Pub Date : 2024-10-22DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105515
Siarhei Liubimau
This article scrutinizes a Soviet nuclear industry's urban settlement from the perspective of this industry's endpoints. It approaches the nuclear industry's endpoints both in the register of city-enterprise relations and in the register of the spatio-temporal and institutional reality of the Cold War. The article's argument rests on empirical research of urban development after nuclear power in the town of Visaginas in Lithuania, a satellite of the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (INPP). Today Visaginas is in the process of disentangling itself from the USSR's strategic Cold War exclusive nuclear industry network. I single out and reflect on three units of analysis of this disentanglement – biography, site, and schedule. By documenting the modes of spatiality and of temporality produced by urban-nuclear entanglements, I challenge the application of the notion of ‘de-industrialization’ to phasing out nuclear power plants. I show that nuclear technology has given rise to a type of industrial site and to Cold War modernity as a spatio-temporal and institutional reality, which have no intelligible endpoints. Despite the unintelligibility of Cold War modernity's endpoints, nuclear settlements serve as explorers of the institutional and infrastructural hyper- long-term, and therefore they nurture diachronic solidarity via a diachronic division of labor.
{"title":"In search of Cold War modernity's endpoints: Urban-nuclear entanglements and diachronic solidarity","authors":"Siarhei Liubimau","doi":"10.1016/j.cities.2024.105515","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cities.2024.105515","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article scrutinizes a Soviet nuclear industry's urban settlement from the perspective of this industry's endpoints. It approaches the nuclear industry's endpoints both in the register of city-enterprise relations and in the register of the spatio-temporal and institutional reality of the Cold War. The article's argument rests on empirical research of urban development after nuclear power in the town of Visaginas in Lithuania, a satellite of the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (INPP). Today Visaginas is in the process of disentangling itself from the USSR's strategic Cold War exclusive nuclear industry network. I single out and reflect on three units of analysis of this disentanglement – biography, site, and schedule. By documenting the modes of spatiality and of temporality produced by urban-nuclear entanglements, I challenge the application of the notion of ‘de-industrialization’ to phasing out nuclear power plants. I show that nuclear technology has given rise to a type of industrial site and to Cold War modernity as a spatio-temporal and institutional reality, which have no intelligible endpoints. Despite the unintelligibility of Cold War modernity's endpoints, nuclear settlements serve as explorers of the institutional and infrastructural hyper- long-term, and therefore they nurture diachronic solidarity via a diachronic division of labor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48405,"journal":{"name":"Cities","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 105515"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142533457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-22DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105508
Marcin Spyra , Chiara Cortinovis , Silvia Ronchi
Peri-Urban Landscapes (PULs) are transitional areas composed of a mix of natural and anthropogenic land covers. The unsustainable character of many PULs is widely recognised, but their governance is particularly challenging. The paper moves from the hypothesis that addressing some of the sustainability challenges of PULs requires the combination of multiple Policy Instruments (PIs), i.e., a policy mix. An online survey was developed to collect cases of PULs governance with a twofold purpose: i) to identify and describe existing PIs implemented in PULs, and ii) to investigate which combinations of PIs are adopted to address specific categories of sustainability challenges. Fifty valid answers describing 47 cases of PULs governance from 26 countries were collected and analysed. The results confirm the presence of a policy mix approach, suggesting the need for a plurality of PIs to govern the dynamics and complexities of PULs. Moreover, the results indicate an important role of the regional governance level, a dominating presence of top-down instruments, and a need for more effective inclusion of citizens into policy-making processes related to PULs. A reflection on the findings considering the existing literature on governance experimentation suggests governance mixes for PULs as potential approaches to address some of the shortcomings of the analysed policy mixes.
