为是提高出行效率和促进可持续城市交通的重要手段。尽管对这一问题的研究越来越多，但现有文献较少讨论建筑环境与 DBS 使用之间的时空差异。特别是，很少有研究考虑到共享单车与现有公交系统之间既互补又竞争的共存关系。本研究利用深圳 250 米网格数据，采用多尺度地理加权回归（MGWR）揭示了建筑环境对自行车使用率的局部影响。结果发现，人口和就业密度与自行车使用率呈正相关。在地铁站密集的地区，对 DBS 有明显的竞争效应，而在其他地区则有互补效应。此外，公共汽车覆盖率对自行车使用率有负面影响，这意味着公共汽车将替代共享单车出行。土地混合使用可以吸引自行车在工作日的使用，但在周末则不然；住宅区和商业区有可能在城市中心和内郊区产生更多的自行车需求，但在外郊区则不然。相反，郊区的工业区有助于提高自行车的使用率。此外，办公楼对自行车的使用起着至关重要的积极作用，尤其是在郊区，而餐厅在高峰时段则会产生负面影响。这项研究揭示了建筑环境与出行行为之间的关系，研究结果可为自行车友好型环境和可持续交通提供量身定制的政策。

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引用次数: 0

Disentangling the non-linear impacts of natural attributes of urban built environment on life satisfaction 厘清城市建筑环境的自然属性对生活满意度的非线性影响

IF 6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105496

Wenjie Wu , Wenxuan Tan , Wendy Y. Chen , Ruoyu Wang

It is widely acknowledged that urban nature could contribute positively to people's subjective life satisfaction. However, extant literature offers limited empirical evidence about the non-linear effects of various natural attributes of urban built environment on life satisfaction. This paper applies a machine learning approach, the gradient boosting decision trees model, to fill in this knowledge gap. Using Beijing as a case study, three key natural attributes of urban built environment are considered, including exposure to greenness within immediate living neighborhood, access to the nearest non-gated community parks, and access to the nearest gated municipal parks. A dataset that combines a life satisfaction survey, GIS-based park accessibility, and neighborhood greenness extracted from georeferenced street view images is constructed and brought into modelling analysis. The findings reveal non-linear effects of all three natural attributes on residents' self-reported life satisfaction. And the association between life satisfaction and access to parks (either gated municipal parks or non-gated community parks) depends upon the level of greenness exposure within respondents' immediate living neighborhood, with significant impacts detected for those who have a relatively low supply of neighborhood greenness. This study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the intricate association between various natural attributes of urban built environment and life satisfaction. And the empirical findings have practical implications for optimizing urban greening strategy as a cost-effective and feasible intervention to improve population life satisfaction.

人们普遍认为，城市自然环境可以积极提高人们的主观生活满意度。然而，关于城市建筑环境的各种自然属性对生活满意度的非线性影响，现有文献提供的实证证据非常有限。本文采用梯度提升决策树模型这一机器学习方法来填补这一知识空白。本文以北京为例，考虑了城市建筑环境的三个关键自然属性，包括居住地附近的绿化覆盖率、最近的无门禁社区公园的可及性以及最近的有门禁市政公园的可及性。研究构建了一个数据集，该数据集结合了生活满意度调查、基于地理信息系统的公园可达性以及从地理参照街景图像中提取的街区绿化率，并将其纳入建模分析。研究结果表明，这三种自然属性对居民自我报告的生活满意度都有非线性影响。而生活满意度与公园（有门禁的市政公园或无门禁的社区公园）之间的关联取决于受访者周边居住区的绿化程度，对于那些周边绿化程度相对较低的受访者来说，生活满意度会受到显著影响。这项研究有助于人们更细致地了解城市建筑环境的各种自然属性与生活满意度之间错综复杂的关系。这些实证研究结果对于优化城市绿化战略，使其成为提高居民生活满意度的一种具有成本效益且可行的干预措施具有实际意义。

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引用次数: 0

Unexpected urban comparisons: Airbnb-ization in Cape Town, South Africa, and Broward County's coastal cities, Florida, United States 意想不到的城市比较：南非开普敦和美国佛罗里达州布劳沃德县沿海城市的 Airbnb 化

