Journal of Research in Personality最新文献

Women tend to perform better in college than their admission test scores predict. The observed differential prediction of men's and women's academic performance based on academic tests is known as the female underprediction effect. Prior research demonstrates that gender differences in trait-level conscientiousness explain some of the observed female underprediction effect. The current study examined the effects of the facets of conscientiousness (i.e., self-efficacy, orderliness, dutifulness, achievement-striving, self-discipline, and cautiousness) in mediation analyses which were expected to partially explain the relationship between gender and academic performance after controlling for test scores. The results show that the relationship between gender and GPA is mediated by trait-level conscientiousness and, more specifically, that the effect is mediated by the facet of self-efficacy.

Recent studies further the development of trait-state models for vocational interests. Unlike personality, vocational interest states were found to vary mainly below respective trait levels. This preregistered experience-sampling study (N = 217, N_obs = 5,631) aimed to replicate and explain why the trait-state relation in vocational interests differs from personality. We tested competing assumptions about the conceptualization of interest states. Across two operationalizations using items that were (not) tailored to participants’ daily lives, interest states varied mainly below trait levels. This suggests that the distinct pattern is no measurement artifact, but that interest traits generally constrain the experience of states in daily life. Overall, the results refine the conceptualization of interest states and demonstrate that different psychological constructs meaningfully differ in their trait-state relations.

Rothschild and colleagues (2012) proposed that people scapegoat to maintain either their moral identity or control. Two experiments manipulated the threat posed by Climate Change to examine how individual differences moderate who blames a scapegoat. Study 1 (N = 835) found variation in Personal Need for Structure moderated scapegoating when climate change was a chaotic hazard, but not after reminders of one’s own culpability. A second preregistered study (N = 1183) found that whereas those with a high Need for Closure scapegoated when a causally uncertain depiction of climate change threatened their control, those high in Collective Narcissism scapegoated when culpability threatened their group’s moral image. This suggests differences in certainty and status concerns predict scapegoating in different contexts. (1 1 9)

This research investigated whether belief in truth relativism yields higher receptivity to misinformation. Two studies with representative samples from Sweden (Study 1, N = 1005) and the UK (Study 2, N = 417) disentangled two forms of truth relativism: subjectivism (truth is relative to subjective intuitions) and cultural relativism (truth is relative to cultural context). In Study 1, subjectivism was more strongly associated with receptivity to pseudo-profound bullshit and conspiracy theories than cultural relativism was. In Study 2 (preregistered), subjectivism predicted higher receptivity to both forms of misinformation over and above effects of analytical and actively open-minded thinking, profoundness receptivity, ideology, and demographics; the unique effects of cultural relativism were in the opposite direction (Study 1) or non-significant (Study 2).

Emotion-triggered impulsivity is robustly tied to psychopathologies. We hypothesized that one form of emotion-triggered impulsivity, Feelings Trigger Action, would be correlated with speech disfluencies during high arousal. Participants with a range of internalizing and externalizing symptoms completed a stressful speech task in which they were videorecorded while discussing a controversial topic. Skin conductance was gathered to index arousal. Consistent with hypotheses, Feelings Trigger Action scores related to modestly higher levels of speech repairs when participants were experiencing relatively higher arousal (N = 198).  There was some evidence that a second form of emotion-triggered impulsivity also related to more speech errors during high arousal. Findings provide early evidence that speech disfluencies might be one manifestation of emotion-triggered impulsivity. Limitations and direction for future research are considered.

We tested how expression-based regulation strategies influence personality judgments in an experiment with 164 undergraduate stranger dyads. One partner suppressed or amplified their emotional expressions during a conversation. Afterwards, partners rated their own and their partner’s personality. Suppressors were seen as less extraverted and warm than controls and amplifiers, while amplifiers were seen as more neurotic. Suppressors were not judged less accurately than others. However, amplifiers’ warmth and extraversion were judged more accurately than controls and suppressors. Suppression and amplification largely did not impact judgments of others, except suppressors more accurately judged others’ warmth than controls. Thus, suppression and amplification distinctly impacted personality judgments made about the regulators by others but had little impact on regulators’ judgments.

The Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) introduced in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), provides a dimensional operationalization of personality disorders and brings into account developmental tasks typical to adolescence, which makes it more suitable to apply to personality disorder symptomatology in adolescence. This study investigated the developmental course of impairment in personality functioning (IPF) in adolescence as well as trajectory classes and co-development with Big-Five personality traits, emotion regulation strategies, and psychopathological behaviors/symptoms. Data from a three-wave longitudinal study in 1480 high school students were used. Results revealed no significant linear change of IPF in the total sample. Four developmental trajectory classes emerged and classes significantly differed regarding psycho(patho)logical variables.

Moral traits are considered central to interpersonal perception, but moral impressions can be difficult to interpret due to the evaluative and less observable nature of moral traits. In a sample of 266 undergraduates and their close others, we found that evaluative attitudes and method variance constitute a large part of moral impressions, but importantly, that they can be teased apart from substance. Furthermore, we found modest but significant self-other agreement only when method variance was taken into account and that moral trait variance was small compared to method variance. Taken together, we conclude that even though moral impressions in our sample were overwhelmingly explained by method variance, there was also a shared social reality based on trait variance.

Previous research has shown that personality similarity plays a negligible role in explaining the life and relationship satisfaction of couples. However, similarity in more proximally measured personality (i.e., facets) might explain additional variance in partners’ well-being. The current study examined if in a sample of 1294 female-male romantic couples individual and partner personality traits and facets were associated with life and relationship satisfaction in expected ways. Similarity in personality traits and facets was not robustly associated with either life or relationship satisfaction of partners. The results are discussed in the context of the predictive validity of personality facets.

This meta-analysis examined the overall magnitude of the associations between psychological distress and the presence of meaning in life (PML) and search for meaning in life (SML). We identified 108 articles with 76,892 combined participants. We found that (1) psychological distress was significantly negatively correlated with PML and significantly positively correlated with SML; (2) language and sample type moderated the relationship between psychological distress and SML but not PML; (3) culture and region, but not mean age and gender, moderated the relationships between psychological distress and PML and SML; and (4) distress indicators moderated the relationships between psychological distress and PML (strongest for depression and weakest for negative affect) and SML (strongest for anxiety and weakest for suicidal ideation). Thus, the association between meaning in life and psychological distress is nuanced and depends on various conceptual and demographic characteristics.