{"title":"An overview of policy instruments for sustainable peri-urban landscapes: Towards governance mixes","authors":"Marcin Spyra , Chiara Cortinovis , Silvia Ronchi","doi":"10.1016/j.cities.2024.105508","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cities.2024.105508","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Peri-Urban Landscapes (PULs) are transitional areas composed of a mix of natural and anthropogenic land covers. The unsustainable character of many PULs is widely recognised, but their governance is particularly challenging. The paper moves from the hypothesis that addressing some of the sustainability challenges of PULs requires the combination of multiple Policy Instruments (PIs), i.e., a policy mix. An online survey was developed to collect cases of PULs governance with a twofold purpose: i) to identify and describe existing PIs implemented in PULs, and ii) to investigate which combinations of PIs are adopted to address specific categories of sustainability challenges. Fifty valid answers describing 47 cases of PULs governance from 26 countries were collected and analysed. The results confirm the presence of a policy mix approach, suggesting the need for a plurality of PIs to govern the dynamics and complexities of PULs. Moreover, the results indicate an important role of the regional governance level, a dominating presence of top-down instruments, and a need for more effective inclusion of citizens into policy-making processes related to PULs. A reflection on the findings considering the existing literature on governance experimentation suggests governance mixes for PULs as potential approaches to address some of the shortcomings of the analysed policy mixes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48405,"journal":{"name":"Cities","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 105508"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142533472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-21DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105525
Yike Ren, Xing Wang
Return migrant workers' entrepreneurial choices hinge on the comparative advantages between their origin and destination cities. However, prior research has predominantly concentrated on the economic environment solely within migrant workers' origin cities, disregarding the dual impact of both origins and destinations on return entrepreneurship. This study aims to elucidate how the comparative advantages between origin and destination cities affect the behavior of return migrant workers' entrepreneurship, focusing on the paired relationships formed by these cities as a result of the emergence of return migrant workers' entrepreneurship. To this end, this study leverages data from the 2018 China Labor Force Dynamics Survey (CLDS) and the 2018 China City Statistical Yearbook, and utilizes the network MRQAP regression and network OLS regression methods. The findings highlight that migrant workers exhibit a stronger propensity to return for entrepreneurship when their origin cities possess greater comparative advantages in terms of economic development, employment status, standard of living, and entrepreneurial environments compared with their destination cities. Additionally, the heightened activity and significance of origin cities relative to destination cities in regard to economic growth rate, medical resources, and enterprise R&D investment correspond to a higher likelihood of migrant workers returning for entrepreneurship. These outcomes inform the development of theories related to population migration, and shed light on the relationship between return migrant workers' entrepreneurial endeavors and the regional disparities in economic development.
{"title":"Impact of comparative advantages in origin and destination cities on return migrant workers' entrepreneurship: An induced network analysis","authors":"Yike Ren, Xing Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.cities.2024.105525","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cities.2024.105525","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Return migrant workers' entrepreneurial choices hinge on the comparative advantages between their origin and destination cities. However, prior research has predominantly concentrated on the economic environment solely within migrant workers' origin cities, disregarding the dual impact of both origins and destinations on return entrepreneurship. This study aims to elucidate how the comparative advantages between origin and destination cities affect the behavior of return migrant workers' entrepreneurship, focusing on the paired relationships formed by these cities as a result of the emergence of return migrant workers' entrepreneurship. To this end, this study leverages data from the 2018 China Labor Force Dynamics Survey (CLDS) and the 2018 China City Statistical Yearbook, and utilizes the network MRQAP regression and network OLS regression methods. The findings highlight that migrant workers exhibit a stronger propensity to return for entrepreneurship when their origin cities possess greater comparative advantages in terms of economic development, employment status, standard of living, and entrepreneurial environments compared with their destination cities. Additionally, the heightened activity and significance of origin cities relative to destination cities in regard to economic growth rate, medical resources, and enterprise R&D investment correspond to a higher likelihood of migrant workers returning for entrepreneurship. These outcomes inform the development of theories related to population migration, and shed light on the relationship between return migrant workers' entrepreneurial endeavors and the regional disparities in economic development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48405,"journal":{"name":"Cities","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 105525"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142533460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-21DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105473