IF 6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105455

Richard Grant , Haozheng Zu , Shouraseni Sen Roy

This paper employs an atypical comparative approach to investigate the significant influence of Airbnb in two distinct urban areas: Cape Town, South Africa, and Broward County, Florida, USA. Despite differing national histories and contexts, both locations share commonalities as tourist hotspots with robust facilities and attractions and lack strict Airbnb rental regulations. Leveraging open-source data from InsideAirbnb, OpenStreet Map, and census data, we utilize geospatial analysis and geovisualizations to evaluate various factors, including urban amenities, neighborhood cultural capital, accommodation types, pricing, and review scores. Optimized hot spot analysis reveals areas of high and low activity related to urban amenities. In Broward County, Airbnb hotspots align with the coast and Interstate Highway 95, following a uniform pattern. In Cape Town, they cluster within affluent neighborhoods inside Motorway 3. Word cloud analysis of positive comments highlights customer experiences related to coastal proximity, tourist attractions, dwelling amenities, and host responsiveness in Cape Town.

本文采用一种非典型的比较方法来研究 Airbnb 在两个不同城市地区的重大影响：南非开普敦和美国佛罗里达州布劳沃德县。尽管国家历史和背景不同，但这两个地方都是旅游热点地区，拥有完善的设施和景点，并且缺乏严格的 Airbnb 租赁法规。利用来自 InsideAirbnb、OpenStreet Map 和人口普查数据的开源数据，我们利用地理空间分析和地理可视化来评估各种因素，包括城市设施、社区文化资本、住宿类型、价格和评论分数。优化的热点分析揭示了与城市设施相关的高活跃度和低活跃度区域。在布劳沃德县，Airbnb 热点与海岸线和 95 号州际公路保持一致。在开普敦，这些热点聚集在 3 号高速公路内的富人区。对正面评论的词云分析突出显示了客户对开普敦沿海地区、旅游景点、住宅设施和房东响应能力的体验。

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引用次数: 0

The electoral cycle and changes in the off-budget debt of municipalities 选举周期与市政当局预算外债务的变化

IF 6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105478

Krzysztof Kluza , Miroslaw Czekaj , Beata Zofia Filipiak

There is a noticeable lack of broad coverage of the issue of local government off-budget debt in academic research. The area of local government budget debt and methods of limiting it in order to strengthen the financial stability of local governments are widely discussed and studied, while little is known about the issues of indebtedness of subordinate units of local governments, for which public authorities are responsible due to the nature and scope of the public tasks they perform. The results of the research indicate that the off-budget debt of local governments is growing and constitutes a significant item in the balance sheets of consolidated local governments in Poland, and that changes in its level are correlated with the electoral cycle, indicating the existence of a political business cycle in the local government and municipal enterprises sector. We also demonstrate that off-budget debt is a more important PBC instrument in large municipalities.

学术研究中明显缺乏对地方政府预算外债务问题的广泛报道。地方政府预算债务领域以及限制地方政府预算债务以加强地方政府财政稳定性的方法得到了广泛的讨论和研究，而对于地方政府下属单位的债务问题却知之甚少，公共当局由于其执行的公共任务的性质和范围而对这些下属单位负有责任。研究结果表明，波兰地方政府的预算外债务在不断增长，成为合并后地方政府资产负债表中的重要项目，其水平的变化与选举周期相关，表明地方政府和市政企业部门存在政治商业周期。我们还证明，在大城市中，预算外债务是更重要的 PBC 工具。

引用次数: 0

Population agglomeration, borrowed size and urban economic growth in China 中国的人口聚集、借贷规模与城市经济增长