Junjie Luo , Pengyuan Liu , Wenhui Xu , Tianhong Zhao , Filip Biljecki
Urban Digital Twins (UDTs) offer a promising avenue for advancing sustainable urban development by mirroring physical environments and complex urban dynamics. Such technology enables urban planners to predict and analyze the impacts of various urban scenarios, addressing a global priority for sustainable urban environments. However, their potential in public engagement for environmental perception remains unfulfilled, with existing research lacking the capability to analyze urbanscapes' visual features and predict public perceptions based on photo-realistic renderings. To fill the gap, our study developed and implemented a UDT platform designed for the dual purposes of objective feature evaluation and subjective visual perception, alongside the prediction of perceptions in simulated scenarios. We incorporated DeepLabV3, a deep learning model for imagery semantic segmentation, to quantify a series of visual features within the built environment, such as the proportion of vegetation and architectural elements. Subjective visual perceptions (e.g. safety and lively) are captured using immersive virtual reality to gather public perceptions of different scenarios and learn patterns. Further, utilizing a photo-realistic rendering engine, high-quality renderings of textures and materials for UDT were achieved, and we proved their veracity based on a perception experiment. Afterwards, we employ the random forest algorithm for automated perception predictions of rendering scenarios. The implementation was demonstrated with a case study on an urban greenway in the central area of Singapore. We compared both the objective evaluation and subjective perception results, followed by a demonstration of automated visual perception prediction through photo-realistic scenario simulations, such as modifying vegetation density or introducing new architectural elements to the skyline, to predict the perception of scenarios before they are built, leading to more efficient and automated urban planning.
{"title":"A perception-powered urban digital twin to support human-centered urban planning and sustainable city development","authors":"Junjie Luo , Pengyuan Liu , Wenhui Xu , Tianhong Zhao , Filip Biljecki","doi":"10.1016/j.cities.2024.105473","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cities.2024.105473","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban Digital Twins (UDTs) offer a promising avenue for advancing sustainable urban development by mirroring physical environments and complex urban dynamics. Such technology enables urban planners to predict and analyze the impacts of various urban scenarios, addressing a global priority for sustainable urban environments. However, their potential in public engagement for environmental perception remains unfulfilled, with existing research lacking the capability to analyze urbanscapes' visual features and predict public perceptions based on photo-realistic renderings. To fill the gap, our study developed and implemented a UDT platform designed for the dual purposes of objective feature evaluation and subjective visual perception, alongside the prediction of perceptions in simulated scenarios. We incorporated DeepLabV3, a deep learning model for imagery semantic segmentation, to quantify a series of visual features within the built environment, such as the proportion of vegetation and architectural elements. Subjective visual perceptions (e.g. safety and lively) are captured using immersive virtual reality to gather public perceptions of different scenarios and learn patterns. Further, utilizing a photo-realistic rendering engine, high-quality renderings of textures and materials for UDT were achieved, and we proved their veracity based on a perception experiment. Afterwards, we employ the random forest algorithm for automated perception predictions of rendering scenarios. The implementation was demonstrated with a case study on an urban greenway in the central area of Singapore. We compared both the objective evaluation and subjective perception results, followed by a demonstration of automated visual perception prediction through photo-realistic scenario simulations, such as modifying vegetation density or introducing new architectural elements to the skyline, to predict the perception of scenarios before they are built, leading to more efficient and automated urban planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48405,"journal":{"name":"Cities","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 105473"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142533571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-20DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105494
Shishir Mathur , Hilary Nixon , Shreya Chokshi
Predevelopment revolving loan funds (PDRLFs) are pools of money from which loans are made and to which loan repayments flow in. They are a part of revolving loan funds (RLFs) that are extensively used in the US to support small businesses and housing. However, PDRLFs' use for funding affordable housing is little-studied. This paper begins to fill this research gap through a literature review and case studies to better understand the key features and the ways to strengthen affordable housing-focused PDRLFs. Finally, it suggests key strategies to strengthen them further, which include flexible funding by the state and federal governments to seed and recapitalize the funds, the need to proactively seek target loan recipients and support them, balance loan applicants' needs with lending efficiency, and view predevelopment in the context of the entire housing finance process.
{"title":"Predevelopment revolving loan funds to develop affordable housing: Program features and how they can be strengthened","authors":"Shishir Mathur , Hilary Nixon , Shreya Chokshi","doi":"10.1016/j.cities.2024.105494","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cities.2024.105494","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Predevelopment revolving loan funds (PDRLFs) are pools of money from which loans are made and to which loan repayments flow in. They are a part of revolving loan funds (RLFs) that are extensively used in the US to support small businesses and housing. However, PDRLFs' use for funding affordable housing is little-studied. This paper begins to fill this research gap through a literature review and case studies to better understand the key features and the ways to strengthen affordable housing-focused PDRLFs. Finally, it suggests key strategies to strengthen them further, which include flexible funding by the state and federal governments to seed and recapitalize the funds, the need to proactively seek target loan recipients and support them, balance loan applicants' needs with lending efficiency, and view predevelopment in the context of the entire housing finance process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48405,"journal":{"name":"Cities","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 105494"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142537499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-19DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105495
M. Pilar Alonso , Pilar Gargallo , Luis Lample , Carlos López-Escolano , Jesús A. Miguel , Manuel Salvador
Over the past decades, numerous European rural regions have witnessed a decline in population, accompanied by the loss of essential services, including financial services. This study examines the dynamic interplay of these processes in the comarcas (counties) of Aragon, Spain. Utilizing a panel dataset at the comarca level and a combination of multivariate statistical techniques, we investigate how sociodemographic and economic profiles interact with financial exclusion arising from the absence or scarcity of bank branches. The absence of bank branches and the saturation of the remaining depend on the evolution of economic dynamism, the ageing process, and the percentage of foreign population. Our findings have allowed us to discern that there are differences between comarcas. Specifically, we have identified three groups, which must face different problems with respect to the lack or scarcity of bank branches, as well as depopulation. This segmentation provides a detailed view of the regional reality and lays the groundwork for more precise and effective intervention strategies, highlighting the potential of comarca capitals as hubs for centralized banking services. This approach optimizes the use of limited resources and enhances the prospects for promoting sustainable development in Aragon and other rural regions of Europe.
在过去的几十年里，欧洲许多农村地区都出现了人口减少的现象，与此同时，包括金融服务在内的基本服务也在流失。本研究探讨了这些过程在西班牙阿拉贡 Comarcas（县）的动态相互作用。我们利用 comarca 层面的面板数据集，并结合多元统计技术，研究了社会人口和经济概况如何与因银行网点缺失或稀缺而产生的金融排斥相互作用。银行网点的缺失和剩余网点的饱和取决于经济活力的发展、老龄化进程和外来人口的比例。我们的研究结果表明，不同的社区之间存在差异。具体来说，我们确定了三个群体，它们必须面对银行网点缺乏或稀缺以及人口减少等不同问题。通过这种划分，我们可以详细了解该地区的实际情况，并为制定更精确、更有效的干预战略奠定基础，同时凸显出 comarca 首府作为集中银行服务枢纽的潜力。这种方法优化了有限资源的使用，增强了促进阿拉贡和欧洲其他农村地区可持续发展的前景。
{"title":"Exploring the role of the counties in preventing financial exclusion in population shrinking territories","authors":"M. Pilar Alonso , Pilar Gargallo , Luis Lample , Carlos López-Escolano , Jesús A. Miguel , Manuel Salvador","doi":"10.1016/j.cities.2024.105495","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cities.2024.105495","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over the past decades, numerous European rural regions have witnessed a decline in population, accompanied by the loss of essential services, including financial services. This study examines the dynamic interplay of these processes in the <em>comarcas</em> (counties) of Aragon, Spain. Utilizing a panel dataset at the <em>comarca</em> level and a combination of multivariate statistical techniques, we investigate how sociodemographic and economic profiles interact with financial exclusion arising from the absence or scarcity of bank branches. The absence of bank branches and the saturation of the remaining depend on the evolution of economic dynamism, the ageing process, and the percentage of foreign population. Our findings have allowed us to discern that there are differences between <em>comarcas</em>. Specifically, we have identified three groups, which must face different problems with respect to the lack or scarcity of bank branches, as well as depopulation. This segmentation provides a detailed view of the regional reality and lays the groundwork for more precise and effective intervention strategies, highlighting the potential of <em>comarca</em> capitals as hubs for centralized banking services. This approach optimizes the use of limited resources and enhances the prospects for promoting sustainable development in Aragon and other rural regions of Europe.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48405,"journal":{"name":"Cities","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 105495"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142537500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-19DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105509
Jan H.M. Lim , Angeliki Paidakaki , Pieter Van den Broeck