IF 6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105491

Le Chen , Xi Wang , Yuanwei Hao , Jiangbin Yin , Dongsheng Chen

This study constructed a theoretical framework and measurement model for investigating the effect of population agglomeration on urban economic growth. This framework accounts for both intracity and intercity agglomeration economy and is based on a comprehensive set of indicators of population agglomeration and urban economy. Two hypotheses were tested using data from 285 prefecture-level cities in China from 2005 to 2020, with the data corroborated against data from over 500 Chinese provincial and municipal statistical yearbooks, 4560 statistical bulletins, natural elements such as relief degree of land surface, and DMSP/OLS and NPP/VIIRS matched nighttime lights imagery. We focused on the effects of intercity agglomeration economy, namely borrowed size and agglomeration shadow effects. Our results indicated that intracity population agglomeration had a positive effect on urban economic growth. This effect was moderated by spatial and policy–related factors. In addition, the borrowed size effect was stronger than the agglomeration shadow effect among Chinese cities. Intracity population agglomeration had a significant positive spatial spillover effect. The high degree of agglomeration of neighboring cities positively affected a city's economic growth. It was interesting to note that the impact coefficient of intracity agglomeration dropped by about 0.1 with the inclusion of intercity agglomeration elements.

本研究构建了研究人口集聚对城市经济增长影响的理论框架和计量模型。该框架既考虑了城内集聚经济，也考虑了城际集聚经济，并基于一套全面的人口集聚和城市经济指标。我们利用 2005 年至 2020 年中国 285 个地级市的数据对两个假设进行了检验，并与中国 500 多个省市统计年鉴、4560 份统计公报、地表松动程度等自然要素、DMSP/OLS 和 NPP/VIIRS 匹配的夜间灯光影像等数据进行了印证。我们重点研究了城际集聚经济的效应，即借力规模效应和集聚阴影效应。结果表明，城市内人口聚集对城市经济增长有积极影响。这种效应受到空间和政策相关因素的调节。此外，在中国城市中，借力规模效应强于集聚影子效应。城市内人口集聚具有显著的正空间溢出效应。相邻城市的高度集聚会对城市的经济增长产生积极影响。值得注意的是，在加入城际集聚要素后，城内集聚的影响系数下降了约 0.1。

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引用次数: 0

Structural resilience disparities in regional city networks under the influence of Typhoon Fitow and COVID-19 台风 "菲特 "和 COVID-19 影响下区域城市网络的结构复原力差异

IF 6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105460

Wenxuan Du , Guofang Zhai , Yijun Shi , Yuwen Lu

The integration of regional city networks plays a pivotal role in the regional development. Assessing and analyzing the structural resilience of these networks holds significance in enhancing regional comprehensive disaster prevention. This study focuses on the Yangtze River Delta, examining its regional city networks encompassing information, economic, transportation, and innovation domains. Utilizing the social network analysis, projection pursuit model based on the genetic algorithm, coupling coordination degree model, coefficient of variation and spatial Gini coefficient, we scrutinized the structural resilience and evolution difference of these networks under different disasters. We found that the structural resilience of economic and transportation networks that depend on infrastructure construction are more limited by geographical distance, and information and innovation networks with weaker physical dependence have stronger structural resilience. The impact of Typhoon Fitow on the structural resilience of individual networks was mainly concentrated in coastal affected cities, while the impact after COVID-19 was mainly in marginal cities. The spatial pattern of the structural resilience of multiple networks shifted from low level equilibrium to agglomeration development. Finally, nodes were identified into three types according to the resilience performance. This research offers a scientific foundation for quantifying regional resilience and formulating network optimization strategies.

区域城市网络的整合在区域发展中起着举足轻重的作用。评估和分析这些网络的结构韧性对加强区域综合防灾具有重要意义。本研究以长江三角洲地区为研究对象，考察其信息、经济、交通、创新等领域的区域城市网络。利用社会网络分析、基于遗传算法的投影追寻模型、耦合协调度模型、变异系数和空间基尼系数，研究了这些网络在不同灾害下的结构弹性和演化差异。我们发现，依赖于基础设施建设的经济网络和交通网络的结构恢复力受地理距离的限制较大，而物理依赖性较弱的信息网络和创新网络的结构恢复力较强。台风 "菲特 "对单个网络结构复原力的影响主要集中在沿海受灾城市，而 COVID-19 后的影响主要集中在边缘城市。多个网络结构韧性的空间模式从低水平均衡转向集聚发展。最后，根据弹性表现将节点划分为三种类型。这项研究为量化区域弹性和制定网络优化策略提供了科学依据。

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引用次数: 0