Civil society actors often combine or move between multiple modes of resistance beyond contentious protest politics and everyday resistance, yet this remains underexamined in the urban resistance literature. This paper aims to advance the knowledge on this alternative approach to resistance, particularly its potential to function as a democratic counterbalance to top-down urban planning, policymaking, and governance. Mobilising the lens of pragmatic resistance and institutionalist planning theory, the paper examines the acts of civil society resistance triggered by the state-led redevelopment of the Dakota Crescent public rental housing estate in Singapore. Empirical research data was collected through interviews, conversations, and e-mail exchanges with 22 civil society, governmental, political, grassroots, social service, and research actors, as well as a review of 177 documents. The findings uncover the ways in which civil society groups consciously reproduced dominant institutions of planning and activism as an effective strategy to increase the state's receptiveness to their advocacy objectives. Concurrently, they sought to reshape these institutions, often by adopting multiple resistance strategies within the same group or with other groups. This political balancing act between institutional reproduction and reshaping limited the possibility for democratic shifts at a structural level, but nevertheless offered a valuable means of influencing site-specific plans, policy problem definitions, and informal governance processes.
{"title":"Dissecting the multiplicity of urban resistance: The Dakota Crescent housing redevelopment in Singapore","authors":"Jan H.M. Lim , Angeliki Paidakaki , Pieter Van den Broeck","doi":"10.1016/j.cities.2024.105509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cities.2024.105509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Civil society actors often combine or move between multiple modes of resistance beyond contentious protest politics and everyday resistance, yet this remains underexamined in the urban resistance literature. This paper aims to advance the knowledge on this alternative approach to resistance, particularly its potential to function as a democratic counterbalance to top-down urban planning, policymaking, and governance. Mobilising the lens of pragmatic resistance and institutionalist planning theory, the paper examines the acts of civil society resistance triggered by the state-led redevelopment of the Dakota Crescent public rental housing estate in Singapore. Empirical research data was collected through interviews, conversations, and e-mail exchanges with 22 civil society, governmental, political, grassroots, social service, and research actors, as well as a review of 177 documents. The findings uncover the ways in which civil society groups consciously reproduced dominant institutions of planning and activism as an effective strategy to increase the state's receptiveness to their advocacy objectives. Concurrently, they sought to reshape these institutions, often by adopting multiple resistance strategies within the same group or with other groups. This political balancing act between institutional reproduction and reshaping limited the possibility for democratic shifts at a structural level, but nevertheless offered a valuable means of influencing site-specific plans, policy problem definitions, and informal governance processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48405,"journal":{"name":"Cities","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 105509"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142537497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-19DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105502
Anne David , Tan Yigitcanlar , Kevin Desouza , Rita Yi Man Li , Pauline Hope Cheong , Rashid Mehmood , Juan Corchado
The burgeoning capabilities of artificial intelligence (AI) have prompted numerous local governments worldwide to consider its integration into their operations. Nevertheless, instances of notable AI failures have heightened ethical concerns, emphasising the imperative for local governments to approach the adoption of AI technologies in a responsible manner. While local government AI guidelines endeavour to incorporate characteristics of responsible innovation and technology (RIT), it remains essential to assess the extent to which these characteristics have been integrated into policy guidelines to facilitate more effective AI governance in the future. This study closely examines local government policy documents (n = 26) through the lens of RIT, employing directed content analysis with thematic data analysis software. The results reveal that: (a) Not all RIT characteristics have been given equal consideration in these policy documents; (b) Participatory and deliberate considerations were the most frequently mentioned responsible AI characteristics in policy documents; (c) Adaptable, explainable, sustainable, and accountable considerations were the least present responsible AI characteristics in policy documents; (d) Many of the considerations overlapped with each other as local governments were at the early stages of identifying them. Furthermore, the paper summarised strategies aimed at assisting local authorities in identifying their strengths and weaknesses in responsible AI characteristics, thereby facilitating their transformation into governing entities with responsible AI practices. The study informs local government policymakers, practitioners, and researchers on the critical aspects of responsible AI policymaking.
人工智能（AI）能力的蓬勃发展，促使全球众多地方政府考虑将其融入到政府运作中。然而，人工智能显著失败的事例加剧了人们对道德问题的关注，强调地方政府必须以负责任的态度对待人工智能技术的采用。虽然地方政府的人工智能指导方针努力纳入负责任的创新和技术（RIT）的特点，但仍有必要评估这些特点在多大程度上被纳入政策指导方针，以促进未来更有效的人工智能治理。本研究通过专题数据分析软件进行定向内容分析，从 RIT 的视角仔细研究了地方政府的政策文件（n = 26）。研究结果表明(a) 在这些政策文件中，并非所有的 RIT 特征都得到了同等的考虑；(b) 政策文件中最常提及的负责任的人工智能特征是参与性和深思熟虑；(c) 政策文件中最少出现的负责任的人工智能特征是可适应、可解释、可持续和可问责；(d) 由于地方政府处于识别这些特征的早期阶段，因此许多考虑因素相互重叠。此外，本文还总结了一些策略，旨在帮助地方政府确定其在负责任的人工智能特征方面的优势和劣势，从而促进其转变为负责任的人工智能实践的治理实体。本研究为地方政府决策者、从业人员和研究人员提供了有关负责任的人工智能决策关键方面的信息。
{"title":"Understanding local government responsible AI strategy: An international municipal policy document analysis","authors":"Anne David , Tan Yigitcanlar , Kevin Desouza , Rita Yi Man Li , Pauline Hope Cheong , Rashid Mehmood , Juan Corchado","doi":"10.1016/j.cities.2024.105502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cities.2024.105502","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The burgeoning capabilities of artificial intelligence (AI) have prompted numerous local governments worldwide to consider its integration into their operations. Nevertheless, instances of notable AI failures have heightened ethical concerns, emphasising the imperative for local governments to approach the adoption of AI technologies in a responsible manner. While local government AI guidelines endeavour to incorporate characteristics of responsible innovation and technology (RIT), it remains essential to assess the extent to which these characteristics have been integrated into policy guidelines to facilitate more effective AI governance in the future. This study closely examines local government policy documents (<em>n</em> = 26) through the lens of RIT, employing directed content analysis with thematic data analysis software. The results reveal that: (a) Not all RIT characteristics have been given equal consideration in these policy documents; (b) Participatory and deliberate considerations were the most frequently mentioned responsible AI characteristics in policy documents; (c) Adaptable, explainable, sustainable, and accountable considerations were the least present responsible AI characteristics in policy documents; (d) Many of the considerations overlapped with each other as local governments were at the early stages of identifying them. Furthermore, the paper summarised strategies aimed at assisting local authorities in identifying their strengths and weaknesses in responsible AI characteristics, thereby facilitating their transformation into governing entities with responsible AI practices. The study informs local government policymakers, practitioners, and researchers on the critical aspects of responsible AI policymaking.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48405,"journal":{"name":"Cities","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 105502"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142537498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105452
Ji Yoon Lee , Hee-Soo Hwang , Jung Eun Kang , Hee-Sun Choi
This study utilizes big data from telecommunication companies to analyze the transient population in 119 neighborhood parks in Seoul in order to determine the actual population of urban parks and investigate the factors influencing their utilization. Park utilization is defined as the number of people per unit area of a park. The factors affecting park utilization include individual park characteristics such as the degree of aging, park type, internal park facility characteristics, and park location characteristics. Park location characteristics were derived using network analysis to examine accessibility, land use, and population within each park's service area. Using a hierarchical regression model, we found that individual park characteristics, including age and park type, had the greatest impact on park use, followed by park location and internal facility characteristics. Specifically, as park age increased by one year, utilization decreased by 1.2 %. Utilization was 5.3 times higher in living zone neighborhood parks and 1.44 times higher in walking zone neighborhood parks compared to city/regional zone neighborhood parks. Parks with educational facilities and those situated near subway stations were more likely to be used. Additionally, the larger commercial areas and fewer residential areas near the park, the greater the utilization of neighborhood parks.
{"title":"Factors affecting urban park utilization in Seoul: Insights from telecommunication data","authors":"Ji Yoon Lee , Hee-Soo Hwang , Jung Eun Kang , Hee-Sun Choi","doi":"10.1016/j.cities.2024.105452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cities.2024.105452","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study utilizes big data from telecommunication companies to analyze the transient population in 119 neighborhood parks in Seoul in order to determine the actual population of urban parks and investigate the factors influencing their utilization. Park utilization is defined as the number of people per unit area of a park. The factors affecting park utilization include individual park characteristics such as the degree of aging, park type, internal park facility characteristics, and park location characteristics. Park location characteristics were derived using network analysis to examine accessibility, land use, and population within each park's service area. Using a hierarchical regression model, we found that individual park characteristics, including age and park type, had the greatest impact on park use, followed by park location and internal facility characteristics. Specifically, as park age increased by one year, utilization decreased by 1.2 %. Utilization was 5.3 times higher in living zone neighborhood parks and 1.44 times higher in walking zone neighborhood parks compared to city/regional zone neighborhood parks. Parks with educational facilities and those situated near subway stations were more likely to be used. Additionally, the larger commercial areas and fewer residential areas near the park, the greater the utilization of neighborhood parks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48405,"journal":{"name":"Cities","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 105452"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142533573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105512
Francesc González-Reverté, Pablo Díaz-Luque
The article analyses, from the point of view of Spanish Airbnb hosts, the options for converting rented short-term units into alternative and social housing. Framed in the self-determination theory (SDT), different intrinsic and extrinsic motivational variables for home sharing are combined, through cluster analysis, to identify three different hosts' profiles (social and economic motivated, economic motivated and social motivated). To collect data a survey was conducted to a sample of the population who own a house listed on Airbnb (114 valid responses). The results show that each profile considers different motivations and life strategies when sharing their primary residence and this is related to the fact that they have different willingness to replace Airbnb with alternative and social uses. Specifically, hosts who have an intrinsic social motivation for home sharing are more willing to switch to social housing than those who have strictly extrinsic economic motivations. Finally, some recommendations are made for local administrations interested in generating housing policies that strategically incorporate short-term rented accommodation hosts.
{"title":"Is it possible to replace Airbnb short-term rentals with social housing? A motivational analysis from Spanish Airbnb hosts","authors":"Francesc González-Reverté, Pablo Díaz-Luque","doi":"10.1016/j.cities.2024.105512","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cities.2024.105512","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The article analyses, from the point of view of Spanish Airbnb hosts, the options for converting rented short-term units into alternative and social housing. Framed in the self-determination theory (SDT), different intrinsic and extrinsic motivational variables for home sharing are combined, through cluster analysis, to identify three different hosts' profiles (social and economic motivated, economic motivated and social motivated). To collect data a survey was conducted to a sample of the population who own a house listed on Airbnb (114 valid responses). The results show that each profile considers different motivations and life strategies when sharing their primary residence and this is related to the fact that they have different willingness to replace Airbnb with alternative and social uses. Specifically, hosts who have an intrinsic social motivation for home sharing are more willing to switch to social housing than those who have strictly extrinsic economic motivations. Finally, some recommendations are made for local administrations interested in generating housing policies that strategically incorporate short-term rented accommodation hosts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48405,"journal":{"name":"Cities","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 105512"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142537496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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